Osteopenia: Difference between revisions
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== Diagnostic Procedures == | == Diagnostic Procedures == | ||
Diagnostic procedure usually concists of a DEXA (dual emission x-ray absorptiometry) scan of the lumbar spine and hip. <br>during this process 2 x-rays with different energy levels are aimed at the patient.<br>Depending on how much of the energy of each beam is absorbed by the patient’s bones, the test results in a t-score:<br>international classifications determin that:<br><br>t-score between +1 and -1 indicates normal bone density. <br>t-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates low bone density or osteopenia. <br>t-score of -2.5 or lower is proof of osteoporosis.<br> | |||
== Outcome Measures == | == Outcome Measures == | ||
Revision as of 13:14, 11 January 2012
Original Editors
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Search Strategy[edit | edit source]
Information was found by searching online databases, Pubmed and pedro where consulted. Additional information was found by searching google and consulting topic related sites like medline and spineuniverse.
Most succesful keywords where: Osteopenia, physical therapy, high impact exercise.
Definition/Description[edit | edit source]
Osteopenia is a condition characterised by the loss of bone mineral density (BMD). However this loss of BMD is not as severe as it is in the case of osteoporosis. By deduction osteopenia is often called a severe precursor for the development of osteoporosis.
This however is not always the case, a person can be diagnosed with osteopenia but will not always develop osteoporosis. With this in mind osteopenia should in stead be characterised as a severe risk factor for developing osteoporosis and be treated as such.
Clinically Relevant Anatomy[edit | edit source]
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Epidemiology /Etiology[edit | edit source]
Epidemiology:
The current combined prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis is estimated at approximately 55% among people aged 50 and older and the total number of cases is expected to grow over the next decade.
During 2010 a prevalence for osteopenia was examined in seven country’s (the US, Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK) and was estimated to 117.9 million cases.
The prediction in the same source states that prevalence by 2020 will have risen by 14% resulting in 134.8 million cases in the seven examined country’s.
Etiology:
Throughout a patient’s lifetime BMD is constantly lowering. But the rate at wich this happens is about 0.7%/year, this means that even at old age the loss of BMD is not critical.
However when a patient has low BMD to begin with the process of BMD-loss can create a great risk of fractures.
The process of bone maintenance is called “remoddeling”, this process takes about 8 months and is quite slow. Osteoblast develop into new bone cells and thus compensate for the breakdown of old and worn cells.
At the same time osteoblasts secrete a hormone wich keeps osteoclast activity under control, thus preventing excessive bone breakdown.
Peak BMD is achieved around the age of 21, after this point it starts to lower.
This means it is extremely important to devlop a high BMD at young age, this can be achieved by having a healthy and active lifestyle. Sports like running are recommended because they put stress on the bones and increase the activity of osteoblasts.
In the case of women extra risk comes with aging. Post menopausal women have a significant change in their hormone balance, this influences the function of osteoblasts and thus the balance between bone remoddeling and re-uptake.
Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]
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Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
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Diagnostic Procedures[edit | edit source]
Diagnostic procedure usually concists of a DEXA (dual emission x-ray absorptiometry) scan of the lumbar spine and hip.
during this process 2 x-rays with different energy levels are aimed at the patient.
Depending on how much of the energy of each beam is absorbed by the patient’s bones, the test results in a t-score:
international classifications determin that:
t-score between +1 and -1 indicates normal bone density.
t-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates low bone density or osteopenia.
t-score of -2.5 or lower is proof of osteoporosis.
Outcome Measures[edit | edit source]
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Examination[edit | edit source]
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Medical Management
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Physical Therapy Management
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Key Research[edit | edit source]
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Resources
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Clinical Bottom Line[edit | edit source]
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Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
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