PT 858: Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Case Study

Original Editor - Sierra Dowling as part of the Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project Top Contributors - Sierra Dowling, Jessica van Koppen, Claire Chapman, Vanessa Willis, Kyra Bancroft, Nikhil Taneja, Andrea Link, Alyssa Carrey and Carina Therese Magtibay

Original Editor -

Top Contributors -

Abstract[edit | edit source]

This is a fictional case study of a 25-year-old male diagnosed with subtype 1A Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). CMT is a hereditary group of disorders characterized by sensory loss, muscle atrophy, and weakness.[1] This case study documents the initial patient assessment with a new physiotherapist one month after the patient moved to a new city. It includes the subjective and objective findings, as well as patient-centered goals to work toward achieving in subsequent therapy sessions. The patient’s primary complaints were more noticeable symptoms progressing in the past four months contributing to tripping when running and numerous sprained ankles. Based on these complaints, patient-centered goals were developed, and evidence-based interventions were implemented to help the patient meet these goals and maintain participation in meaningful activities. The patient will come for treatment on a regular basis and outcome measures will be reassessed as appropriate. As the patient progresses, future appointments will likely be more spread out.

Introduction[edit | edit source]

This case study will examine a 25-year-old male diagnosed with subtype 1A Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), also known as hereditary motor sensory neuropathy (HMSN). [1][2] CMT is the name given to a group of disorders characterized by sensory loss, muscle atrophy, and weakness due to peripheral nerve deterioration. [1] It is one of the most common inherited neurological conditions and can be inherited in one of three ways: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked.

Figure 1: Classification of the different types and subtypes of CMT, and the different mutated genes responsible.[3]

The most common form of CMT is type 1 (CMT1), accounting for over 50% of cases. Of this, subtype 1A is the most prevalent. This is due to an extra copy or duplication of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene.[4] Scientists still don’t understand the exact implication of this extra copy; however, it is known that it alters the myelin sheaths of Schwann cells. There are other different types (CMT2, CMT4, CMTX and intermediate form) and subtypes, which can be seen in Figure 1.[3]

Figure 2: Motor and sensory symptoms that may be seen in CMT.[5]

Symptoms of CMT1A vary among individuals, and onset occurs before 20 years old. The progression of the disease is gradual, and the feet are commonly affected first.[6] Individuals noticed weakness, atrophy, and increased fatigue in the feet and legs.[7] Therefore, it is common to see abnormalities develop like pes cavus, drop foot, and/or hammer toes.[8] This can contribute to balance problems and increase the patient’s risks of falling. As the disease progresses, similar weakness and atrophy is seen in the hands and arms, leading to decreased dexterity. Additionally, it is common for individuals with CMT to experience sensory problems, such as decreased proprioception (position sense) and kinesthesia (movement sense). It is also common for patients to report pain, paresthesia, or reduced sensations in the extremities.[5] As the disease progresses, there can be decreased sensation in hearing or vision.[9] In severe cases, it may influence the diaphragm and respiration.[6]

The purpose of this case study is to provide readers with an example of how an individual may present with CMT and how physiotherapy can be used to help manage the condition. It is important to note that symptoms and severity can vary among individuals and interventions that work for one patient may not be successful for another patient[2][9][10] however, this case study can provide a free and easily accessible reference to clinicians regarding patient symptoms and possible treatment options.

Client Characteristics[edit | edit source]

The patient is a 25-year-old male. He works as an accountant and recently moved to the city for a job. He was diagnosed with autosomal dominant CMT disease subtype 1A (CMT1A) by a neurologist at the age of 14. To manage his symptoms, he typically sees a physiotherapist once a month, however, due to the busyness of the move and his schedule, he was unable to see his physiotherapist for the 3 months leading up to moving and was unable to get an appointment with a new physiotherapist until now, one month after he moved. The patient has had multiple ankle sprains in the past 4 months, and in the past month has been unable to run due to an increased frequency of tripping over his own feet when increasing speed, in addition to general pain on the plantar surface of the foot. He reports feeling frustrated that he hasn’t be able to run and having a decreased mood. The patient self-referred to physiotherapy for maintenance of his condition and treatment.

Examination Findings[edit | edit source]

Subjective[edit | edit source]

History of Present Illness

In the past month, the patient has noticed that anytime he tried to increase his pace while walking, he found himself tripping over his feet and had to slow down to avoid falling. Prior to this, the patient reports tripping over his feet while running, and he believes this to be the cause of his recent sprained ankles. He reports that prior to 4 months ago, he would have ankle sprains occasionally, around once every year. However, in the past 4 months, he reports having one ankle sprain roughly every six weeks, with both ankles having been affected. The patient has not yet had any treatment for his ankle sprains, due to his missed appointments, but has received physiotherapy for treatment of CMT prior.

With respect to patient pain, he has reported an increase in plantar foot pain bilaterally in the past 3 months. The patient reports an increase in pain with walking over the last month. In addition, he also reports an increase in fatigue throughout the day, finding it more challenging to complete tasks around his home, such as cooking and cleaning.

Past Medical History

The patient has had previous ankle sprains to both his left ankle (7 and 5 years ago) and his right ankle (4 and 3 years ago). He went to physiotherapy for the first ankle sprain 7 years ago, but not for the others.

In the past 4 months, he has had one sprain to his left ankle and 2 to his right ankle.

A screening test for major depression disorder indicated a possible co-morbidity. This screen was conducted because depression is common in CMT patients. CMT is not a curable disease, so it is important to think about factors associated with quality of life (QoL) that are amenable to treatment[11]. As physiotherapists we should be screening for yellow and orange flags as it will provide valuable knowledge for treatment/disease management and potential referrals. This is applicable for CMT since there are higher rates of depression, anxiety and general distress compared to controls in studies [12] [11][13]. Other health conditions that can be seen in CMT1A and may be considered when assessing this patient include fatigue[11], constipation, hearing loss, erectile dysfunction, and urinary incontinence[13].

Medications

Ibuprofen (400 mg) 2 times per day for ankle pain.

Health Habits

No history of smoking and consumes 2-3 alcoholic beverages per week.

Family History

His mother had autosomal dominant CMT type 1A, diagnosed when she was 16 years old.

Social History

The patient works as an accountant and lives alone in a one-bedroom apartment on the second floor of a building in a mid-sized city. There are 5 flights of stairs total inside the building, but there is an elevator. The patient’s parents and siblings live in another city around 3 hours away. Prior to his move, the patient frequently participated in a weekly run club. He has found a new run club to join since moving but has yet to join due to his current condition.

Functional History

The patient was independent in iADLs and bADLs. He did not use a gait aid, but has rearfoot varus wedge accommodative (soft) orthotics for his pes cavus. Prior to his ankle sprains, was running an average of 10-12 km per week and strength training 3 times each week .

Current Functional Status

He does not currently use gait aids or adaptive equipment, but is still wearing his orthotics. The patient feels he is moving slower and movements are more effortful, as well as that his sense of balance is not the same.

At home, he chooses to take the elevator instead of walking the 2 flights of stairs to his third floor apartment and in recent weeks, has found he is too tired to cook, which he enjoys doing, and orders take-out more than usual.

Objective[edit | edit source]

Figure 3: Depiction of Pes Cavus and Hammer Toe.[14]

Observation

  • Mild (R) mid-thoracic scoliosis
  • UE muscle tone appears normal
  • Bilateral pes cavus, more extreme arch of (R) foot, varus heel angle from posterior POV
  • Bilateral hammer toes
  • Distal mild muscle wasting of bilateral lower legs, stork inverted champagne bottle appearance notable on anterio-lateral leg


Range of Motion

Upper Extremity - All joints within normal limits for passive and active range

Lower Extremity - Hip extension: 10 degrees (R), 12 degrees (L); Ankle Dorsiflexion: 5 degrees (R), 6 degrees (L)

***all end feels normal

Manual Muscle Testing

Grade   /5  (R) Grade   /5  (L)
Hip Extension 4+ 4+
Hip Flexion 4 4
Knee Extension 5 5
Knee Flexion 4+ 5
Ankle Dorsiflexion 3 3+
Ankle Plantar Flexion 4 4
Ankle Inversion 3+ 3+
Ankle Eversion 5 5

Specific Muscle Strength Testing: determined tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallicus longus are primarily responsible for decreased strength of foot dorsiflexors and inverters.

Neurological Assessment

Figure 4: Stocking Pattern of Sensory Neuropathy[15]

Dermatomes: no deficits above the knee bilaterally. Below the knee does not follow a specific dermatomal pathway - patient presenting with altered sensation bilaterally following a stocking pattern (Figure 4) running from distal ankle into the toes.

UMN: Babinski (-), Hoffmann’s (-), Oppenheimer’s (-)

LMN/Deep Tendon Reflexes:

  • C6: Biceps Tendon– 2 (normal)
  • C7: Triceps Tendon– 2 (normal)
  • L3L4: Patellar Tendon – 2 (normal)
  • S1S2: Achilles Tendon – 1 (hyporeflexia)


Special Tests: Upper Extremity - Spurlings (-), Distraction (-), Vertebral Artery Test (-); Lower Extremity - Slump (-), Straight Leg Raise (-)

Sensation Testing:

A) Superficial Sensations: Light touch, temperature sense, and sharp/dull discrimination intact above the knee and impaired below the knee bilaterally.

B) Deep Sensations: Vibration sense intact above the knee and impaired below the knee bilaterally. Proprioception/Kinesthesia impaired bilaterally for ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion.

Balance:

- Romberg Test (+) - loss of balance within 15 seconds with eyes open and 5 seconds with eyes closed

- Mini-BEST Score: 22/28

Observational Gait Analysis

Decreased stride length and increased time in double support were noted with no observable differences in stance phase, swing phase, or arm swing. There was noticeable bilateral pes cavus, distal mild wasting in the bilateral lower legs, and an anterior pelvic tilt. Increased compensation was observable bilaterally at the hips (hip hiking and circumduction). Bilateral mild foot drop was also observed. Using the 10m walk test, a gait speed of 1.2m/sec was calculated, which is lower than age normative values. Patient completed repeated heel walking for 20m, though during the last 10m of the task, a bilateral reduction in ankle dorsiflexion was noted.

Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure Score Clinical Impression
CMTES-R 11 Moderate classification of disease status[16]
Mini-BEST 22/28 Indicates balance deficits. The cut-off score in other neurological population such as Parkinson's is 21/28 to distinguish those with vs without balance deficits[17].
Modified fatigue impact scale (MFIS) 38/84 Score of >38 indicates abnormal fatigue[18].
Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) 25/30 The average score for different neurological conditions (stroke, Parkinson's, vestibular disorders) tends to be around 20/30 [19][20]

Clinical Impression[edit | edit source]

Analysis[edit | edit source]

Patient is a 25-year-old male with worsening lower extremity instability over the last 4 weeks that has impeded his ability to run. He presents with impaired balance, proprioception, reduced lower extremity strength, and overall reduced physical activity. The patient is a good candidate for physical therapy activities aimed at increasing strength of lower extremities, increasing dynamic balance, education on pacing, and optimizing participation in previously enjoyed physical activities. Although the patient has CMT type 1A that will continue to progress, their previous high level of function plus activity and young age are positive prognostic indicators for slowed progression of disability associated with his condition.

Problem List[edit | edit source]

  1. Impaired balance and sensation in bilateral lower extremities below the knee.  
  2. Reduced range of motion in bilateral dorsiflexion and hip extension.  
  3. Reduced strength of bilateral ankle dorsiflexors and inverters.
  4. Decreased gait speed.
  5. Unable to participate in run club.  

Intervention[edit | edit source]

1)   Impaired balance and sensation in bilateral lower extremities below the knee  

To address impaired balance with this individual, importance is going to be placed on postural stability as well as differing balance and proprioception interventions. Emerging technologies for peripheral sensory neuropathy may also be implemented to address these issues (refer to technology section). Numerous balance strategies will be used such as decreasing the base of support, including tandem and single legged balance exercises, dynamic balance techniques including internal and external perturbations, manipulating sensory input including visual, somatosensory and/or proprioceptive input, and focusing on erector muscle activation such as back extensors and plantar flexors [21], without the use of an AFO. Focus will also be placed on completing components from the mini-BEST to work towards his functional goals as well. This individual will undergo a multitude of differing balance exercises 2-3x a week, aiming for 2-4 sets of each exercise, holding for 30 seconds each with importance placed on increasing difficulty of the tasks as seen fit by the treating physiotherapist[21]. All of the balance exercises performed should be combined and followed up with core strengthening as well strengthening the posterior chain to increase postural stability.

Individuals with CMT are shown to have decreased postural stability during quiet standing tasks, as well as performing sit to stand exercises which may have implications for carrying ADL’s[22]. Increases in balance performance measures are also correlated to increases in functional and recreational activities, Berg Balance Scale scores and gait speed[23]. Along with balance performance, there is research[24] which places importance on combining core strength with balance activities including Tai Chi, dance and/or pilates in children which may be translated to the adult population.

If this patient experiences adverse effects during any balance interventions, the volume of balance exercises may be decreased by decreasing time spent per day and per exercise. If unable to perform certain balance exercises of increasing difficulty, the manipulation of sensory information may be decreased as needed.

2)    Reduced range of motion in bilateral dorsiflexion and hip extension

To mitigate this individual’s reduced dorsiflexion ROM and foot drop, an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) will be prescribed for use during strenuous gait activities while he heals from numerous frequent ankle sprains. For the time being, this is to be used for the short term with education and training on use for the long-term future, as needed. After in-clinic gait training to start, this individual is to wear his AFO for 4 hours a day 3x a week around the house in order to get comfortable with this device. He will also use it for any strenuous walking activities outside and may take it off during rest. He will be provided education on the use of this device, why they are prescribed, why some refrain from prescribing them and the use of AFO’s in his future.

Following AFO and gait training in the clinic, this individual will also undergo hands on physical therapy 2-3x week involving joint mobilizations, stretching and soft tissue release techniques are these are shown to be effective in conjunction with strength training and/or AFO use to maintain the extensibility and ROM of LE tissues, while preventing contractures[25].

Individuals with CMT experience a decrease in dorsiflexion especially during gait which can be attributed to an increase in falls and ankle sprains, especially after numerous sprains have occurred.  This will ensure that he experiences enough foot clearance to mitigate his falls risk and prevent future ankle sprains until his strength is increased[26]. While AFO’s are not shown to increase walking speed, step length or cadence in this population [26], they are shown to decrease energy expenditure per unit of time and distance during use[27], while increasing foot clearance and ankle stability. AFO’s have also been shown to decrease plantar flexion strength and power, hip flexion range of motion and strength, as well as knee extensor strength[26] [28], in this population which is also why healthcare professionals may refrain from prescribing them until neuromuscular diseases are in the advance stages. This also places importance on providing a strengthening program in conjunction with the use of an AFO.

If this individual experiences short term discomfort with this device he may decrease his use of the AFO by decreasing the number of hours worn per day as needed, until he gets more experience with the device. If this patient experiences long term discomfort with his AFO, a different type and model can be prescribed as individuals may respond differently to different AFO’s, as well as each can have different effects on hip and ankle ROM and LE power generation and strength[26]. 

To address deficits in hip ROM, hands on therapy will be provided 2-3x a week in order to increase range of motion at this joint segment. Grade 3 Maitland’s oscillatory mobilizations will be provided to the hip joint at 2/Hz with 40 oscillations to start repeated 3 times. Increasing ROM within this population is known to prevent contractures from developing[24], emphasizing the importance of helping this individual to activate this motor pattern in conjunction with strengthening exercises. If he experiences adverse effects with this treatment protocol, the intensity and volume of the oscillations will be decreased, and outcome measures will be re-evaluated post treatment.

3)    Reduced strength of bilateral ankle dorsiflexors and inverters

In order to address this patient's strength deficits in the ankle dorsiflexors and inverters, this individual will be prescribed a 12-week home resistance-based, progressive exercise protocol. This individual will perform weighted dorsiflexion and inversion ankle exercises with ankle weights 3x a week, on nonconsecutive days, for 8-12 repetitions for 2-4 sets[21], without use of an AFO. The individual will be prescribed a load that is 50% of the 1RM to start with an increase to 70% of the 1RM as seen fit by the treating physiotherapist. Similar parameters have been carried out in the literature [29], which are further supported by two systematic reviews [30][24] and have been shown to increase strength and function in this population.

Strength training is imperative in CMT populations[24] and is most effective in this population at a low to moderate intensity, as injuries may occur during high intensity training programs[31], as well as there is an increased potential for overwork weakness. In a pediatric RCT[29], 6 months of progressive resistance training preserved dorsiflexion strength over the duration of the trial, and after 24 months of training, this group experienced a 5% increase in dorsiflexion strength compared to a 23% reduction in the control group, demonstrating the importance of maintaining the strength of this muscle group with CMT. This group is also shown to have reduced dorsiflexion during gait in the terminal stance as well as excessive plantar flexion during the mid-swing phase of gait[32], placing importance on focusing on these specific muscle groups during strength and gait training.

If this patient experiences adverse effects from this intervention, the load, repetitions or sets will be decreased to decrease the overall training load for this individual to ensure that overwork weakness does not occur and that he is experiencing an optimal workload. Education will also be provided on fatigue and the appropriate workload.

4)    Decreased gait speed

To address this patient’s goals of increasing his gait speed, he will be placed on a walk-run program, on a treadmill to start, during physiotherapy sessions. This involves gradually working up tolerance to 30 minutes of low to moderate intensity walking/running per session, by alternating intervals between the two modes of exercise, as tolerated by the patient. This individual will complete this walk-run program 2x a week, totalling 30 minutes of low to moderate intensity aerobic exercise per session[33], based on guidelines from patients with Multiple Sclerosis due to the prevalence of fatiguability and overwork weakness within the CMT population.

This study[34] looked at the differences between a group that underwent stretching and proprioceptive exercises from a group that completed both, plus treadmill training over the course of 12 weeks. Both groups demonstrated an increase in 6-minute walk distance but demonstrated no significant change in the 10-meter walk test. Berg Balance Scores increased in the treadmill group and this group maintained the advantages for 6 months post intervention[34]. This emphasizes combining treadmill, stretching and proprioceptive exercises with a walk-run program to work towards increases in gait speed and function. 

While there are no specific parameters in the literature found that discuss implications for increasing gait speeds among the CMT population, increases in gait speeds may also be demonstrated if this population partakes in a resistance training program[23], placing importance on working towards this goal in conjunction with intervention number 3.

If adverse effects occur during this intervention program, ratios between walking and running intervals may be modified as well as the potential use of AFO’s if needed during the program. Education on fatigue and pacing will also be provided to ensure that this patient experiences an optimal workload without an unnecessary amount of fatigue.

5)    Unable to participate in run club

To increase this patient’s adherence to aerobic exercise, he will be offered the chance to participate in a group exercise club tailored towards individuals with CMT and other neuromuscular diseases. This program consists of biking, walking or running for 30 minutes 3 times per week as a group for 12 weeks. Intensity will start at correlating to 60% of VO2 max using heart rate measures, progressing to 70% after 4 weeks and 80% after 8 weeks, as per the guidelines from this study[35]. If peak intensity and HR cannot be reached, RPE will be used to measure intensity levels among participants to ensure the optimal workload is being reached.

Using this group exercise intervention, this study[35] saw an exercise adherence of 76% for all training sessions within the CMT group, while also demonstrating an increase in VO2 max and positive qualitative effects from exercising as a group.

If this patient experiences an adverse effect from this training program, he is to notify the instructor right away, while reporting adverse effects to his healthcare staff. Modifications will be made as seen fit if adverse effects do arise, such as decreasing the volume or mode of training for this individual to ensure that overwork weakness does not occur.

Patient-centered Treatment Goals[edit | edit source]

1. Impaired Balance and Sensation in LE Below the Knee

Short Term Goal  

By 3 weeks the patient will have increased his mini-BEST score by 2 points (24/28) using postural balance training and core stability exercises, and therefore classifying his score as lack of balance deficits. The patient may have up to 3 sensory modifications made as per intervention guidelines.

Long Term Goal

After 2 months of his balance and core stability exercise program, the patient’s mini-BEST score will have increased to 25/28 with minimal (1-2) changes in sensory information required compared to initial assessment.  

2. Reduced Dorsiflexion and Hip Extension ROM  

Short Term Goal

By the beginning of the patient’s third week in treatment, his dorsiflexion will have increased by at least 4 degrees and hip extension by 3 degrees bilaterally after mobilizations, stretching and use of AFO.  

Long Term Goal

After 6 weeks of treatment, including mobilizations, stretching and increased duration of AFO use, the patient will have increased his dorsiflexion by an additional 6 degrees and hip extension by at least 4 degrees bilaterally.

3. Reduced Strength of Ankle DF and Inverters

Short Term Goal  

After 3 weeks of treatment, the patient's dorsiflexion and inversion strength will have not declined, noting that the progression of his weakness has not persisted. Dorsiflexors in the right lower leg will remain at a 3/5, left dorsiflexors at a 3+/5, while inverters will be maintained at a 3+/5 bilaterally.  

Long Term Goal

After 3 months of his strengthening program, the patient will have progressed to completing his exercises at a load that is 60% of the 1RM 3 times per week without reducing this intensity during his sessions. At this time, he will also not have any loss in his dorsiflexor or inverter MMT strength grading, thus showing no progression of muscular weakness.

4. Unable to Participate in Run Club  

Short Term Goal  

In two weeks patient will be able to walk 20 m 5 times with breaks in between, while using a safe heel walking technique without reporting higher than a 4 on the RPE scale or any other symptom or deficit requiring him to stop.  

Long Term Goal

In 2 months, the patient will have attended 90% of the scheduled walks with the group, and is able to participate in walking with proper heel walking technique in 10 minute bouts below an RPE of 4, and with no other symptom or deficit requiring him to stop.  

5. Decreased Gait Speed  

Short Term Goal

By the start of the sixth week in the walk program the patient will see an increase in gait speed during a 10 m walk test to a typical value for his age (about 1.35 m/s) , as he will also be participating in the neuromuscular disease walk club, balance training, as well as strengthening of the dorsiflexors and inverters.  

Long Term Goal

After 6 months of treatment for balance, strength, gait speed, and gait technique, the patient will be able to continue the walk run program by completing at least 10 minutes of his 30 minute total by jogging at a low intensity with minimal difficulty.  

Management Program[edit | edit source]

Technology[edit | edit source]

Figure 5: Walkasins mechanism of action[36]
Figure 6: Walkasins Device[37]

Due to the motor and sensory neuropathy, balance and gait are common impairments in individuals with CMT.[38] Ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) are commonly prescribed to individuals with CMT to compensate for the progressive limb weakness and sensory deficits that cause these impairments.[38] An emerging technology for the management of sensory peripheral neuropathy is a wearable sensory prosthesis for the foot and ankle.[39]  Specifically, a device called the walkasins© demonstrates results in improving functional gait, balance, and decreasing falls risk factors and falls rate in individuals with sensory peripheral neuropathy.[40][41] This device works by replacing the lost sensation in the plantar aspect of the foot through information gathered in the sole of the device about foot placement and provides this information through mechanical stimuli of a unit higher up the limb where sensation is better intact.[41] This afferent feedback occurs in real time and provides the user with the necessary sensory input for safe and effective ambulation.[39] Over time, this device may produce neural modulatory changes in the brain related to gait and balance tasks because of this supplementary stimulation.[42] In addition to resistance training, balance, and gait training with physiotherapy, this device may provide our patient with a more functional gait and a decreased falls risk.  

Although not yet specifically trialed in the CMT population, sensory neuropathy is a significant presentation in this condition, and there is an opportunity for it to be used in CMT management. In this case, the device may better give our patient the ability to safely run again with the proprioceptive and touch sensation the device provides, than physiotherapy training alone.  

However, there are challenges presented with the device regarding its accessibility. The device is not yet widely available to consumers, however healthcare providers, including PT’s, can fill out a form on the company website that may allow access to the device. In addition to the physical barriers of accessing the device, a financial barrier is presented as the device costs $4,400 and is not covered by insurance.[43] Finally, it is recognized that although this could provide great benefit for the patient currently, CMT is a progressive condition and as it worsens and the lower limb is affected more proximally, the device may no longer be feasible for this patient.

Outcome[edit | edit source]

Four main outcome measures were used to examine areas of ICF and provide a baseline of how CMT is impacting this patient.

The first outcome measure was the Rash analysis based Charcot Marie Tooth Examination Score (CMTES-R). The CMTES-R scale is more sensitive than the original CMTES and demonstrates more change over time in patients with CMT1A. The CMTES-R is most sensitive to change in patients with mild to moderate baseline disease severity[44], aligning with this patient's case. When looking at the ICF, this outcome measure can help distinguish the overall health condition and monitor progression of the severity. Monitoring the severity of disease can be a good indicator of whether treatment is working or when treatment/management focus needs to shift; for example changing the focus of physiotherapy sessions from remediation to compensation. When the Rash analysis can be feasibly implemented, it is a good outcome measure to use with patients. If not, practitioners can use the CMTES without rash analysis.

Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227902/
Figure 7: The CMTES scale (without rash analysis). Each category is scored 0-4 points reflecting the progressive severity of impairment[45].

Historically the most used outcome measure in CMT1A to quantify clinical severity and measure disease progression has been the Charcot Marie tooth neuropathy score (CMTNS). To minimize floor and ceiling effects the CMTNS was revised yielding the CMTNS version 2 (CMTNSv2). To address clustering of disease stages the Rasch-modified CMTNS (CMTNS-R) scores were developed. In place of the CMTNS-R the CMTES-R is used because it does not include repeated nerve conduction evaluation and it is implemented in clinics.      

The second outcome measure was the mini-BEST scale. The mini-BEST is appropriate to assess body function and activity domains of the ICF. The mini-BEST scale appears to have strong test psychometrics across neurological populations with good clinical utility[38]. To assess the impact CMT has on this patient in terms of body structure and subsequent activity the mini-BEST will assess postural control and specific systems affected. It is one of the few balance assessments that includes response to loss of balance which would be appropriate for our patient's moderate disease severity and young age. The mini-BEST has high content validity since individual items are part of well-known balance batteries such as Berg Balance scale, Clinical Test of Sensory Integration in Balance, Dynamic Gait Index and TUG[38].

The third outcome measure utilized was the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS). The MFIS is a commonly used questionnaire to assess perceived fatigue and has been validated in many neurological disorders[39]. The MFIS can evaluate body structure/function, activity, and participation domains of the ICF [46]. The MFIS has physical, cognitive and psychosocial sub scores which can give insight into possible struggles and education needed for this patient. The psychosocial component of the scale may be of interest since it will support the screening of depression; there are two psychosocial questions that ask about motivation to participate in social activities and ability to do things away from home. The questions are scored from 0-4 and a higher score overall indicates greater impact of fatigue on a person's activities, this patient scored 38/84 indicating that fatigue is limiting activities.

The final outcome measure incorporated was a Functional Gait Assessment (FGA). The FGA will analyze both activity and participation within the ICF domain for this patient [47]. This patient enjoys running, so an FGA will help indicate the ability of returning to a walk or running group, allowing us to consider the participation domain of the ICF.  The FGA is a modified version of the functional gait index to improve reliability and decrease the ceiling effect[47]. This scale would provide more of a challenge for our patient since it looks at gait with a narrow base of support, ambulating backwards and gait with eyes closed. The FGA also provides more external validity than tests like TUG or 6-minute walk test (typically done in a flat hallway with no distractions) since it has variability and challenging skills[41].  The highest score is 30/30 indicating normal ambulation. The average score for different neurological conditions (Stroke, Parkinson's, vestibular disorders) tends to be around 20/30[41] [11].

Within the evaluation section during the initial assessment the patient presented with moderate disease severity, balance deficits, fatigue, and gait difficulties. With the slow disease progression, evidence based treatment implemented 2-3x/week and motivation of patient to increase his function/participation these outcomes measures improved. When the mini-BEST, MFIS and FGA were re-assessed after 3 weeks of treatment the scores improved with the following findings:

Outcome Measure Score Clinical Impression
Mini-BEST 24/28 Improved from previous score of 22/28 and achieved STG #1 with improved balance.
MFIS 32/84 Improved from previous score of 38/84. Patient experiences less fatigue that has improved his overall QoL. He is able to take the stairs more frequently and cook meals he enjoys.
FGA 27/30 Improved from previous score of 25/30. This indicates that the walk-run program and strength training are having positive impacts for the patient and should be continued.

Interdisciplinary Referrals[edit | edit source]

Through the patient’s general physician, it would be stressed that he see a podiatrist. The patient already has orthotics for pes cavus, however a podiatrist is able to assess proper supportive footwear including AFOs or accommodative insoles to reduce risk for pressure build-up, which will have a positive effect on pain ratings and gait ability[48]. Aside from orthoses, they also have the ability to discuss the possibility of surgical interventions if future progression deems this applicable. For example, cavus deformities in CMT patients can be treated with a reconstruction surgery shown to have a multitude of benefits in comparison to the standard fusion surgery including overall function and walking patterns[49]. At this stage in his condition, there is also a need to have any metatarsal, ankle or foot deformities corrected conservatively or surgically, including foot drop as it is pertinent that they do not go untreated to prevent further irreversible changes[49]. Many of these treatments are out of the scope of physiotherapy and his current neurologist, those with CMT are often seen by a podiatrist to specialize in these aspects as they also have the ability to diagnose in addition to managing the condition.  

Due to the patient’s expressed concern for lack of social interaction and participation in activities he could do in the past, he would be a great fit for a referral to occupational therapy (OT). The patient previously was very active in a running club and enjoyed cooking, and is now finding it difficult to even carryout iADLs such as cleaning. An OT will be effective at enhancing his quality of life as they have a wide array of assistive devices to ease daily living tasks such as rubber grips to reduce effort or shoehorns to limit pressure on the feet when putting on shoes[49]. Currently, there is a lack of OT referrals for this population while there are many services they can offer that are not utilized to their full potential[50]. OTs can help promote falls risks strategies in the home and social environment, assist with home exercise programs as well as other lifestyle modifications that will reduce the effects of the patient’s disability[51]. As an interdisciplinary team of health care professionals, the goal is to ensure best quality of life and patient-centered care. The scope of an OT highly recognizes this need, and can assist with participation in chosen activities, in this case finding clubs or cooking strategies to simplify tasks, while simultaneously reducing the perceived impact of CMT and preventing the deprivation of community inclusion[52].  

The patient has been screened for yellow and orange flags that resulted in a suspected presence of depression, he is not currently seeing any professional or on any medication for this. A referral to a psychiatrist or psychologist depending on his preferred method of treatment, type of therapeutical treatment or medication, could be a very impactful course of action for this patient. Initially, referral to a psychiatrist is likely the most effective as starting the conversation about all of his treatment options is the most ideal. Psychiatrists can evaluate and treat depression and also the psychosocial burden of a medical diagnosis[51]. As the patient is currently progressing, he is becoming frustrated with his lack of ability to participate in previous hobbies, running, and the amount of effort to cook and complete other IADLs and shows signs of diminished motivation for these activities that he formerly enjoyed. In conjunction, he scored a 38/84 on the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, which contains a psychosocial component relevant to his presentation. This directly correlates with three main symptoms according to the DSM-5 for MDD, diminished interest, psychomotor agitation and increase in fatigue[53]. There is additional concern as the patient is undergoing a stressful move and adverse life event due to his progression of CMT which are both highly investigated risk factors for depression[53]. From a biopsychosocial standpoint, it is imperative that he be evaluated and treated by a specialized professional to ensure that he is equipped to manage his treatment plans and mental well-being whilst living alone in a new city with his primary familial support 3 hours away.

Referral To Podiatry Through General Physician[edit | edit source]

Dear General Physician,

This is regarding John Smith, born January 6, 1998, and his visit to myself as his physiotherapist. Due to his diagnosis with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, I have concerns about his pes cavus, medial longitudinal arch of the right foot, and bruising and swelling on the dorsum of the same foot. He is currently wearing a rear foot varus wedge soft orthotic that hasn't been re-assessed since his symptoms started progressing. He has been experiencing pain with walking over the last month and plantar foot pain over the last three months which have affected his balance (22/28 Mini-BEST rating) and gait speed (1.2 m/sec). He has had 2 right ankle sprains and 1 left ankle sprain in the past four months due to his impaired balance and tripping over his own feet, thus, there is cause for a specialist to do a full assessment. I highly recommend that he be referred to a podiatrist within the next 2 weeks to be re-assessed for more supportive footwear, orthoses, or surgical consultation may it be necessary. He also requires a conservative treatment evaluation from a podiatrist for specific management techniques that are out of my scope.

Thank you,

Jane Doe

Neurological Physiotherapist

Discussion[edit | edit source]

The patient was a 25-year-old male who self-referred to physiotherapy for management and treatment of his CMT. An initial assessment was conducted and revealed some expected observation findings for CMT such as bilateral pes cavus, mild muscle wasting of bilateral lower legs, and bilateral hammer toes. Range of motion suggests a slight decrease in right dorsiflexion (5 degrees on the right compared to 6 degrees on the left) and hip extension (10 degrees on the right compared to 12 degrees on the left), and bilateral weakness in ankle inversion (3+/5 bilaterally) and dorsiflexion (3/5 on the right and 3+/5 on the left). The patient also had impaired superficial and deep sensations below the knee, with light touch, temperature sense, and sharp/dull discrimination impaired bilaterally, as well as vibration sense impaired bilaterally, and proprioception/kinesthesia impaired bilaterally for ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion. This was also shown through the Romberg test, as the patient lost their balance within 15 seconds with eyes open and 5 seconds with eyes closed. Hip compensation and decreased gait speed were the main observations during gait analysis. A gait speed of 1.2 m/s was calculated using the 10 m walk test, which is a slower gait speed than expected for a patient of this age. The patient also reported bilateral pain on the plantar aspect of the foot that has increased within the past three months, in addition to having multiple ankle sprains in the past 4 months and being unable to run due to an increased frequency of tripping over his own feet when increasing in speed.  

The outcome measures assessed with the patient were the CMTES-R, Mini-BEST, MFIS, and FGA. On the CMTES-R, the patient scored 11, which correlates to a moderate classification of disease status.[16] With the Mini-BEST, the patient scored 22/28 which indicates balance deficits.[17] On the MFIS, the patient scored 38/84. This is right at the cut-off point for indicating abnormal fatigue, which is any score greater than 38.[18] Lastly, on the FGA, the score was 25/30.

Based on these findings, reduced strength of ankle dorsiflexors and inverters, decreased gait speed, and an inability to participate in run club were the main physiotherapy goals identified. These patient-centered goals were developed to help the patient decrease the disability associated with this disease, and to help him maintain participation in his meaningful activities. To address these goals, various interventions will be implemented. To address the strength deficits in the ankle dorsiflexors and inverters, the patient will be prescribed a 12-week home resistance-based, progressive exercise protocol. To increase the patient’s gait speed, he will begin a walk-run program. Furthermore, while the patient works on increasing his gait speed and getting back to running, he will be offered the chance to participate in a group exercise club tailed towards individuals with CMT and other neuromuscular diseases that consists of biking, walking or running as a group for 30 minutes 3 times per week for 12 weeks. Moreover, an emerging technology was presented as a possible intervention option that could help to improve the patient’s functional gait and balance, as well as decrease falls risk factors and falls rate. In addition to his physiotherapy treatment plan, the patient will also be referred to an occupational therapist for assistance with his lack of social interaction/participation, a psychologist to address his psychosocial concerns, and a podiatrist for further assistance with his CMT symptoms related to his feet, such as the bilateral pes cavus and hammer toes.  

In conclusion, this fictional case study presented a 25-year-old male diagnosed with CMT. An initial assessment complete with a subjective history and objective examination was presented, which were used to guide the development of a treatment plan to address patient-centered goals. A novel technology was also identified as a potential treatment option for the patient. This case study aimed to demonstrate what a potential initial assessment and treatment plan could look like for a patient with a CMT diagnosis, as well as to provide a resource for clinicians to reference when working with not just CMT patients, but other neurological populations as well.  

Self-Study Questions[edit | edit source]

1. Which of the following is not a type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?

a) CMT1

b) CMT2

c) CMT3

d) CMT4

e) CMTX

Answer [c]


2. Which of the following is a symptom that a person with CMT may present with?

a) Muscle hypertrophy

b) Hyper-reflexia

c) Hypertonia

d) Loss or decrease in other senses

e) All of the above

Answer [d]

3. The following are common conditions co-occurring with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease:

a) Depression

b) Chronic heart failure

c) Fatigue

d) Gout

e) A and C

Answer [e]

Additional Patient Resources[edit | edit source]

Muscular Dystrophy Association - Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

CMT Research Foundation

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT) [Internet]. Muscular Dystrophy Association; 2021 [cited 2023 May 8]. Available from: https://www.mda.org/disease/charcot-marie-tooth
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Reilly MM, Murphy SM, Laurá M. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System. 2011 Apr 19;16(1):1–14. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2011.00324.x
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ramchandren S. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and other genetic polyneuropathies. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2017 Oct;23(5):1360–77. doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000529
  4. ↑ Skre H. Genetic and clinical aspects of Charcot-Marie-Tooth’s disease. Clinical Genetics. 1974 Aug;6(2):98–118. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1974.tb00638.x
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT): Symptoms & treatment [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic; 2022 [cited 2023 May 8]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/6009-charcot-marie-tooth-disease-cmt
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2023 [cited 2023 May 8]. Available from: https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/1245/charcot-marie-tooth-disease-type-1a
  7. ↑ Marques W, Freitas MR, Nascimento OJ, Oliveira AB, Calia L, Melo A, et al. 17P duplicated Charcot–Marie–Tooth 1a. Journal of Neurology. 2005 Mar 18;252(8):972–9. doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0797-9
  8. ↑ Bienfait HME, Verhamme C, Schaik IN, Koelman JHTM, Visser BW, Haan RJ, et al. Comparison of CMT1A and CMT2: Similarities and differences. Journal of Neurology. 2006 Aug 28;253(12):1572–80. doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0260-6
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2023 [cited 2023 May 8]. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/charcot-marie-tooth-disease
  10. ↑ Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Symptoms [Internet]. NHS; 2022 [cited 2023 May 8]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/charcot-marie-tooth-disease/symptoms/
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Ivanovic V, Bjelica B, Palibrk A, Brankovic M, Bozovic I, Basta I, et al. Physical and Mental Aspects of Quality of Life in Patients With Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A. Front Neurol [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 May 11];13. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.852150
  12. ↑ Bellofatto M, Bertini A, Tramacere I, Manganelli F, Fabrizi GM, Schenone A, et al. Anxiety and depression in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: data from the Italian CMT national registry. J Neurol. 2023 Jan 1;270(1):394–401.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Carey IM, Nirmalananthan N, Harris T, DeWilde S, Chaudhry UAR, Limb E, et al. Prevalence of co-morbidity and history of recent infection in patients with neuromuscular disease: A cross-sectional analysis of United Kingdom primary care data. PLOS ONE. 2023 Mar 1;18(3):e0282513.
  14. ↑ Seacoast Orthopedics and Sports Medicine. Charcot Marie Tooth Disease. n.d. Available from: https://www.seacoastorthopedics.com/charcot-marie-tooth-disease-orthopedic-surgeon-newburyport-ma/
  15. ↑ University of Notre Dame. Neuropathic pain module [Internet]. 2015. Available from https://www.notredame.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/172311/Neuropathic-pain-Churack-module-resource-EV.docx010118-1.pdf
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kitani-Morii F, Noto Y ichi, Tsuji Y, Shiga K, Mizuta I, Nakagawa M, et al. Rate of Changes in CMT Neuropathy and Examination Scores in Japanese Adult CMT1A Patients. Front Neurol. 2020 Jul 16;11:626.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test [Internet]. Shirley Ryan AbilityLab. 2013 [cited 2023 May 11]. Available from: https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/mini-balance-evaluation-systems-test
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Bellofatto M, Bertini A, Tramacere I, Manganelli F, Fabrizi GM, Schenone A, et al. Frequency, entity and determinants of fatigue in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. Eur J Neurol. 2023;30(3):710–8.
  19. ↑ Van Bloemendaal M, Bout W, Bus SA, Nollet F, Geurts AC, Beelen A. Validity and reproducibility of the Functional Gait Assessment in persons after stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2019 Jan;33(1):94–103.
  20. ↑ Wrisley DM, Marchetti GF, Kuharsky DK, Whitney SL. Reliability, Internal Consistency, and Validity of Data Obtained With the Functional Gait Assessment. Phys Ther. 2004 Oct 1;84(10):906–18.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 American College of Sports Medicine & Thompson W. R. Acsm's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription [8th ed.] (8th ed.). 2009. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  22. ↑ Lencioni, T., Rabuffetti, M., Piscosquito, G., Pareyson, D., Aiello, A., Di Sipio, E., Padua, L., Stra, F., & Ferrarin, M. Postural stabilization and balance assessment in Charcot–Marie–Tooth 1A subjects. Gait & Posture. 2014;40(4), 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.07.006
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Sman, A. D., Hackett, D., Fiatarone Singh, M., Fornusek, C., Menezes, M. P., & Burns, J. Systematic review of exercise for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: Systematic review of exercise for Charcot-Marie-Tooth. Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System. 2015;20(4), 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12116
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Yiu, E. M., Bray, P., Baets, J., Baker, S. K., Barisic, N., de Valle, K., Estilow, T., Farrar, M. A., Finkel, R. S., Haberlová, J., Kennedy, R. A., Moroni, I., Nicholson, G. A., Ramchandren, S., Reilly, M. M., Rose, K., Shy, M. E., Siskind, C. E., Yum, S. W., .. Burns, J. Clinical practice guideline for the management of paediatric Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2022; 93(5), 530–538. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-328483
  25. ↑ Beloribi-Djefaflia, S., & Attarian, S. Treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies. Revue Neurologique. 2023;179(1-2), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2022.11.006
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Ramdharry, G. M., Day, B. L., Reilly, M. M., & Marsden, J. F. Foot drop splints improve proximal as well as distal leg control during gait in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: Ankle Foot Orthoses in CMT. Muscle & Nerve. 2012;46(4), 512–519. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.23348
  27. ↑ Menotti, F., Laudani, L., Damiani, A., Mignogna, T., & Macaluso, A. An anterior ankle-foot orthosis improves walking economy in Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1A patients. Prosthetics and Orthotics International. 2014;38(5), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309364613506250
  28. ↑ Ramdharry, G. M., Pollard, A. J., Marsden, J. F., & Reilly, M. M. Comparing Gait Performance of People with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Who Do and Do Not Wear Ankle Foot Orthoses: Gait Performance and Orthoses in Charcot Marie-Tooth Disease. Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy. 2012;17(4), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.531
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Burns, J., Sman, A. D., Cornett, K. M. D., Wojciechowski, E., Walker, T., Menezes, M. P., Mandarakas, M. R., Rose, K. J., Bray, P., Sampaio, H., Farrar, M., Refshauge, K. M., Raymond, J., Burns, J., Sman, A. D., Cornett, K. M. D., Wojciechowski, E., Menezes, M. P., Mandarakas, M. R., … Farrar, M. Safety and efficacy of progressive resistance exercise for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in children: a randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2017;1(2), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30013-5
  30. ↑ Conde, R. M., Senem, I., Dos Santos, M., de Lima Osório, F., & Marques Júnior, W. Effectiveness of exercise therapy for individuals diagnosed with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12548
  31. ↑ Kilmer, D. D., McCrory, M. A., Wright, N. C., Aitkens, S. G., & Bernauer, E. M. The effect of a high resistance exercise program in slowly progressive neuromuscular disease. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 1994;75(5), 560–563
  32. ↑ Õunpuu, S., Pierz, K., Garibay, E., Acsadi, G., & Wren, T. A. L. Stance and swing phase ankle phenotypes in youth with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1: An evaluation using comprehensive gait analysis techniques. Gait & Posture. 2022;98, 216–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.09.077
  33. ↑ Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults with Multiple Sclerosis. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. 2011. https://csepguidelines.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/CSEP_MS_PAGuidelines_adults_en.pdf
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Mori, L., Signori, A., Prada, V., Pareyson, D., Piscosquito, G., Padua, L., Pazzaglia, C., Fabrizi, G. M., Picelli, A., Schenone, A., Grandis, M., Maggi, G., Zuccariono, R., Marinelli, L., Trompetto, C., Scorsone, D., Montesano, A., Cattaneo, D., Casati, E., … Munari, D. Treadmill training in patients affected by Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, single‐blind, controlled study. European Journal of Neurology. 2020;27(2), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14074
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Wallace, A., Pietrusz, A., Dewar, E., Dudziec, M., Jones, K., Hennis, P., Sterr, A., Baio, G., Machado, P. M., Laurá, M., Skorupinska, I., Skorupinska, M., Butcher, K., Trenell, M., Reilly, M. M., Hanna, M. G., & Ramdharry, G. M. Community exercise is feasible for neuromuscular diseases and can improve aerobic capacity. Neurology. 2019;92(15), e1773–e1785. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007265
  36. ↑ RxFunction. Healthcare Professionals – Mechanism of Action [Internet]. RxFunction; n.d. Available from: https://rxfunction.com/healthcare-professionals/
  37. ↑ RxFunction. Our Product – How walkasins works [Internet]. RxFunction; n.d. Available from: https://rxfunction.com/our-product/
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 McCorquodale D, Pucillo EM, Johnson NE. Management of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: improving long-term care with a multidisciplinary approach. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare. 2016;9(1):7–19.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Oddsson LIE, Bisson T, Cohen HS, Iloputaife I, Jacobs L, Kung D, et al. Extended effects of a wearable sensory prosthesis on gait, balance function and falls after 26 weeks of use in persons with peripheral neuropathy and high fall risk—The walk2Wellness trial. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2022;14:931048–931048.
  40. ↑ Oddsson LIE, Bisson T, Cohen HS, Jacobs L, Khoshnoodi M, Kung D, et al. The Effects of a Wearable Sensory Prosthesis on Gait and Balance Function After 10 Weeks of Use in Persons With Peripheral Neuropathy and High Fall Risk - The walk2Wellness Trial. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2020;12:592751–592751.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Koehler-McNicholas SR, Danzl L, Cataldo AY, Oddsson LIE. Neuromodulation to improve gait and balance function using a sensory neuroprosthesis in people who report insensate feet - A randomized control cross-over study. PloS one. 2019;14(4):e0216212–e0216212.
  42. ↑ Hsu CL, Manor B, Iloputaife I, Oddsson LIE, Lipsitz L. Six month lower-leg mechanical tactile sensory stimulation alters functional network connectivity associated with improved gait in older adults with peripheral neuropathy – A pilot study. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2022;14:1027242–1027242.
  43. ↑ Joe Carlson. RxFunction aims to help patients with peripheral neuropathy get back on their feet [Internet]. Star Tribune; 2017. Available from: https://www.startribune.com/rxfunction-aims-to-help-patients-with-peripheral-neuropathy-get-back-on-their-feet/424465813/?refresh=true
  44. ↑ A longitudinal study of CMT1A using Rasch analysis based CMT neuropathy and examination scores [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 11]. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009035.
  45. ↑ Piscosquito G, Reilly MM, Schenone A, Fabrizi GM, Cavallaro T, Santoro L, et al. Responsiveness of clinical outcome measures in Charcot−Marie−Tooth disease. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(12):1556–63.
  46. ↑ Modified Fatigue Impact Scale [Internet]. Shirley Ryan AbilityLab. 2012 [cited 2023 May 11]. Available from: https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/modified-fatigue-impact-scale
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Functional Gait Assessment [Internet]. Shirley Ryan AbilityLab. 2016 [cited 2023 May 11]. Available from: https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/functional-gait-assessment
  48. ↑ Ornstein H, Warner M, Bernstein R, Chetlin R. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: Current Topics and Treatment Options in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery. In: Charcot-Marie-Tooth. Rochester, MN: American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine; 2011. p. 23–7.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Stillwell D. Podiatrists’ Role in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. In: Stillwell JG, editor. Clinical Podiatry. Podiatry Management; 2016. p. 119–223.
  50. ↑ Matyjasik-Liggett M, Wittman P. The utilization of occupational therapy services for persons with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Occupational Therapy In Health Care. 2013;27(3):228–37. doi:10.3109/07380577.2012.755277
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Johnson N, McCorquodale D, Pucillo E. Management of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: Improving long-term care with a multidisciplinary approach. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2016;7–19. doi:10.2147/jmdh.s69979
  52. ↑ Blacker D, Broadhurst L, Teixeira L. The role of occupational therapy in leisure adaptation with Complex Neurological Disability: A discussion using two case study examples. NeuroRehabilitation. 2008;23(4):313–9. doi:10.3233/nre-2008-23404
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Fried EI, Nesse RM. Depression sum-scores don’t add up: Why analyzing specific depression symptoms is essential. BMC Medicine. 2015;13(1). doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0325-4
Retrieved from "https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=PT_858:_Charcot-Marie-Tooth_Disease_Case_Study&oldid=339764"