Atlanto-occipital joint: Difference between revisions

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'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Rachael Lowe|Rachael Lowe]]  
'''Original Editor''' - [[User:Rachael Lowe|Rachael Lowe]]  


'''Lead Editors''' &nbsp;
'''Lead Editors''' - [[User:Evan Thomas|Evan Thomas]]
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== Description  ==
== Description  ==
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*[[Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament]]
*[[Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament]]


== Muscles  ==
== Degrees of Freedom<ref name="Ortho Div CPA">Orthopaedic Division of the Canadian Physiotherapy Association. Biomechanics of the Atlanto-Occipital Joint. Clinical Technique Manual: Level II Upper Quadrant (2010). Pg 28-30.</ref> ==


== Motions Available  ==
Two degrees of freedom are available at this joint:


The movements permitted in this joint are movements of the head on neck, with two degrees of freedom available at this joint:
#Flexion/extension
#Lateral flexion/conjunct rotation


#Flexion/extension: Occurs around the coronal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head (15° to 20°)  
== Osteokinematics<ref name="Ortho Div CPA" />  ==
#Side flexion/conjunct rotation: Occurs around the sagittal axis, giving rise to side-to-side bending of the head (10°)
 
*Flexion/extension  
**Cardinal (pure) swing
**Total ROM: 30° (10° flexion, 20° extension)
**Axis: Transverse axis through external auditory meatus
 
*Lateral flexion
**Arcuate (impure) swing with coronal conjunct rotation (e.g. right lateral flexion occurs with conjunct left rotation)
**Total ROM: 15° (8-10° in each direction)
**Axis: Oblique sagittal axis through the nose (approximately)
**Associated with AA joint rotation
 
*Rotation (conjunct)
**Occurs with lateral flexion due to the slanted articular surfaces, anteromedial orientation of the articular facets, and the alar ligaments
**Total ROM: 5-7° in each direction
**Axis: Vertical axis anterior to the foramen magnum
 
== Arthrokinemtics<ref name="Ortho Div CPA" />  ==
 
*Flexion
**Forward tilt/nod of the head
**Posterior glide of the convex occipital condyles on the concave atlantal facets
**Atlas moves anterior and cranially
**Dens follows atlas and approaches the clivus
**Occiput and the posterior atlantal arch separate
 
*Extension
**Backward tilt of the head  
**Anterior glide of the convex occipital condyles on the concave atlantal facets
 
*Lateral flexion (left lateral flexion example provided below)  
**Left lateral tilt of the head causes a contralateral glide of the occiput
**Conjunct right rotation occurs due to the anteriormedial axis of the joint surfaces
**Right glide of the occipital condyles causes relative anterior glide of the left condyle on and a relative posterior glide of the right condyle
**Occipital portion of the right alar ligament tightens, with the left being slackened
**Tension in the right alar ligament pulls on the dens and causes a left rotation of the axis
**Spinous process of the axis moves to the right creating a relative right rotation of the AA joint
 
== Muscle Action at this Joint  ==


'''Flexion''' is produced mainly by the action of the rectus capitis anterior. Limited by tectoral membrane.  
'''Flexion''' is produced mainly by the action of the rectus capitis anterior. Limited by tectoral membrane.  
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'''Extension''' by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, assisted by the obliqus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, sternocleidomastoid, and upper fibers of the trapezius.  
'''Extension''' by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, assisted by the obliqus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, sternocleidomastoid, and upper fibers of the trapezius.  


The rectus capitis lateralis are concerned in the '''lateral flexion''', assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.<br>
The rectus capitis lateralis are concerned in the '''lateral flexion''', assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.<br>  


== Pathology<br>  ==
== Pathology<br>  ==
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*[[Jefferson fracture|Jefferson fracture]]  
*[[Jefferson fracture|Jefferson fracture]]  
*[[Atlanto-occiptal dislocation]]
*[[Atlanto-occiptal dislocation]]
== Resources  ==


== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
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== References  ==
== References  ==
References will automatically be added here, see [[Adding References|adding references tutorial]].


<references />  
<references />  


[[Category:Cervical_Anatomy]]
[[Category:Cervical_Anatomy]]

Revision as of 01:11, 13 March 2014

Original Editor - Rachael Lowe

Lead Editors - Evan Thomas

Description[edit | edit source]

Atlanto-occipital joint (anterior)
Atlanto-occipital joint (posterior)

The atlanto-occipital articulations function as bilaterally symmetrical ellipsoid synovial joints between C0 and C1.  

Articulating Surfaces[edit | edit source]

Occipital condyles and a superior articular facets of the atlas.

Ligaments & Joint Capsule
[edit | edit source]

The capsule is rather roomy and relaxed and the joint possesses no individual accessory ligaments.  Stability is provided by:

Degrees of Freedom[1][edit | edit source]

Two degrees of freedom are available at this joint:

  1. Flexion/extension
  2. Lateral flexion/conjunct rotation

Osteokinematics[1][edit | edit source]

  • Flexion/extension
    • Cardinal (pure) swing
    • Total ROM: 30° (10° flexion, 20° extension)
    • Axis: Transverse axis through external auditory meatus
  • Lateral flexion
    • Arcuate (impure) swing with coronal conjunct rotation (e.g. right lateral flexion occurs with conjunct left rotation)
    • Total ROM: 15° (8-10° in each direction)
    • Axis: Oblique sagittal axis through the nose (approximately)
    • Associated with AA joint rotation
  • Rotation (conjunct)
    • Occurs with lateral flexion due to the slanted articular surfaces, anteromedial orientation of the articular facets, and the alar ligaments
    • Total ROM: 5-7° in each direction
    • Axis: Vertical axis anterior to the foramen magnum

Arthrokinemtics[1][edit | edit source]

  • Flexion
    • Forward tilt/nod of the head
    • Posterior glide of the convex occipital condyles on the concave atlantal facets
    • Atlas moves anterior and cranially
    • Dens follows atlas and approaches the clivus
    • Occiput and the posterior atlantal arch separate
  • Extension
    • Backward tilt of the head
    • Anterior glide of the convex occipital condyles on the concave atlantal facets
  • Lateral flexion (left lateral flexion example provided below)
    • Left lateral tilt of the head causes a contralateral glide of the occiput
    • Conjunct right rotation occurs due to the anteriormedial axis of the joint surfaces
    • Right glide of the occipital condyles causes relative anterior glide of the left condyle on and a relative posterior glide of the right condyle
    • Occipital portion of the right alar ligament tightens, with the left being slackened
    • Tension in the right alar ligament pulls on the dens and causes a left rotation of the axis
    • Spinous process of the axis moves to the right creating a relative right rotation of the AA joint

Muscle Action at this Joint[edit | edit source]

Flexion is produced mainly by the action of the rectus capitis anterior. Limited by tectoral membrane.

Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, assisted by the obliqus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, sternocleidomastoid, and upper fibers of the trapezius.

The rectus capitis lateralis are concerned in the lateral flexion, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.

Pathology
[edit | edit source]

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]

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References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Orthopaedic Division of the Canadian Physiotherapy Association. Biomechanics of the Atlanto-Occipital Joint. Clinical Technique Manual: Level II Upper Quadrant (2010). Pg 28-30.
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