Template:Joints

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Description

The sacroiliac joint (simply called the SI joint) is the joint connection between the spine and the pelvis. It is a large diathrodial joint made up of the sacrum and the two innominates of the pelvis. Each innominate is formed by the fusion of the three bones of the pelvis: the ilium, ischium, and pubic bone.

Sacroiliac joint

Motions Available

There is limited movement of the SI joint.

Nutation and Counternutation - Nutation occurs as the sacrum moves anteriorly and inferiorly while the coccyx moves posteriorly relative to the ilium.

Ligaments & Joint Capsule

Joint Capsule

The sacroiliac joint capsule articular surfaces are made up of two strong layers which are C-shaped.  The capsular portion on the ilium consists of a fibrocartilage while the capsular portion on the sacrum is made up of a hyaline cartilage. The capsule attaches to both articular margins of the joint and becomes thicker as it moves inferiorly (sacral cartilage thicker than iliac cartilage).

Ligaments:

The ligaments stabilizing the SI joint are the strongest ligaments in the body. They consist of:

• Anterior Sacroiliac- an anteroinferior thickening of the fibrous capsule and is weak and thin when compared to the other ligaments of the joint.  It connects the third sacral ligament to the lateral side of the preauricular sulcus and is better developed closer to the arcuate line and the PSIS.  This ligament is injured most often and is a common source of pain because its thinness.
  
• Interosseus Sacroiliac- forms the major connection between the sacrum and the innominate and is a strong, short ligament deep to the posterior sacroiliac ligament.  It resists anterior and inferior movement of the sacrum.
  
• Posterior (Dorsal) Sacroiliac- connects the PSIS with the lateral crest of the third and fourth segments of the sacrum and is very stong and tough.   Nutation, which is anterior motion of the sacrum, slackens the ligament, and counternutation, which is posterior motion will make the ligament taut.  It can be palpated directly below the PSIS and can often be a source of pain.
  
• Sacrotuberous- consists of three large fibrous bands and is blended with the posterior (dorsal) sacroiliac ligament.  It stabilitzes against nutation of the sacrum and counteracts against posterior and superior migration of the sacrum during weight bearing.
  
• Sacrospinous- triangular shaped and thinner than the sacrotuberous ligament and goes from the ichial spine to the lateral parts of the sacrum and coccyx and then to the ischial spine laterally.  Along with the sacrotuberous ligament, it opposes forward tilting of the sacrum on the innominates during weight bearing

Muscles

There are 35 muscles that attach to the sacrum or innominates which mainly provide stability to the joint rather than producing movements.

Muscles that attach to the sacrum or innominates:

• Adductor brevis
• [1]Adductor longus
• [2]Adductor magnus
• [3]Biceps femoris - long head
• [4]Coccygeus
• Erector spinae
• External oblique
• [5]Gluteus maxiumus
• [6]Gluteus medius
• [7]Gluteus minimus
• [8]Latissimus dorsi
• Semimembranosus
• Semitendonosus
• Sartorius
• Inferior gemellus
• Multifidus
• Obturator internus
• Obturator externus
• Piriformis
• Tensor fascia lata
• Internal oblique
• Transversus abdominus
• Rectus abdominis 
• Quadratus femoris
• Superior gemellus
• Gracilis
• Iliacus
• Rectus femoris
• Quadratus lumborum
• Pectineus
• Psoas minor
• Levator ani
• Sphincter urethrae
• Superficial transverse perineal ischiocavernous
• Pyramidalis

Special Tests

SI Joint stress tests

• Anterior Gapping test
• Posterior Distraction test
• Pubic Stress test
• Sacrotuberous Ligament Stress test
• Sacral Compression test (POSH test)
  
• Rotational Stress test
  

Leg Length tests

• Prone test
• Standing leg length test
• Functional leg length test
  

Other Special Tests

• Seated Flexion test (Piedallu's Sign)
• Long Sit test
• Sign of the Buttock
• Posterior Pelvic Pain Provocation test
• Gaenslen's test
• Yeoman's test
• FABER (Figure-Four) test

Resources

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)

References

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