Single Leg Stance Test: Difference between revisions
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== Purpose == | == Purpose == | ||
* The Single Leg Stance (SLS) Test is used to assess static postural and balance control. The SLS Test is a balance assessment that is widely used in clinical settings to monitor neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.[[File:Single Leg Stance.jpg|border|thumb|412x412px]] | * The Single Leg Stance (SLS) Test is used to assess static postural and balance control. The SLS Test is a balance assessment that is widely used in clinical settings to monitor neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.[[File:Single Leg Stance.jpg|border|thumb|412x412px]] | ||
* Abnormal values may indicate conditions such as peripheral neuropathy, intermittent claudication, or other conditions that may impair balance.<ref name=":1">Springer, B. A., Marin, R. H., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W. (2007). Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed. ''Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy'', ''30''(1), 8–15. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003</nowiki></ref> | * Abnormal values may indicate conditions such as peripheral neuropathy, intermittent claudication, or other conditions that may impair balance.<ref name=":1">Springer, B. A., Marin, R. H., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W. (2007). Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed. ''Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy'', ''30''(1), 8–15. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003</nowiki></ref> | ||
* The SLS Test will quantify balance status for those who are at increased risks for fall.<ref name=":1" /> | * The SLS Test will quantify balance status for those who are at increased risks for fall.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
== Method == | |||
* | ==Intended population == | ||
* | |||
*[[Total Knee Arthroplasty]]. | |||
*[[Hip Osteoarthritis]]. | |||
*[[Knee Osteoarthritis]]. | |||
* [[Older People - An Introduction|Elderly]] | |||
==Method== | |||
*The test should be performed with eyes open and hands on the hips. | |||
*Instruct the patient to stand on one leg unassisted. | |||
*Begin timing when the patient's foot leaves the ground; | |||
*Stop the time the patient's foot touches the ground and/or when their hands leave the hips. | |||
{{#ev:youtube|nVgCXM-PiIU|width}} | {{#ev:youtube|nVgCXM-PiIU|width}} | ||
== Age-Related Normative Values == | ==Age-Related Normative Values == | ||
Healthy Older Adults: | |||
* Inability to perform a single leg stance for at least 5 seconds is a predictor of injurious falls (but not of all falls). <ref name=":2">Vellas BJ, Wayne SJ, Romero L, Baumgartner RN, Rubenstein LZ, Garry PJ. One‐Leg balance is an important predictor of injurious falls in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society [Internet]. 1997 Jun 1;45(6):735–8.</ref> | |||
* The perform a single leg stance for at least 10s is independently associated with a lower all-cause mortality risk. <ref>Araujo CG, De Souza E Silva CG, Laukkanen JA, Singh MF, Kunutsor SK, Myers J, et al. Successful 10-second one-legged stance performance predicts survival in middle-aged and older individuals. British Journal of Sports Medicine [Internet]. 2022 Jun 21;56(17):975–80.</ref> | |||
==Clinical Implications== | |||
Ability to control anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) prior to lifting one leg while standing in unsupported equilibrium represents a complex motor task that is significantly impaired by: | |||
*Neurological conditions like [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], [[Parkinson's|Parkinson’s disease]], [[Alzheimer's Disease|Alzheimer’s]] disease, and [[dementia]] | |||
*[[Stroke]] | |||
*[[Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic brain injury]] | |||
*General [[Older People - An Introduction|geriatric]] population | |||
*Lower extremity pathology like [[Knee Osteoarthritis|knee osteoarthritis]] (OA), one of the most common [[Chronic Disease|chronic health conditions]], is associated with significant impairment and disability, and predominantly affects the elderly population<ref>Hunt MA, McManus FJ, Hinman RS, Bennell KL. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acr.20046 Predictors of single‐leg standing balance in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis]. Arthritis care & research. 2010 Apr;62(4):496-500. Available from:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acr.20046 (accessed 13.12.2020)</ref><ref name=":0">Zhang C, Talaber A, Truong M, Vargas BB. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6831964/ KD Balance: An objective measure of balance in tandem and double leg stances.] Digital Health. 2019 Oct;5:2055207619885573.Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6831964/ (accessed 13.12.2020)</ref><ref>Bonora G, Mancini M, Carpinella I, Chiari L, Ferrarin M, Nutt JG, Horak FB. Investigation of anticipatory postural adjustments during one-leg stance using inertial sensors: evidence from subjects with Parkinsonism. Frontiers in neurology. 2017 Jul 25;8:361.Available from:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2017.00361/full (accessed 13.12.2020)</ref>. | |||
== Evidence == | |||
Total Knee Arthroplasty: | |||
* | * Good test-retest reliability (ICC=0.72). <ref name=":3">Sarac DC, Unver B, Karatosun V. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8908580/ Validity and reliability of performance tests as balance measures in patients with total knee arthroplasty]. Knee Surgery & Related Research [Internet]. 2022 Mar 10;34(1).</ref> | ||
* SEM = 7.08s. <ref name=":3" /> | |||
* MDC = 19.62s. <ref name=":3" /> | |||
* | |||
* | |||
Hip Osteoarthritis: | |||
* Good intra-rater test-retest reliability (ICC=0.82). <ref name=":4">Choi YM, Dobson F, Martin J, Bennell KL, Hinman RS. [https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/94/5/696/2735618?login=false Interrater and intrarater reliability of common clinical standing balance tests for people with hip osteoarthritis]. Physical Therapy [Internet]. 2014 May 1;94(5):696–704.</ref> | |||
* SEM = 4.62s.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
* | * MDC = 10.78s.<ref name=":4" /> | ||
Elderly: | |||
* Excellent relative reliability (ICC = 0.86) but poor absolute reliability. <ref name=":5">Goldberg A, Casby A, Wasielewski M. Minimum detectable change for single-leg-stance-time in older adults. Gait & Posture [Internet]. 2011 Apr 1;33(4):737–9.</ref> | |||
* SEM = 8.7s. <ref name=":5" /> | |||
* Unlikely to be sensitive at detecting change in performance in clinical settings in older adults.<ref name=":5" /> | |||
* Significant and easy-to-administer predictor of injurious falls, but not of all falls in older adults. <ref name=":2" /> | |||
== Limitations == | ==Limitations== | ||
Single leg stance test normative values are minimal due to limited data. | Single leg stance test normative values are minimal due to limited data. | ||
== References | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Latest revision as of 13:08, 18 June 2024
Original Editor - Lucinda hampton
Top Contributors - Clara Foster, Lucinda hampton, Christine Ibeagi, Jessyca Brown, Aminat Abolade, Kim Jackson, Wanda van Niekerk and Saud Alghamdi
Purpose[edit | edit source]
- The Single Leg Stance (SLS) Test is used to assess static postural and balance control. The SLS Test is a balance assessment that is widely used in clinical settings to monitor neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.
- Abnormal values may indicate conditions such as peripheral neuropathy, intermittent claudication, or other conditions that may impair balance.[1]
- The SLS Test will quantify balance status for those who are at increased risks for fall.[1]
Intended population[edit | edit source]
Method[edit | edit source]
- The test should be performed with eyes open and hands on the hips.
- Instruct the patient to stand on one leg unassisted.
- Begin timing when the patient's foot leaves the ground;
- Stop the time the patient's foot touches the ground and/or when their hands leave the hips.
Age-Related Normative Values[edit | edit source]
Healthy Older Adults:
- Inability to perform a single leg stance for at least 5 seconds is a predictor of injurious falls (but not of all falls). [2]
- The perform a single leg stance for at least 10s is independently associated with a lower all-cause mortality risk. [3]
Clinical Implications[edit | edit source]
Ability to control anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) prior to lifting one leg while standing in unsupported equilibrium represents a complex motor task that is significantly impaired by:
- Neurological conditions like multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia
- Stroke
- Traumatic brain injury
- General geriatric population
- Lower extremity pathology like knee osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common chronic health conditions, is associated with significant impairment and disability, and predominantly affects the elderly population[4][5][6].
Evidence[edit | edit source]
Total Knee Arthroplasty:
Hip Osteoarthritis:
Elderly:
- Excellent relative reliability (ICC = 0.86) but poor absolute reliability. [9]
- SEM = 8.7s. [9]
- Unlikely to be sensitive at detecting change in performance in clinical settings in older adults.[9]
- Significant and easy-to-administer predictor of injurious falls, but not of all falls in older adults. [2]
Limitations[edit | edit source]
Single leg stance test normative values are minimal due to limited data.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Springer, B. A., Marin, R. H., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W. (2007). Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 30(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vellas BJ, Wayne SJ, Romero L, Baumgartner RN, Rubenstein LZ, Garry PJ. One‐Leg balance is an important predictor of injurious falls in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society [Internet]. 1997 Jun 1;45(6):735–8.
- ↑ Araujo CG, De Souza E Silva CG, Laukkanen JA, Singh MF, Kunutsor SK, Myers J, et al. Successful 10-second one-legged stance performance predicts survival in middle-aged and older individuals. British Journal of Sports Medicine [Internet]. 2022 Jun 21;56(17):975–80.
- ↑ Hunt MA, McManus FJ, Hinman RS, Bennell KL. Predictors of single‐leg standing balance in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis care & research. 2010 Apr;62(4):496-500. Available from:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acr.20046 (accessed 13.12.2020)
- ↑ Zhang C, Talaber A, Truong M, Vargas BB. KD Balance: An objective measure of balance in tandem and double leg stances. Digital Health. 2019 Oct;5:2055207619885573.Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6831964/ (accessed 13.12.2020)
- ↑ Bonora G, Mancini M, Carpinella I, Chiari L, Ferrarin M, Nutt JG, Horak FB. Investigation of anticipatory postural adjustments during one-leg stance using inertial sensors: evidence from subjects with Parkinsonism. Frontiers in neurology. 2017 Jul 25;8:361.Available from:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2017.00361/full (accessed 13.12.2020)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Sarac DC, Unver B, Karatosun V. Validity and reliability of performance tests as balance measures in patients with total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surgery & Related Research [Internet]. 2022 Mar 10;34(1).
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Choi YM, Dobson F, Martin J, Bennell KL, Hinman RS. Interrater and intrarater reliability of common clinical standing balance tests for people with hip osteoarthritis. Physical Therapy [Internet]. 2014 May 1;94(5):696–704.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Goldberg A, Casby A, Wasielewski M. Minimum detectable change for single-leg-stance-time in older adults. Gait & Posture [Internet]. 2011 Apr 1;33(4):737–9.
