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...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...tched on their superior and inferior surfaces, in the articulated thoracic spine, these notches form the intervertebral foramina for the passage of the thor

...ven vertebrae as well as articulations with the occiput and upper thoracic spine, each with different axes of movement which can combine in a multitude of w Movements of the cervical spine are 1) constrained by the [[Anatomy cervical|anatomy]] of motion segments and longer connective structures that span mul

...on multifidus intermediate layer Primal.png|thumb|Figure 1. Muscles of the cervical region.]] ...he]] (CGH) is a chronic secondary headache that originates in the cervical spine.<ref>Fernandez M, Moore C, Tan J, Lian D, Nguyen J, Bacon A et al. Spinal m

...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy � ...surfaces, the thickness of the cartilage, the orientation of the fibres of ligaments and capsule, the direction of pull of muscles and tendons, facilitate free

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...west border of the first lumbar vertebra. It is enlarged at two sites, the cervical and lumbar region.

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...erextension of the upper cervical vertebrae and forward translation of the cervical vertebrae.<ref name=":3">Koseki T, Kakizaki F, Hayashi S, Nishida N, Itoh M ...well as compression of the cervical vertebrae—the uppermost portion of the spine that supports the head and protects the spinal cord.

...[[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]] or [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical myelopathy]]. ...[[Cervical Spondylosis|spondylosis]] (degenerative changes in the cervical spine) but can also be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and in

[[File:Cervical vertebra.png|right|frameless]] ...d to as [[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical spinal myelopathy]] respectively.

...bove, it is continuous with a similar investing layer on the back of the [[Cervical Anatomy|neck]]—the nuchal fascia. <ref name=":0">Willard FH, Vleeming A, ..., [[spasticity]] and increased tone in the lower thoracic spine and lumbar spine / paraspinal regions causing severe [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]<nowiki/>s. <re

...uch as injury, disease, wear and tear, or poor biomechanics can stress the spine and lead to this type of pain. However, pinpointing the exact source of dis ...at: <nowiki>https://www.umms.org/ummc/health-services/orthopedics/services/spine/patient-guides/anatomy-function</nowiki>.</ref>

...Joints|synovial joints]] decreases and the [[cartilage]] becomes thinner. Ligaments also tend to shorten and lose some [[Stretching|flexibility]], making joint ...in the body start to decline after about age 25. These declines can cause ligaments tendons bones and cartilage to become less flexible and more brittle over t

...osis is an external aid that is used to correct and support the spine. The spine is a complex anatomical structure and is key to our function. It is not pos * Maintains alignment of spine

[[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> ...><ref name="Rao 2002">Rao R (2002). Neck pain, cervical radiculopathy, and cervical myelopathy. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 84A(10):1872-1881.</ref>.

# Radial collateral ligaments and thenar muscles ...n this line include: rounded shoulders / [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphotic spine]] (i.e. office workers) with hypomobility, neck pain and [[Headache|headach

...fferences with adults along with the inherent elasticity of the paediatric spine.<ref>Parent S, Mac-Thiong JM, Roy-Beaudry M, Sosa JF, Labelle H. Spinal cor # Only about 2% to 5% being spine injuries <ref>Cirak B, Ziegfeld S, Knight VM, Chang D, Avellino AM, Paidas

...ih.gov/33290371/ Association Between Text Neck and Neck Pain in Adults]. ''Spine (Phila Pa 1976)''. 2021;46(9):571-578. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003854</re ...the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|thumb|Cervical spine]]

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]] ...t can no longer support the weight of the body through that segment of the spine.

...pril 2001. (LoE:4)</ref> While no tools exists for the assessment of upper cervical ligamentous instability, an approach that takes into account risk factors, ...tube.com/watch?v=k6hUT1kBoEc&feature=youtu.be|width}}<ref>Dpt Orthopeadics Cervical Instability Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6hUT1kBoEc&fea

...tability from the AC joint capsule (AC ligaments) and the coracoclavicular ligaments; its dynamic stability comes from the [[deltoid]] and [[Trapezium|trapezius ...f Test|Scarf]] tests elicits pain. Including a [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] and [[Neurological Assessment|neurologic exam]] helps rule out referred p