Genetic Conditions and Inheritance: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
Heredity or genetic inheritance is the process of passing off trades or characteristics from parents to their offspring, also referred to as the study of genetics. Traits get inherited through genes. These are sections of the desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule which hold all information needed to for an organisms to build new cells. | Heredity or genetic inheritance is the process of passing off trades or characteristics from parents to their offspring, also referred to as the study of genetics.<ref name=":0">Genetic inheritance. Basic Biology 2020. Available from: https://basicbiology.net/micro/genetics/genetic-inheritance (accessed 3 November 2020).</ref> Traits get inherited through genes. These are sections of the desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule which hold all information needed to for an organisms to build new cells. | ||
=== History === | === History === | ||
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==== Traits ==== | ==== Traits ==== | ||
Traits - or characteristics - are observable details of an organism, e.g. in humans: one's eye colour, the shape of one's finger nails, ... | Traits - or characteristics - are observable details of an organism, e.g. in humans: one's eye colour, the shape of one's finger nails, ... | ||
* Mendelian trait: A characteristic or trait that is determined by one gene only. This means that a specific characteristic's information is found on only one of the 23 chromosome pairs that a human DNA. Therefore, the information about this particular characteristic is linked to one specific location within the DNA. The typical example is the colour of pea plant flowers, which was the trait that Mendel examined in his experiments. | * Mendelian trait: A characteristic or trait that is determined by one gene only.<ref>Heredity: Crash Course Biology #9. Crash Course (YouTube Channel). Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBezq1fFUEA (accessed 3 November 2020).</ref> This means that a specific characteristic's information is found on only one of the 23 chromosome pairs that a human DNA. Therefore, the information about this particular characteristic is linked to one specific location within the DNA. The typical example is the colour of pea plant flowers, which was the trait that Mendel examined in his experiments. | ||
* Poligenic trait: A characteristic or trait that is a composition of information from different genes, ergo not tied to one single location within the DNA. Most traits, since they are quite elaborate, are poligenic traits. | * Poligenic trait: A characteristic or trait that is a composition of information from different genes, ergo not tied to one single location within the DNA. Most traits, since they are quite elaborate, are poligenic traits. | ||
* Pleiotropic: A gene that influences how other genes are interpreted. | * Pleiotropic: A gene that influences how other genes are interpreted. | ||
To best comprehend the pathway of genetic inheritance most commonly examples of Mendelian traits are used, since the observed trait is determined by one single gene. | To best comprehend the pathway of genetic inheritance most commonly examples of Mendelian traits are used, since the observed trait is determined by one single gene. | ||
==== Chromosomes ==== | |||
==== Genes ==== | ==== Genes ==== | ||
==== | ==== Alleles ==== | ||
==== Genotype ==== | ==== Genotype ==== | ||
The genotype is the composition of the two parentally inherited alleles. <ref name=":0" /> | |||
* Heterozygous: Genotype has two alleles that are different. | |||
* Homozygous: Genotype has two alleles that are alike. | |||
==== Phenotype ==== | ==== Phenotype ==== | ||
The phenotype is defined as "the set of characteristics of a living thing, resulting from its combination of genes and the effect of its environment"<ref>Phenotype. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Available from: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/phenotype?q=phenotype (accessed 3 November 2020).</ref> hence the 'final result' of the composition of parentally inherited and environmentally aquired information. | The phenotype is defined as "the set of characteristics of a living thing, resulting from its combination of genes and the effect of its environment"<ref>Phenotype. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Available from: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/phenotype?q=phenotype (accessed 3 November 2020).</ref> hence the 'final result' of the composition of parentally inherited and environmentally aquired information. | ||
=== Genetic inheritance pathways === | |||
==== The Punnet Square ==== | |||
== Diagnosis == | == Diagnosis == | ||
Revision as of 20:42, 3 November 2020
This article is currently under construction and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! (3/11/2020)
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Heredity or genetic inheritance is the process of passing off trades or characteristics from parents to their offspring, also referred to as the study of genetics.[1] Traits get inherited through genes. These are sections of the desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule which hold all information needed to for an organisms to build new cells.
History[edit | edit source]
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) was a scientist and monk from the Austrian Empire (today's Czech Republic) and is referred to as "the founder of the science of modern genetics".[2] His scientific experiments, which he conducted during his life in the monastery using pea plants, led him to construct the theory of inheritance of trades. Mendel was the first person to identify and prove the correct hypothesis of genetic inheritance of characteristics through "recessive" and "dominant" trades, which are both terms that he coined. He published his findings in 1865 but only gained posthumous recognition for the relevance of his work.
Genetic inheritance / Heredity[edit | edit source]
Definitions[edit | edit source]
Traits[edit | edit source]
Traits - or characteristics - are observable details of an organism, e.g. in humans: one's eye colour, the shape of one's finger nails, ...
- Mendelian trait: A characteristic or trait that is determined by one gene only.[3] This means that a specific characteristic's information is found on only one of the 23 chromosome pairs that a human DNA. Therefore, the information about this particular characteristic is linked to one specific location within the DNA. The typical example is the colour of pea plant flowers, which was the trait that Mendel examined in his experiments.
- Poligenic trait: A characteristic or trait that is a composition of information from different genes, ergo not tied to one single location within the DNA. Most traits, since they are quite elaborate, are poligenic traits.
- Pleiotropic: A gene that influences how other genes are interpreted.
To best comprehend the pathway of genetic inheritance most commonly examples of Mendelian traits are used, since the observed trait is determined by one single gene.
Chromosomes[edit | edit source]
Genes[edit | edit source]
Alleles[edit | edit source]
Genotype[edit | edit source]
The genotype is the composition of the two parentally inherited alleles. [1]
- Heterozygous: Genotype has two alleles that are different.
- Homozygous: Genotype has two alleles that are alike.
Phenotype[edit | edit source]
The phenotype is defined as "the set of characteristics of a living thing, resulting from its combination of genes and the effect of its environment"[4] hence the 'final result' of the composition of parentally inherited and environmentally aquired information.
Genetic inheritance pathways[edit | edit source]
The Punnet Square[edit | edit source]
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Clinical relevance[edit | edit source]
Most common disorders[edit | edit source]
- Haemophilia
- Von Willebrand Disease (specific form of haemophilia)
- Thalassaemia
- Sickle Cell Anaemia
Most common disorders in physiotherapy practice[edit | edit source]
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Experimental genometherapy[edit | edit source]
Physiotherapy[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Genetic inheritance. Basic Biology 2020. Available from: https://basicbiology.net/micro/genetics/genetic-inheritance (accessed 3 November 2020).
- ↑ Gregor Mendel. Wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel (accessed 3 November 2020).
- ↑ Heredity: Crash Course Biology #9. Crash Course (YouTube Channel). Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBezq1fFUEA (accessed 3 November 2020).
- ↑ Phenotype. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Available from: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/phenotype?q=phenotype (accessed 3 November 2020).
