Effects of Performance Enhancing Drugs: Difference between revisions
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Amphetamines are a group of drugs with mind-altering capabilites. Methamphetamines are the most potent of the amphetamine group of drugs. <ref name="McAvoy">McAvoy, B. Methamphetamine -- what primary care practitioners need to know. J Primary Health Care. 2009;1(3): 170-176.</ref> As such, methamphetamines are highly addictive. The physiological effect of methamphetamine is achieved by increasing the quantitiy and release of stimulatory neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin and decreasing their synaptic breakdown. <ref name="McAvoy" /> <br> | Amphetamines are a group of drugs with mind-altering capabilites. Methamphetamines are the most potent of the amphetamine group of drugs. <ref name="McAvoy">McAvoy, B. Methamphetamine -- what primary care practitioners need to know. J Primary Health Care. 2009;1(3): 170-176.</ref> As such, methamphetamines are highly addictive. The physiological effect of methamphetamine is achieved by increasing the quantitiy and release of stimulatory neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin and decreasing their synaptic breakdown. <ref name="McAvoy" /> <br> | ||
A primary clinical consideration for methamphetamine is its use with other medications. Acute use of methamphetamine with other stimulants can overstimulate the sympathetic nervous system, potenitally resulting in cardiac arrythmia, seizures, cardiovascular collapse, and death. <ref name="McAvoy" /> Therefore, physical therapists should take special consideration when prescribing exercise to patients who present with signs suggestive of use. Characteristic presentation of methamphetamine use includes restlessness, weight loss, heightened | A primary clinical consideration for methamphetamine is its use with other medications. Acute use of methamphetamine with other stimulants can overstimulate the sympathetic nervous system, potenitally resulting in cardiac arrythmia, seizures, cardiovascular collapse, and death. <ref name="McAvoy" /> Therefore, physical therapists should take special consideration when prescribing exercise to patients who present with signs suggestive of use. Characteristic presentation of methamphetamine use includes restlessness, weight loss, heightened alertness, violent behavior, and pupillary dilation. <ref name="McAvoy" /> <br> | ||
An acute response to methamphetamine use is hyperthermia. <ref name="Matsumoto">Matsumoto R, Seminerio M, Turner R, Robson M, Nguyen L, Miller D, O'Callaghan J. Methamphetamine-induced toxicity: an updated review on issues related to hyperthermia. Pharmacology &amp;amp; Therapeutics; 144: 28-40.</ref> Although the exact mechanism though which this is achieved is unknown, literature suggests that methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia results from heat generation as well as an inhibition in heat loss. <ref name="Matsumoto" /> If the body falls only a few degrees outside of the homeostatic norm, it ceases to function properly. Thus, combining therapeutic exercise with methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia could result in serious harm. The current practice for cooling methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia is placing the individual in a cool environment. <br> | An acute response to methamphetamine use is hyperthermia. <ref name="Matsumoto">Matsumoto R, Seminerio M, Turner R, Robson M, Nguyen L, Miller D, O'Callaghan J. Methamphetamine-induced toxicity: an updated review on issues related to hyperthermia. Pharmacology &amp;amp;amp; Therapeutics; 144: 28-40.</ref> Although the exact mechanism though which this is achieved is unknown, literature suggests that methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia results from heat generation as well as an inhibition in heat loss. <ref name="Matsumoto" /> If the body falls only a few degrees outside of the homeostatic norm, it ceases to function properly. Thus, combining therapeutic exercise with methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia could result in serious harm. The current practice for cooling methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia is placing the individual in a cool environment. <ref name="Matsumoto" /><br> | ||
Chronic methamphetamine use results in a range of physiologic disturbances. An adaptation with the greatest relevance to physical therapists is the presence of congestive heart failure in chronic users. <ref name="Wijetunga">Wijetunga M, Seto T, Lindsay J, Schatz I. Crystal methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy: tip of the iceberg? J Toxicology; 41: 981-986</ref> Impaired oxygen delivery to tissues would result in an inability to safely engage in treatment on the part of the patient. Moreover, attempting to engage in such an activtiy could result in cardiogenic shock. If the practitioner engages the patient in these activities without knowing about methamphetamine use, the outcome could be fatal. | Chronic methamphetamine use results in a range of physiologic disturbances. An adaptation with the greatest relevance to physical therapists is the presence of congestive heart failure in chronic users. <ref name="Wijetunga">Wijetunga M, Seto T, Lindsay J, Schatz I. Crystal methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy: tip of the iceberg? J Toxicology; 41: 981-986</ref> Impaired oxygen delivery to tissues would result in an inability to safely engage in treatment on the part of the patient. Moreover, attempting to engage in such an activtiy could result in cardiogenic shock. If the practitioner engages the patient in these activities without knowing about methamphetamine use, the outcome could be fatal. | ||
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ADHD Medications[edit | edit source]
Alcohol[edit | edit source]
Alcohol is a mind-altering drug that reduces thinking ability, distorts judgment, and acts as a depressant on the body. Research has suggested that alcohol leads to increased dopamine release in the human brain, bringing on feelings of relaxation and happiness.[1] Although this drug is often used during recreation for the purpose of feeling good, it should not be used in combination with exercise because of the serious negative physiological effects that it has on the body.
One of the most easily observable effects of alcohol on the body is dehydration. When alcohol is consumed, anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is inhibited, causing less water to be absorbed back into the nephrons in the kidneys when urine is cycling through. This causes urine levels to increase, in turn increasing the frequency of urination. With higher levels of water exiting the body, dehydration is likely to occur. This is especially a problem during exercise, when the body is expelling water in the form of sweat as well. It is important to be fully hydrated for a workout; therefore it is dangerous to consume alcohol before or during exercise. Research has suggested that beverages containing up to 4% alcohol can delay the recovery process from dehydration to rehydration. [2] Alcohol not only leads to dehydration; it also prevents humans from reaching rehydration in a timely manner, which could be deadly in a situation regarding exercise.
Another important physiological effect that alcohol has on the body deals with blood pressure. Alcohol consumption increases blood and plasma volume, which in turn increases blood pressure. Exercise has a similar effect; the sympathetic immune system is stimulated, leading to vasoconstriction and ultimately increasing blood pressure. To practice safe exercise, it is important not to elevate blood pressure too high beforehand. Research has recommended that alcohol consumption be reduced in order to maintain healthy and safe blood pressure levels.[3] Likewise, it is unsafe to consume alcohol before or during exercise because blood pressure levels may rise to dangerous levels.
Perhaps the most important physiological effect that alcohol has on the body is that which concerns the heart. Research has shown that intoxication by alcohol directly relates to impairment of cardiac contractility. Depending on how much alcohol was consumed, cardiac contractility was impaired at varying levels; a lighter intoxication lead to less impairment while a heavier intoxication lead to greater impairment.[4] Exercise causes heart rate to increase, requiring a great deal of cardiac contractility. If the heart is impaired by because of alcohol intoxication, blood may not be pumped sufficiently throughout the body during exercise. Therefore, if a person plans on exercising, they should either drink lightly or not at all in an attempt to keep their heart working properly.
Anabolic Steroids[edit | edit source]
Analgesic Medication[edit | edit source]
Caffeine/Stimulants[edit | edit source]
Creatine[edit | edit source]
Human Growth Hormone (HGH)[edit | edit source]
Marijuana[edit | edit source]
Methamphetamine[edit | edit source]
Amphetamines are a group of drugs with mind-altering capabilites. Methamphetamines are the most potent of the amphetamine group of drugs. [5] As such, methamphetamines are highly addictive. The physiological effect of methamphetamine is achieved by increasing the quantitiy and release of stimulatory neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin and decreasing their synaptic breakdown. [5]
A primary clinical consideration for methamphetamine is its use with other medications. Acute use of methamphetamine with other stimulants can overstimulate the sympathetic nervous system, potenitally resulting in cardiac arrythmia, seizures, cardiovascular collapse, and death. [5] Therefore, physical therapists should take special consideration when prescribing exercise to patients who present with signs suggestive of use. Characteristic presentation of methamphetamine use includes restlessness, weight loss, heightened alertness, violent behavior, and pupillary dilation. [5]
An acute response to methamphetamine use is hyperthermia. [6] Although the exact mechanism though which this is achieved is unknown, literature suggests that methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia results from heat generation as well as an inhibition in heat loss. [6] If the body falls only a few degrees outside of the homeostatic norm, it ceases to function properly. Thus, combining therapeutic exercise with methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia could result in serious harm. The current practice for cooling methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia is placing the individual in a cool environment. [6]
Chronic methamphetamine use results in a range of physiologic disturbances. An adaptation with the greatest relevance to physical therapists is the presence of congestive heart failure in chronic users. [7] Impaired oxygen delivery to tissues would result in an inability to safely engage in treatment on the part of the patient. Moreover, attempting to engage in such an activtiy could result in cardiogenic shock. If the practitioner engages the patient in these activities without knowing about methamphetamine use, the outcome could be fatal.
Muscle Relaxants[edit | edit source]
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)[edit | edit source]
Smoking[edit | edit source]
[edit | edit source]
Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
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- ↑ Boileau I, Assaad J, Pihl R, Benkelfat C, Leyton M, Diksic M, et al. Alcohol promotes dopamine release in the human nucleus accumbens. Synapse 2003;49:226-31. http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1002%2Fsyn.10226?r3_referer=wol&amp;tracking_action=preview_click&amp;show_checkout=1&amp;purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER (accessed 15 Sep 2015).
- ↑ Shirreffs S, Maughan R. Restoration of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration: Effects of alcohol consumption. Journal of Applied Physiology 1997;83:1152-8. http://jap.physiology.org/content/83/4/1152 (accessed 15 Sep 2015).
- ↑ Xin X, He J, Frontini M, Ogden L, Motsamai O, Whelton P. Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension 2001; 38:1112-7. http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/38/5/1112.long (accessed 15 Sep 2015).
- ↑ Kelbaek H, Gjørup T, Brynjolf I, Christensen N, Godtfredsen J. Acute effects of alcohol on left ventricular function in healthy subjects at rest and during upright exercise. The American Journal of Cardiology 1985;55:164-7. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002914985903200 (accessed 15 Sep 2015).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 McAvoy, B. Methamphetamine -- what primary care practitioners need to know. J Primary Health Care. 2009;1(3): 170-176.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Matsumoto R, Seminerio M, Turner R, Robson M, Nguyen L, Miller D, O'Callaghan J. Methamphetamine-induced toxicity: an updated review on issues related to hyperthermia. Pharmacology &amp;amp; Therapeutics; 144: 28-40.
- ↑ Wijetunga M, Seto T, Lindsay J, Schatz I. Crystal methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy: tip of the iceberg? J Toxicology; 41: 981-986
