Dystonia
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which involuntary contractions of muscles occur. It is characterised by sustained muscle contractions and abnormal trunk, neck, face, arms, and legs postures.[1]The term "Dystonia" was coined by Oppenheim in 1911 to express the disorder of changing muscle tone and repetitive muscle spasms. Its original name was dystonia musculorum deformans which was later changed to torsion dystonia due changing understanding of the problem.
Dystonia is easily confused with other diagnoses such as spasticity and rigidity.[1]
This condition can be present separately or present in combination with chorea, myoclonus, tremor and parkinsonism.[2][3]
Epidemiology[edit | edit source]
Quality of life[edit | edit source]
Aetiology/Causes[edit | edit source]
Classification[edit | edit source]
Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]
Clinical features[edit | edit source]
Examination[edit | edit source]
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Investigation[edit | edit source]
Screening and Prevention[edit | edit source]
Treatment[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tarsy D, Simon DK. Dystonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006 Aug 24;355(8):818-29.
- ↑ di Biase L, Di Santo A, Caminiti ML, Pecoraro PM, Di Lazzaro V. Classification of Dystonia. Life. 2022 Jan 29;12(2):206.
- ↑ Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, DeLong MR, Fahn S, Fung VS, Hallett M, Jankovic J, Jinnah HA, Klein C, Lang AE. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Movement disorders. 2013 Jun 15;28(7):863-73.
