Grades and Levels of Evidence

Original Editor - Tyler Shultz

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Discussion & Background[edit | edit source]

Levels of Evidence[edit | edit source]


Produced by Bob Phillips, Chris Ball, Dave Sackett, Doug Badenoch, Sharon Straus, Brian Haynes, Martin Dawes since November 1998.
Level
Therapy/Prevetion, Aetiology/Harm
Prognosis
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Economic and Descision Analysis
1A
SR (with homogeneity) of RCTs
SR (with homogeneity) of inception cohort studies; CDR validated in different populations
SR (with homogeneity) of Level 1 diagnostic studies; CDR with 1b studies from different clinical centres
SR (with homogeneity) of prospective cohort studies
SR (with homogeneity) of Level 1 economic studies
1B
Individual RCT (with narrow Confidence Interval)

Individual inception cohort study with > 80% follow-up; CDR validated in a single population
Validating cohort study with good reference standards; or CDR tested within one clinical centre

Prospective cohort study with good follow-up
Analysis based on clinically sensible costs or alternatives; systematic review(s) of the evidence; and including multi-way sensitivity analyses
1C





2A





2B





2C





3A





3B





4





5





Grades of Evidence[edit | edit source]

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]

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References[edit | edit source]