Role of Prosthetists and Orthotists in a Rehabilitation Team: Difference between revisions
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According to the [https://www.ispoint.org/ The International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics] (ISPO), a prosthetist/orthotist is defined as: | According to the [https://www.ispoint.org/ The International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics] (ISPO), a prosthetist/orthotist is defined as: | ||
"a health care professional who uses evidence-based practice to provide clinical assessment, prescription, technical design, and fabrication of prosthetic and/or orthotic devices. Prosthetists/Orthotists work independently or as part of the health professional team. They set goals and establish rehabilitation plans that include prosthetic/ orthotic services and clinical outcome measures. The profession aims to enable service recipients so they have equal opportunities to fully participate in society."<ref name=":4">International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics. [https:/ | "a health care professional who uses evidence-based practice to provide clinical assessment, prescription, technical design, and fabrication of prosthetic and/or orthotic devices. Prosthetists/Orthotists work independently or as part of the health professional team. They set goals and establish rehabilitation plans that include prosthetic/ orthotic services and clinical outcome measures. The profession aims to enable service recipients so they have equal opportunities to fully participate in society."<ref name=":4">International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics. [https://www.ispoint.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/ispo_standards_nov2018_sprea.pdf ISPO Education Standards for Prosthetic and Orthotic Occupations]. ISPO;2018.</ref> | ||
While technically prosthetics and orthotics are separate disciplines, their common goals in rehabilitation unite them into one cooperative entity. In many cases individuals may have dual training, while some may have training only in prosthetics or orthotics. Currently there is a global shortage of prosthetics and orthotics personnel.<ref>WHO standards for prosthetics and orthotics. | While technically prosthetics and orthotics are separate disciplines, their common goals in rehabilitation unite them into one cooperative entity. In many cases individuals may have dual training, while some may have training only in prosthetics or orthotics. Currently there is a global shortage of prosthetics and orthotics personnel.<ref name=":0">World Health Organization. WHO standards for prosthetics and orthotics. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241512480 (accessed 24 Sept 2022). </ref> | ||
The field of prosthetics and orthotics is commonly referred to as P&O. In the United States, the acronym is more commonly written as O&P. | The field of prosthetics and orthotics is commonly referred to as P&O. In the United States, the acronym is more commonly written as O&P. | ||
{{#ev:vimeo|606350752|400}} <div class="row"><div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3"><div class="text-right"><ref>Physiopedia.Yeti Niraula - What is the Role of Prosthetists and Orthotists in Rehabilitation ? Available from: https://vimeo.com/606350752/c003c10d60[last accessed 30/07/21]</ref></div></div></div> | {{#ev:vimeo|606350752|400}} <div class="row"><div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3"><div class="text-right"><ref>Physiopedia.Yeti Niraula - What is the Role of Prosthetists and Orthotists in Rehabilitation ? Available from: https://vimeo.com/606350752/c003c10d60[last accessed 30/07/21]</ref></div></div></div> | ||
=== Prosthetist === | === Prosthetist === | ||
A prosthetist is a healthcare professional who performs a patient evaluation and designs, measures and fits [[Lower Limb Prosthetic Introduction|prostheses]]. A prosthesis is defined as an "externally applied device used to replace wholly, or in part, an absent or deficient limb segment."<ref name=":5">ISO 8549-1:2020 Prosthetics and orthotics — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms for external limb prostheses and external orthoses. | A prosthetist is a healthcare professional who performs a patient evaluation and designs, measures and fits [[Lower Limb Prosthetic Introduction|prostheses]]. A prosthesis is defined as an "externally applied device used to replace wholly, or in part, an absent or deficient limb segment."<ref name=":5">International Organization for Standardization. ISO 8549-1:2020 Prosthetics and orthotics — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms for external limb prostheses and external orthoses. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/79495.html?browse=tc (accessed 24 September 2022).</ref> | ||
While prosthetists only work with exoskeletal prostheses (in contrast to an implanted device), their scope can include bone anchored prostheses. In addition to providing artificial limbs, some prosthetists provide mastectomy prostheses or restorations of other missing parts of the body. | While prosthetists only work with exoskeletal prostheses (in contrast to an implanted device), their scope can include bone anchored prostheses. In addition to providing artificial limbs, some prosthetists provide mastectomy prostheses or restorations of other missing parts of the body. | ||
| Line 24: | Line 22: | ||
=== Orthotist === | === Orthotist === | ||
An orthotist is a healthcare professional who performs a patient evaluation and designs, measures and fits [[Orthotics|orthoses]]. Orthoses are designed to achieve one or more of the following goals: <ref name=":2">The Australian Orthotic Prosthetic Association. What is an Orthotist / Prosthetist?. Available from | An orthotist is a healthcare professional who performs a patient evaluation and designs, measures and fits [[Introduction to Orthotics|orthoses]]. Orthoses are designed to achieve one or more of the following goals: <ref name=":2">The Australian Orthotic Prosthetic Association. What is an Orthotist / Prosthetist?. Available from: https://www.aopa.org.au/careers/what-is-an-orthotistprosthetist-2 (accessed on 30 June 2021).</ref><ref>The Australian Orthotic Prosthetic Association. About Orthoses and Prostheses. Available from: https://www.aopa.org.au/careers/what-are-orthoses-and-prostheses (accessed 30 June 2021).</ref> | ||
* Control biomechanical alignment | * Control [[Biomechanics for Cerebral Palsy Orthotics|biomechanical alignment]] | ||
* Correct or accommodate deformity | * Correct or accommodate deformity | ||
* Protect and support an injury | * Protect and support an injury | ||
| Line 34: | Line 32: | ||
* Increase independence | * Increase independence | ||
Orthotists work with a wide variety of custom-fabricated, custom-fit, and off-the-shelf devices, including [[Introduction to Ankle Foot Orthoses|lower limb orthoses]], [[Introduction to Upper Limb Orthoses|upper limb orthoses]], [[Introduction to Spinal Orthotics|spinal orthoses]], cranial remolding orthoses, protective helmets, and [[Shoe Analysis - Fitting a Shoe|shoes]]. Orthotic treatment can involve acute or chronic care and often involves collaboration with surgeons, primary care doctors, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, caretakers, and other members of the healthcare team. | |||
=== Other P&O Team Members === | |||
=== | |||
==== Associate Prosthetist/Orthotist or Prosthetic/Orthotic Assistant ==== | ==== Associate Prosthetist/Orthotist or Prosthetic/Orthotic Assistant ==== | ||
| Line 43: | Line 40: | ||
==== Technician ==== | ==== Technician ==== | ||
A prosthetic | A prosthetic/orthotic technician is '''a non-clinical service''' provider, who works under the supervision of the orthotist or prosthetist to support the technical design of P&O devices and are competent in P&O device fabrication. They generally specialise in device fabrication and have a background in material science, engineering principles, or technical procedures/ processes and their role is generally in the design and fabrication of the devices. They generally do not have clinical contact with patients, though they may provide support to resolve technical issues with the devices. <ref name=":4" /> | ||
{{#ev:youtube|e9lPeF9S9Y8}}<div class="text-right"><ref>Veterans Health Administration. The Prosthetic Lab. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9lPeF9S9Y8 [last accessed 25/9/2022]</ref></div> | {{#ev:youtube|e9lPeF9S9Y8}}<div class="row"><div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3"><div class="text-right"><ref>Veterans Health Administration. The Prosthetic Lab. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9lPeF9S9Y8 [last accessed 25/9/2022].</ref></div></div></div> | ||
==== Pedorthist or Foot Orthotist ==== | ==== Pedorthist or Foot Orthotist ==== | ||
A pedorthist or foot orthotist performs duties similar to an orthotist, but limited to conditions of the foot.<ref name=":5" /> | A pedorthist or foot orthotist performs duties similar to an orthotist, but limited to conditions of the foot.<ref name=":5" /> | ||
== Governance == | == Governance == | ||
In many countries governance of the development and management of | In many countries governance of the development and management of P&O services are limited or non-existent, with limited guiding frameworks in use.<ref name=":1">Clarke, L., Puli, L., Ridgewell, E. ''et al.'' Regulation of the global orthotist/prosthetist workforce, and what we might learn from allied health professions with international-level regulatory support: a narrative review. ''Hum Resour Health'' 19, 83 (2021).</ref><ref name=":0" /> In a recent study only 30 out of 197 countries<ref name=":1" /> had some degree of regulation of the prosthetist and orthotist workforce. This study also highlighted that there is currently no international professional governing body specifically for prosthetists and orthotists, as is seen with many other health and social care professionals e.g. World Physiotherapy or World Federation for Occupational Therapy. | ||
While it is not formally considered a professional governing body due to its multidisciplinary mission, many educations programs and clinics follow the standards of [https://www.ispoint.org/ The International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics] (ISPO). ISPO is a multidisciplinary membership organisation | While it is not formally considered a professional governing body due to its multidisciplinary mission, many educations programs and clinics follow the standards of [https://www.ispoint.org/ The International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics] (ISPO). ISPO is a global, multidisciplinary membership organisation dedicated to improving the quality of life for people with reduced mobility by promoting access to appropriate and equitable rehabilitation, mobility devices, and other assistive technology. Through international conferences, events, workgroups, and their journal [https://journals.lww.com/poijournal/pages/default.aspx Prosthetics and Orthotics International], ISPO provides a platform for the exchange and communication on all aspects of the science, practice, and education associated with P&O care and related areas. ISPO has approximately 3,300 members of different professional disciplines in over 100 countries, including prosthetists and orthotists, P&O technicians, orthopedic surgeons, rehabilitation doctors, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, orthopedic shoemakers, nurses and biomechanical/rehabilitation engineers. <ref name=":1" /><ref>ISPO. Discover ISPO. Available from: https://www.ispoint.org/discover-ispo/ (accessed 24 September 2022).</ref> | ||
== Where they Work == | == Where they Work == | ||
The practice of | The practice of P&O occurs in various settings, including independent private orthotic or prosthetic practices, hospitals, inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation facilities, rural outreach clinics, home health settings, short term nursing facilities and long term care settings and Non-Government Organisations (NGO). Individuals may also work within academia, research and education in universities. | ||
Within these settings, prosthetists and orthotists work with adults and children of all ages with a wide range of conditions including: | Within these settings, prosthetists and orthotists work with adults and children of all ages with a wide range of conditions including: | ||
* children born with congenital limb deficiency | * children born with congenital limb deficiency or [[Biomechanics for Cerebral Palsy Orthotics|cerebral palsy]] | ||
* people who have had an amputation following an accident | * people who have had an [[Amputations|amputation]] following an accident | ||
* patients with muscular weakness after a [[stroke]] or [[Spinal Injury|spinal injury]] | * patients with muscular weakness after a [[stroke]] or [[Spinal Injury|spinal injury]] | ||
* patients at risk of contractures after [[Complications Post Burns|burn injuries]] | |||
* patients requiring stabilisation after surgery | * patients requiring stabilisation after surgery | ||
* patients with diabetic foot ulcers | * patients with [[The Diabetic Foot|diabetic foot ulcers]] | ||
* the [[Elderly Mobility Scale|elderly]] who have lost a limb as a result of vascular disease | * the [[Elderly Mobility Scale|elderly]] who have lost a limb as a result of vascular disease | ||
* other conditions affecting the neuromuscular or | * other conditions affecting the neuromuscular or musculoskeletal system | ||
== Knowledge and Skills == | == Knowledge and Skills == | ||
Prosthetists and orthotists help improve movement and function through the provision of P&O devices to increase quality of life and optimise function. With rapid advances in technology and health care, the roles of the prosthetist and orthotist have expanded from a technologic focus to a more inclusive focus within the rehabilitation team. P&O occupations are a spectrum of specialised health care disciplines that combines a unique blend of clinical and technical competencies to provide assistive products for people with physical impairments. Patient examination, evaluation, education, and treatment are currently significant responsibilities of practitioners. In addition to treatment planning and the implementation for custom P&O interventions, professionals may also be responsible for modular or prefabricated devices, soft goods, mobility aids, [[Postural Support Devices|postural supports]], [[Wheelchair Fitting|wheelchairs]] and other assistive products related to P&O services.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Most technical tasks are completed by technicians who work in the office, in the laboratory, or at an increasing number of central fabrication facilities. The advent and availability of modifiable prefabrication systems have reduced the amount of time that the practitioner spends crafting new prostheses and orthoses.<ref>Chui KK, Jorge M, Yen SC, Lusardi MM. Orthotics and Prosthetics in Rehabilitation (Fourth Edition).2020</ref> | |||
=== Assessment === | === Assessment === | ||
According to the American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics & Pedorthics patient assessment may include, but is not limited to, the evaluation and documentation of:<ref name=":3">The American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics & Pedorthics. Scope of Practice -Differentiating Scopes of Practice. Available from https://www.abcop.org/publication/section/scope-of-practice/delineation-of-scopes-of-practice | According to the [https://www.abcop.org/ American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics & Pedorthics], patient assessment may include, but is not limited to, the evaluation and documentation of:<ref name=":3">The American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics & Pedorthics. Scope of Practice -Differentiating Scopes of Practice. Available from: https://www.abcop.org/publication/section/scope-of-practice/delineation-of-scopes-of-practice (accessed 30 June 2021).</ref> | ||
* Anthropometric | * Anthropometric data | ||
* Cognition | * [[Cognition and Perceptual Disorders|Cognition]] | ||
* Circulation | * Circulation | ||
* Skin | * Skin integrity | ||
* Protective | * [[Sensation|Protective sensation]] | ||
* [[Pain Behaviours|Pain]] | * [[Pain Behaviours|Pain]] | ||
* Central and Peripheral | * [[Central Nervous System Pathways|Central]] and [[Peripheral Sensitisation|peripheral]] nerve integrity | ||
* Endurance | * [[Endurance Exercise|Endurance]] | ||
* [[Biomechanics]] | * [[Biomechanics]] | ||
* [[Gait Cycle|Gait | * [[Gait Cycle|Gait analysis]] including temporal and spatial assessment | ||
* Range of Motion | * [[Range of Motion|Range of motion]] | ||
* [[Muscle | * [[Muscle Strength Testing|Muscle strength]] | ||
* [[Posture]], [[balance]] and safety | * [[Posture]], [[balance]] and safety | ||
* Proprioception | * [[Proprioception]] | ||
* Orthotic and/or | * Orthotic and/or prosthetic requirements | ||
* Myoelectric activity and potential for use of Functional Electrical Stimulation and/or | * Myoelectric activity and potential for use of [[Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling for Spinal Cord Injury|functional electrical stimulation]] and/or neuroprosthetics | ||
* Activities of daily living | * [[Activities of Daily Living in Cerebral Palsy|Activities of daily living]] | ||
* Environmental barriers including social, home, and work reintegration | * Environmental barriers including social, home, and work reintegration | ||
* The need for physical and occupational therapy modalities | * The need for physical and occupational therapy modalities | ||
=== Management and Intervention === | === Management and Intervention === | ||
Formulation of a treatment and intervention plan follows a comprehensive assessment to design an intervention that will alleviate limitations, improve function and enhance quality of life. | Formulation of a treatment and intervention plan follows a comprehensive assessment to design an intervention that will alleviate limitations, improve function and enhance quality of life. Prosthetic and orthotic intervention includes, but is not limited to: <ref name=":3" /> | ||
* Preparatory | * Preparatory care | ||
* Material | * Material selection | ||
* Fabrication of | * Fabrication of orthoses and/or prostheses | ||
* Prototype development including evaluative wear | * Prototype development including evaluative wear | ||
* Structural | * Structural evaluation | ||
* Diagnostic | * Diagnostic fitting | ||
* Assessment of | * Assessment of intervention | ||
* [[Therapeutic Exercise|Functional | * [[Therapeutic Exercise|Functional exercise]] | ||
* [[Gait training | * [[Gait training]] | ||
* Functional | * Functional training (both self care and work related) | ||
== Resources == | == Resources == | ||
Latest revision as of 09:05, 28 July 2023
Original Editors - Naomi O'Reilly and ReLAB-HS
Top Contributors - Naomi O'Reilly, Nicolette Chamberlain-Simon, Kim Jackson, Shaimaa Eldib, Oyemi Sillo, Ashmita Patrao and Rishika Babburu
Introduction[edit | edit source]
According to the The International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO), a prosthetist/orthotist is defined as:
"a health care professional who uses evidence-based practice to provide clinical assessment, prescription, technical design, and fabrication of prosthetic and/or orthotic devices. Prosthetists/Orthotists work independently or as part of the health professional team. They set goals and establish rehabilitation plans that include prosthetic/ orthotic services and clinical outcome measures. The profession aims to enable service recipients so they have equal opportunities to fully participate in society."[1]
While technically prosthetics and orthotics are separate disciplines, their common goals in rehabilitation unite them into one cooperative entity. In many cases individuals may have dual training, while some may have training only in prosthetics or orthotics. Currently there is a global shortage of prosthetics and orthotics personnel.[2]
The field of prosthetics and orthotics is commonly referred to as P&O. In the United States, the acronym is more commonly written as O&P.
Prosthetist[edit | edit source]
A prosthetist is a healthcare professional who performs a patient evaluation and designs, measures and fits prostheses. A prosthesis is defined as an "externally applied device used to replace wholly, or in part, an absent or deficient limb segment."[4]
While prosthetists only work with exoskeletal prostheses (in contrast to an implanted device), their scope can include bone anchored prostheses. In addition to providing artificial limbs, some prosthetists provide mastectomy prostheses or restorations of other missing parts of the body.
In some cases, the prosthetist will be involved in pre-operative care for a patient anticipating an amputation. Often a patient is referred to a prosthetist after amputation to begin prosthetic treatment. Providing prosthetic care often includes long-term follow-up and collaboration with surgeons, primary care doctors, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, caretakers, and other members of the healthcare team.
Orthotist[edit | edit source]
An orthotist is a healthcare professional who performs a patient evaluation and designs, measures and fits orthoses. Orthoses are designed to achieve one or more of the following goals: [5][6]
- Control biomechanical alignment
- Correct or accommodate deformity
- Protect and support an injury
- Assist rehabilitation
- Reduce pain
- Increase mobility
- Increase independence
Orthotists work with a wide variety of custom-fabricated, custom-fit, and off-the-shelf devices, including lower limb orthoses, upper limb orthoses, spinal orthoses, cranial remolding orthoses, protective helmets, and shoes. Orthotic treatment can involve acute or chronic care and often involves collaboration with surgeons, primary care doctors, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, caretakers, and other members of the healthcare team.
Other P&O Team Members[edit | edit source]
Associate Prosthetist/Orthotist or Prosthetic/Orthotic Assistant[edit | edit source]
An associate prosthetist/orthotist or prosthetic/orthotic assistant performs clinical duties under the supervision of a prosthetist/orthotist.[1]
Technician[edit | edit source]
A prosthetic/orthotic technician is a non-clinical service provider, who works under the supervision of the orthotist or prosthetist to support the technical design of P&O devices and are competent in P&O device fabrication. They generally specialise in device fabrication and have a background in material science, engineering principles, or technical procedures/ processes and their role is generally in the design and fabrication of the devices. They generally do not have clinical contact with patients, though they may provide support to resolve technical issues with the devices. [1]
Pedorthist or Foot Orthotist[edit | edit source]
A pedorthist or foot orthotist performs duties similar to an orthotist, but limited to conditions of the foot.[4]
Governance[edit | edit source]
In many countries governance of the development and management of P&O services are limited or non-existent, with limited guiding frameworks in use.[8][2] In a recent study only 30 out of 197 countries[8] had some degree of regulation of the prosthetist and orthotist workforce. This study also highlighted that there is currently no international professional governing body specifically for prosthetists and orthotists, as is seen with many other health and social care professionals e.g. World Physiotherapy or World Federation for Occupational Therapy.
While it is not formally considered a professional governing body due to its multidisciplinary mission, many educations programs and clinics follow the standards of The International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO). ISPO is a global, multidisciplinary membership organisation dedicated to improving the quality of life for people with reduced mobility by promoting access to appropriate and equitable rehabilitation, mobility devices, and other assistive technology. Through international conferences, events, workgroups, and their journal Prosthetics and Orthotics International, ISPO provides a platform for the exchange and communication on all aspects of the science, practice, and education associated with P&O care and related areas. ISPO has approximately 3,300 members of different professional disciplines in over 100 countries, including prosthetists and orthotists, P&O technicians, orthopedic surgeons, rehabilitation doctors, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, orthopedic shoemakers, nurses and biomechanical/rehabilitation engineers. [8][9]
Where they Work[edit | edit source]
The practice of P&O occurs in various settings, including independent private orthotic or prosthetic practices, hospitals, inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation facilities, rural outreach clinics, home health settings, short term nursing facilities and long term care settings and Non-Government Organisations (NGO). Individuals may also work within academia, research and education in universities.
Within these settings, prosthetists and orthotists work with adults and children of all ages with a wide range of conditions including:
- children born with congenital limb deficiency or cerebral palsy
- people who have had an amputation following an accident
- patients with muscular weakness after a stroke or spinal injury
- patients at risk of contractures after burn injuries
- patients requiring stabilisation after surgery
- patients with diabetic foot ulcers
- the elderly who have lost a limb as a result of vascular disease
- other conditions affecting the neuromuscular or musculoskeletal system
Knowledge and Skills[edit | edit source]
Prosthetists and orthotists help improve movement and function through the provision of P&O devices to increase quality of life and optimise function. With rapid advances in technology and health care, the roles of the prosthetist and orthotist have expanded from a technologic focus to a more inclusive focus within the rehabilitation team. P&O occupations are a spectrum of specialised health care disciplines that combines a unique blend of clinical and technical competencies to provide assistive products for people with physical impairments. Patient examination, evaluation, education, and treatment are currently significant responsibilities of practitioners. In addition to treatment planning and the implementation for custom P&O interventions, professionals may also be responsible for modular or prefabricated devices, soft goods, mobility aids, postural supports, wheelchairs and other assistive products related to P&O services.[2][5] Most technical tasks are completed by technicians who work in the office, in the laboratory, or at an increasing number of central fabrication facilities. The advent and availability of modifiable prefabrication systems have reduced the amount of time that the practitioner spends crafting new prostheses and orthoses.[10]
Assessment[edit | edit source]
According to the American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics & Pedorthics, patient assessment may include, but is not limited to, the evaluation and documentation of:[11]
- Anthropometric data
- Cognition
- Circulation
- Skin integrity
- Protective sensation
- Pain
- Central and peripheral nerve integrity
- Endurance
- Biomechanics
- Gait analysis including temporal and spatial assessment
- Range of motion
- Muscle strength
- Posture, balance and safety
- Proprioception
- Orthotic and/or prosthetic requirements
- Myoelectric activity and potential for use of functional electrical stimulation and/or neuroprosthetics
- Activities of daily living
- Environmental barriers including social, home, and work reintegration
- The need for physical and occupational therapy modalities
Management and Intervention[edit | edit source]
Formulation of a treatment and intervention plan follows a comprehensive assessment to design an intervention that will alleviate limitations, improve function and enhance quality of life. Prosthetic and orthotic intervention includes, but is not limited to: [11]
- Preparatory care
- Material selection
- Fabrication of orthoses and/or prostheses
- Prototype development including evaluative wear
- Structural evaluation
- Diagnostic fitting
- Assessment of intervention
- Functional exercise
- Gait training
- Functional training (both self care and work related)
Resources[edit | edit source]
WHO Standards for Prosthetics and Orthotics. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
ISPO Education Standards for Prosthetic and Orthotic Occupations. 2018
The Australian Orthotic Prosthetic Association Scope of Practice
The Australian Orthotic Prosthetic Association Competency Standards
References [edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics. ISPO Education Standards for Prosthetic and Orthotic Occupations. ISPO;2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 World Health Organization. WHO standards for prosthetics and orthotics. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241512480 (accessed 24 Sept 2022).
- ↑ Physiopedia.Yeti Niraula - What is the Role of Prosthetists and Orthotists in Rehabilitation ? Available from: https://vimeo.com/606350752/c003c10d60[last accessed 30/07/21]
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 International Organization for Standardization. ISO 8549-1:2020 Prosthetics and orthotics — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms for external limb prostheses and external orthoses. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/79495.html?browse=tc (accessed 24 September 2022).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Australian Orthotic Prosthetic Association. What is an Orthotist / Prosthetist?. Available from: https://www.aopa.org.au/careers/what-is-an-orthotistprosthetist-2 (accessed on 30 June 2021).
- ↑ The Australian Orthotic Prosthetic Association. About Orthoses and Prostheses. Available from: https://www.aopa.org.au/careers/what-are-orthoses-and-prostheses (accessed 30 June 2021).
- ↑ Veterans Health Administration. The Prosthetic Lab. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9lPeF9S9Y8 [last accessed 25/9/2022].
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Clarke, L., Puli, L., Ridgewell, E. et al. Regulation of the global orthotist/prosthetist workforce, and what we might learn from allied health professions with international-level regulatory support: a narrative review. Hum Resour Health 19, 83 (2021).
- ↑ ISPO. Discover ISPO. Available from: https://www.ispoint.org/discover-ispo/ (accessed 24 September 2022).
- ↑ Chui KK, Jorge M, Yen SC, Lusardi MM. Orthotics and Prosthetics in Rehabilitation (Fourth Edition).2020
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 The American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics & Pedorthics. Scope of Practice -Differentiating Scopes of Practice. Available from: https://www.abcop.org/publication/section/scope-of-practice/delineation-of-scopes-of-practice (accessed 30 June 2021).
