The influence of human growth hormone (HGH) on physiologic processes and exercise: Difference between revisions

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<h1> <b>Introduction</b><br />  </h1>
= '''Introduction'''<br>  =
<p>Human growth hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland <span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Hoffman, J.R., Kraemer, W. J., Bhasin, S., Storer, T., Ratamess, N. A., Haff, G. G., Willoughby, D. S. Rogol, A. D. (2009). Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), S1-S59. Doi: 10. 1519/JSC. 0b013e31819df2e6</span>. HGH is an anabolic hormone that builds and repairs tissue, such as collagen and muscle tissue, throughout the body<span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Hoffman, J.R., Kraemer, W. J., Bhasin, S., Storer, T., Ratamess, N. A., Haff, G. G., Willoughby, D. S. &amp;amp; Rogol, A. D. (2009). Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), S1-S59. Doi: 10. 1519/JSC. 0b013e31819df2e6</span>. HGH release is stimulated from the release of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), which is released as a result of exercise<span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E., &amp;amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242. doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e976df</span>. HGH promotes the release of IGF-1, which promotes anabolic effects within the body<span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E. &amp;amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242-252. Doi: 10. 1249/JSR. 0b013e3181e976df</span> . HGH is an important component of metabolism by increasing lean body mass and promoting lipolysis <span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Hoffman, J.R., Kraemer, W. J., Bhasin, S., Storer, T., Ratamess, N. A., Haff, G. G., Willoughby, D. S. &amp;amp; Rogol, A. D. (2009). Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), S1-S59. Doi: 10. 1519/JSC. 0b013e31819df2e6</span>.Growth Hormone also increases synthesis of muscle protein via amino acid transport and amino acid availibility. It also helps facilitate body's response to exercise, however it's effects are not restricted to protein alone.<span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E., &amp;amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242. doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e976df</span> HGH is only released periodically, such as during certain stages of sleep, certain parts of the day, and with exercise <span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E. &amp;amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242-252. Doi: 10. 1249/JSR. 0b013e3181e976df</span>.It has been shown that the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use have a significant impact on growth hormone levels <span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Sunderland, C., Tunaley, V., Horner, F., Harmer, D., Stokes, K. A. (2011). Menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives’ effects on growth hormone response to sprinting. Journal of Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 36(4), 495-502.</span>. The periodic release of HGH combined with its positive anabolic and metabolic effects on the body has lead to supplementation of HGH to improve exercise performance.
 
</p>
Human growth hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland <ref>Hoffman, J.R., Kraemer, W. J., Bhasin, S., Storer, T., Ratamess, N. A., Haff, G. G., Willoughby, D. S. Rogol, A. D. (2009). Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), S1-S59. Doi: 10. 1519/JSC. 0b013e31819df2e6</ref>. HGH is an anabolic hormone that builds and repairs tissue, such as collagen and muscle tissue, throughout the body<ref>Hoffman, J.R., Kraemer, W. J., Bhasin, S., Storer, T., Ratamess, N. A., Haff, G. G., Willoughby, D. S. &amp;amp; Rogol, A. D. (2009). Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), S1-S59. Doi: 10. 1519/JSC. 0b013e31819df2e6</ref>. HGH release is stimulated from the release of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), which is released as a result of exercise<ref>Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E., &amp;amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242. doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e976df</ref>. HGH promotes the release of IGF-1, which promotes anabolic effects within the body<ref>Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E. &amp;amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242-252. Doi: 10. 1249/JSR. 0b013e3181e976df</ref> .It also helps facilitate body's response to exercise, however it's effects are not restricted to protein alone.<ref>Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E., &amp;amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242. doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e976df</ref> HGH is only released periodically, such as during certain stages of sleep, certain parts of the day, and with exercise <ref>Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E. &amp;amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242-252. Doi: 10. 1249/JSR. 0b013e3181e976df</ref>.It has been shown that the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use have a significant impact on growth hormone levels <ref>Sunderland, C., Tunaley, V., Horner, F., Harmer, D., Stokes, K. A. (2011). Menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives’ effects on growth hormone response to sprinting. Journal of Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 36(4), 495-502.</ref>. The periodic release of HGH combined with its positive anabolic and metabolic effects on the body has lead to supplementation of HGH to improve exercise performance.
<h1> <b>Musculoskeletal</b>  </h1>
 
<h2> Athletes  </h2>
= '''Musculoskeletal''' =
<p>HGH injections and supplements are widely abused by athletes to enhance performance. Nevertheless, there is not enough definititive evidence that HGH improves performance<span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Saugy, M., Robinson, N., Saudan, C., Baume, N., Avois, L., Mahgin, P. (2006). Human growth hormone doping in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 135-139.</span>One study investigated the impact growth hormones have on body composition and measurable performance in recreational athletes<span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Meinhardt, U., Nelson, A. E., Hansen, J. L., Birzniece, V., Clifford, D., Leung, K., . . . Ho, K. K. fckLR(2010). The effects of growth hormone on body composition and performance in recreational athletes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152, 568-577.</span>. The authors argued that growth hormone injections increase athletic exercise performance when given alone or with testosterone. In addition, participants that received growth hormones retained more body fluid and frequent joint pain than control group.  
 
</p>
HGH is an important component of metabolism by increasing lean body mass and promoting lipolysis<ref>Hoffman, J.R., Kraemer, W. J., Bhasin, S., Storer, T., Ratamess, N. A., Haff, G. G., Willoughby, D. S. &amp;amp; Rogol, A. D. (2009). Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), S1-S59. Doi: 10. 1519/JSC. 0b013e31819df2e6</ref> . Growth Hormone also increases synthesis of muscle protein via amino acid transport and amino acid availibility<ref>Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E. &amp;amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242-252. Doi: 10. 1249/JSR. 0b013e3181e976df</ref>.&nbsp;This&nbsp;hormone that is naturally produced&nbsp;by&nbsp;the body&nbsp;is&nbsp;used in various&nbsp;forms&nbsp;for athletic improvement, hormone defiencies, and other muculoskeletal conditions&nbsp;in diverse patient populations.
<h2> Older Adults  </h2>
 
<p>HGH injections are not only used for athletes, but for the older population as well. One study analyzed the impact of recombinant human growth hormones and testosterone injections on aerobic and anaerobic fitness, body mass, and lipid profile in adult men <span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Zajac, A., Wilk, M., Socha, T., Maszczyk, A., and Chycki, J. (2014). Effects of growth hormone and fckLRtestosterone therapy on aerobic and anaerobic fitness, body composition and lipoprotein profile in middle-aged men. Annal of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 21(1), 156-160.</span>. The data demonstrates that recombinant human growth hormones and testosterone injections significantly increased aerobic and anaerobic capacity, led to changes in body compositions, and decreased total body fat and increased free-fat muscle. In another study, the authors analyzed whether treatment with testosterone and recombinant human growth hormones would increase muscle strength and mass in older adult patients<span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Schroeder, E. T., He, J., Yarasheski, K. E., Binder, E. F., Castaneda-Sceppa, C., Bhasin, S., . . . Sattler, F. R. (2011). Value of measuring muscle performance to assess changes in lean mass with testosterone and growth hormone supplementation. Europe Journal of Applied Physiology, 112, 1123-1131.</span>. The authors found that recombinant human growth hormones are connected with fluid preservation and improvements in muscle mass and strength that would translate into better aerobic exercise performance. &nbsp;
== Athletes  ==
</p>
 
<h2> Exercise Prescription<br />  </h2>
HGH injections and supplements are widely abused by athletes to enhance performance. Nevertheless, there is not enough definititive evidence that HGH improves performance<ref>Saugy, M., Robinson, N., Saudan, C., Baume, N., Avois, L., Mahgin, P. (2006). Human growth hormone doping in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 135-139.</ref>One study investigated the impact growth hormones have on body composition and measurable performance in recreational athletes<ref>Meinhardt, U., Nelson, A. E., Hansen, J. L., Birzniece, V., Clifford, D., Leung, K., . . . Ho, K. K. fckLR(2010). The effects of growth hormone on body composition and performance in recreational athletes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152, 568-577.</ref>. The authors argued that growth hormone injections increase athletic exercise performance when given alone or with testosterone. In addition, participants that received growth hormones retained more body fluid and frequent joint pain than control group.  
<p>Although HGH injections are one of the most common forms of HGH found in the body, the body can naturally produce HGH through certain exercise. An article by Maresh et. al compared two different exercise routines between men and women in order to determine which exercise caused the greatest change in the amount of serum glucose and blood lactate levels within the body as a direct result of the different exercises. This study found that a heavy resistance exercise protocol (HREP) of high volume, 10RM load, and shorter rest periods produced a drastic stimulus of serum hGH levels within the body, while a lower volume and a longer rest period produced and clearer and more sustained elevaton of hGH levels <span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Maresh, C., &amp;amp;amp; Fry, A. C. (1991). Endogenous anabolic hormonal and growth factor responses to heavy resistance exercise in males and females. Int. J. SportsMed, 12, 228-235.</span>. Knowing this, physical therapists should consider volume, repetitions, and rest periods when prescribing exercise for various patients based off the goals set forth between the therapist and the patient.&nbsp;
 
</p>
== Older Adults  ==
 
HGH injections are not only used for athletes, but for the older population as well. One study analyzed the impact of recombinant human growth hormones and testosterone injections on aerobic and anaerobic fitness, body mass, and lipid profile in adult men <ref>Zajac, A., Wilk, M., Socha, T., Maszczyk, A., and Chycki, J. (2014). Effects of growth hormone and fckLRtestosterone therapy on aerobic and anaerobic fitness, body composition and lipoprotein profile in middle-aged men. Annal of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 21(1), 156-160.</ref>. The data demonstrates that recombinant human growth hormones and testosterone injections significantly increased aerobic and anaerobic capacity, led to changes in body compositions, and decreased total body fat and increased free-fat muscle. In another study, the authors analyzed whether treatment with testosterone and recombinant human growth hormones would increase muscle strength and mass in older adult patients<ref>Schroeder, E. T., He, J., Yarasheski, K. E., Binder, E. F., Castaneda-Sceppa, C., Bhasin, S., . . . Sattler, F. R. (2011). Value of measuring muscle performance to assess changes in lean mass with testosterone and growth hormone supplementation. Europe Journal of Applied Physiology, 112, 1123-1131.</ref>. The authors found that recombinant human growth hormones are connected with fluid preservation and improvements in muscle mass and strength that would translate into better aerobic exercise performance. &nbsp;
 
== Exercise Prescription<br>  ==
 
Although HGH injections are one of the most common forms of HGH found in the body, the body can naturally produce HGH through certain exercise. An article by Maresh et. al compared two different exercise routines between men and women in order to determine which exercise caused the greatest change in the amount of serum glucose and blood lactate levels within the body as a direct result of the different exercises. This study found that a heavy resistance exercise protocol (HREP) of high volume, 10RM load, and shorter rest periods produced a drastic stimulus of serum hGH levels within the body, while a lower volume and a longer rest period produced and clearer and more sustained elevaton of hGH levels <ref>Maresh, C., &amp;amp;amp; Fry, A. C. (1991). Endogenous anabolic hormonal and growth factor responses to heavy resistance exercise in males and females. Int. J. SportsMed, 12, 228-235.</ref>. Knowing this, physical therapists should consider volume, repetitions, and rest periods when prescribing exercise for various patients based off the goals set forth between the therapist and the patient.&nbsp;

Revision as of 04:05, 21 November 2015

Introduction
[edit | edit source]

Human growth hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland [1]. HGH is an anabolic hormone that builds and repairs tissue, such as collagen and muscle tissue, throughout the body[2]. HGH release is stimulated from the release of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), which is released as a result of exercise[3]. HGH promotes the release of IGF-1, which promotes anabolic effects within the body[4] .It also helps facilitate body's response to exercise, however it's effects are not restricted to protein alone.[5] HGH is only released periodically, such as during certain stages of sleep, certain parts of the day, and with exercise [6].It has been shown that the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use have a significant impact on growth hormone levels [7]. The periodic release of HGH combined with its positive anabolic and metabolic effects on the body has lead to supplementation of HGH to improve exercise performance.

Musculoskeletal[edit | edit source]

HGH is an important component of metabolism by increasing lean body mass and promoting lipolysis[8] . Growth Hormone also increases synthesis of muscle protein via amino acid transport and amino acid availibility[9]. This hormone that is naturally produced by the body is used in various forms for athletic improvement, hormone defiencies, and other muculoskeletal conditions in diverse patient populations.

Athletes[edit | edit source]

HGH injections and supplements are widely abused by athletes to enhance performance. Nevertheless, there is not enough definititive evidence that HGH improves performance[10]One study investigated the impact growth hormones have on body composition and measurable performance in recreational athletes[11]. The authors argued that growth hormone injections increase athletic exercise performance when given alone or with testosterone. In addition, participants that received growth hormones retained more body fluid and frequent joint pain than control group.

Older Adults[edit | edit source]

HGH injections are not only used for athletes, but for the older population as well. One study analyzed the impact of recombinant human growth hormones and testosterone injections on aerobic and anaerobic fitness, body mass, and lipid profile in adult men [12]. The data demonstrates that recombinant human growth hormones and testosterone injections significantly increased aerobic and anaerobic capacity, led to changes in body compositions, and decreased total body fat and increased free-fat muscle. In another study, the authors analyzed whether treatment with testosterone and recombinant human growth hormones would increase muscle strength and mass in older adult patients[13]. The authors found that recombinant human growth hormones are connected with fluid preservation and improvements in muscle mass and strength that would translate into better aerobic exercise performance.  

Exercise Prescription
[edit | edit source]

Although HGH injections are one of the most common forms of HGH found in the body, the body can naturally produce HGH through certain exercise. An article by Maresh et. al compared two different exercise routines between men and women in order to determine which exercise caused the greatest change in the amount of serum glucose and blood lactate levels within the body as a direct result of the different exercises. This study found that a heavy resistance exercise protocol (HREP) of high volume, 10RM load, and shorter rest periods produced a drastic stimulus of serum hGH levels within the body, while a lower volume and a longer rest period produced and clearer and more sustained elevaton of hGH levels [14]. Knowing this, physical therapists should consider volume, repetitions, and rest periods when prescribing exercise for various patients based off the goals set forth between the therapist and the patient. 

  1. ↑ Hoffman, J.R., Kraemer, W. J., Bhasin, S., Storer, T., Ratamess, N. A., Haff, G. G., Willoughby, D. S. Rogol, A. D. (2009). Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), S1-S59. Doi: 10. 1519/JSC. 0b013e31819df2e6
  2. ↑ Hoffman, J.R., Kraemer, W. J., Bhasin, S., Storer, T., Ratamess, N. A., Haff, G. G., Willoughby, D. S. &amp; Rogol, A. D. (2009). Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), S1-S59. Doi: 10. 1519/JSC. 0b013e31819df2e6
  3. ↑ Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E., &amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242. doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e976df
  4. ↑ Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E. &amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242-252. Doi: 10. 1249/JSR. 0b013e3181e976df
  5. ↑ Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E., &amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242. doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e976df
  6. ↑ Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E. &amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242-252. Doi: 10. 1249/JSR. 0b013e3181e976df
  7. ↑ Sunderland, C., Tunaley, V., Horner, F., Harmer, D., Stokes, K. A. (2011). Menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives’ effects on growth hormone response to sprinting. Journal of Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 36(4), 495-502.
  8. ↑ Hoffman, J.R., Kraemer, W. J., Bhasin, S., Storer, T., Ratamess, N. A., Haff, G. G., Willoughby, D. S. &amp; Rogol, A. D. (2009). Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), S1-S59. Doi: 10. 1519/JSC. 0b013e31819df2e6
  9. ↑ Kraemer, W. J., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Thomas, G. A., Clark, J. E. &amp; Nindl, B. C. (2010). Growth hormone, exercise, and athletic performance: A continued evolution of complexity. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 242-252. Doi: 10. 1249/JSR. 0b013e3181e976df
  10. ↑ Saugy, M., Robinson, N., Saudan, C., Baume, N., Avois, L., Mahgin, P. (2006). Human growth hormone doping in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 135-139.
  11. ↑ Meinhardt, U., Nelson, A. E., Hansen, J. L., Birzniece, V., Clifford, D., Leung, K., . . . Ho, K. K. fckLR(2010). The effects of growth hormone on body composition and performance in recreational athletes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152, 568-577.
  12. ↑ Zajac, A., Wilk, M., Socha, T., Maszczyk, A., and Chycki, J. (2014). Effects of growth hormone and fckLRtestosterone therapy on aerobic and anaerobic fitness, body composition and lipoprotein profile in middle-aged men. Annal of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 21(1), 156-160.
  13. ↑ Schroeder, E. T., He, J., Yarasheski, K. E., Binder, E. F., Castaneda-Sceppa, C., Bhasin, S., . . . Sattler, F. R. (2011). Value of measuring muscle performance to assess changes in lean mass with testosterone and growth hormone supplementation. Europe Journal of Applied Physiology, 112, 1123-1131.
  14. ↑ Maresh, C., &amp;amp; Fry, A. C. (1991). Endogenous anabolic hormonal and growth factor responses to heavy resistance exercise in males and females. Int. J. SportsMed, 12, 228-235.
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