View source for Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ)

== Intended Population  ==
[[File:Neck Pain Diagram.png|thumb|alt=|Neck Pain]]Chronic musculoskeletal disorders that include presence of pain
* idiopathic [[Neck Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck pain]] (INP)
*[[Whiplash Associated Disorders|Whiplash-associated disorders]] (WADs)

*[[Headache|Headaches]]
* Neck pain disorders (NPD)
*[[Low Back Pain|Low back pain]] (LBP)
** Chronic low back pain (CLBP)
** Chronic non-specific low back pain
*[[Chronic Disease|Chronic disease]] states<ref name=":2">Chiarotto A, Falla D, Polli A, Monticone M. [https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2018.7605 Validity and responsiveness of the pain self-efficacy questionnaire in patients with neck pain disorders]. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2018 Mar;48(3):204-16.</ref>

=== Validity and Reliability ===
[[File:Back pain image.jpg|alt=|right|frameless]]
Validity and Reliability.

The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) scrutinizes pain self-efficacy- Michael Nicholas <ref name=":1">Nicholas MK. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16446108/ The pain self-efficacy questionnaire: taking pain into account.] European journal of pain. 2007 Feb 1;11(2):153-63.</ref> created and validated the questionnaire. The constructs that were measured included implicit knowledge and abilities to confidently maintain everyday activities, an explicit sense of confidence in one’s ability to motivate and mobilize the cognitive resources required to execute a skill, and the confidence in one’s ability to complete a specific task or required skill successfully in a specific context of pain. Individuals experiencing chronic pain and musculoskeletal disorders associated with pain are the focus population served by the PSEQ. The PSEQ was suitable for chronic pain patients in general <ref name=":0" />. The psychometric properties of the PSEQ demonstrated reliability, validity, and internal consistency with a Cronbach Alpha score of 0.92<ref name=":1" />. The theoretical construct and the clinical application of pain self-efficacy offered an empirical and practical premise for healthcare providers. The applicable construct of pain self-efficacy helped to develop interventions that concretely influenced behaviour that impacted the human and societal burden associated with chronic disease and pain<ref name=":1" />.

The PSEQ contains ten questions that account for pain with the consideration of specific functional tasks. Each question item offers seven response categories on a numerical Likert scale that range from not at all confident to completely confident. The questions vary from specific tasks to general considerations of managing function requirements. For example, a specific inquiry is about the ability to do most household chores, despite the pain. Likewise, a general inquiry is about the ability to socialize with friends and family, despite the pain. The PSEQ allows patients to consider future outcomes as a reflection of their confidence. For example, the tenth question asks, “I can gradually become more active despite the pain?” The only question that represents a misfit between the questionnaire and the person with chronic pain is question 7, which asks, “I can cope with pain without medications<ref name=":3">Di Pietro F, Catley MJ, McAuley JH, Parkitny L, Maher CG, Costa LD, Macedo LG, Williams CM, Moseley GL. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24009343/ Rasch analysis supports the use of the pain self-efficacy questionnaire]. Physical therapy. 2014 Jan 1;94(1):91-100.</ref>.” The significance of this misfit question is the potential to identify someone with increased confidence in all other questions when they have pain medications. However, the totality of the PSEQ questions has acceptable measurement properties and accurately summarizes confidence scores in patients with chronic pain <ref name=":3" />.

=== Responsiveness  ===
The PSEQ responsiveness has been investigated by <ref name=":2" />. Its measurement property is based on population and context specificity. When assessed, the response probability rate was deemed satisfactory when 75% of the hypothesis standards were criteria-met, moderate when 50-75% were criteria-met, while poor to low hypothesis standards were indicated when only 50% or less of criteria were met <ref name=":2" />. 

Further research is necessary when evaluating the overall responsiveness of the PSEQ. Just like with addressing construct validity, responsiveness is also subject to discrepancies in comparing both perceived and actual results. Such discrepancies can be attributed to limited knowledge of construct validity, comparator measurements tool analysis, and the international assessments of the PSEQ scale based on various country interpretations.  

=== Podcast and Research: Toward Understanding The Correlation of PSEQ and Other Psychosocial Factors In CLBP ===
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/aaomptpodcast.simplecast.com/episodes/ep-92-varela-interview__;!!HHZaZPFk!7R7NQhiH5PU_YUApZGsb8STwQMtWR2JgguIzKQFX1ruczrHjq0MtXA92HygBPWxB-eY$

https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-021-04955-6