Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder

Original Editor - Muskan Rastogi Top Contributors - Muskan Rastogi and Kim Jackson

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Introduction

Hyperkinetic movement disorders also referred to as Dyskinesias are characterized by abnormal, often repetitive, involuntary movements overlapped to normal motor activity. Its 5 major types are Tremors, Chorea, Dystonia, Myoclonus and Tics.

Etiology

Common etiologies seen in this condition

1. Genetic abnormalities
2. Neurodegenerative diseases
3. Structural lesions
4. Infection
5. Drugs
6. Psychogenic problems

Pathophysiology

Among all HMDs there appears to be decreased neural firing rates in the inhibitory output nuclei of the basal ganglia leading to a subsequent disinhibition of thalamocortical activity. Sensory abnormalities may also have a role.

Cardinal Features

Hyperkinetic movement disorders can be grouped according to distinct cardinal features, which can be described in terms of

• Time
• Space distribution
• Body state’s impact.

Classification

There are 5 types of tremors

1. Tremors
2. Chorea
3. Dystonia
4. Myoclonus
5. Tics