Autism Spectrum Disorder: Difference between revisions

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* Processing sensory and cognitive information<ref name=":10" />
* Processing sensory and cognitive information<ref name=":10" />


Characteristics may be detected in early childhood, but Autism traits may be evident in childhood but often not diagnosed until later. Some individual have severe disabilities and require life-long care and support, whilst others can live an independent life. The quality of life for individuals with autism can be improved by evidence-based psychosocial interventions for both the individual and their carers.<ref>World health organisation [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders Autism] Available:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders (accessed 5.1.2023)</ref>
Characteristics may be detected in early childhood, but Autism traits may be evident in childhood but often not diagnosed until later. Some individual have severe disabilities and require life-long care and support, whilst others can live an independent life. The quality of life for individuals with autism can be improved by evidence-based psychosocial interventions for both the individual and their carers.<ref name=":1">World health organisation [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders Autism] Available:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders (accessed 5.1.2023)</ref>


== Co-Occurring Condition ==
== Co-Occurring Condition ==
ASD individuals frequently have co-occurring conditions (eg epilepsy, depression, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and challenging behaviours (eg difficulty sleeping and self-injury). Intellectual functioning levels among autistic people differs greatly, ranging from from profound impairment to superior levels.
ASD individuals frequently have co-occurring conditions (eg epilepsy, depression, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and challenging behaviours (eg difficulty sleeping and self-injury). Intellectual functioning levels among autistic people differs greatly, ranging from from profound impairment to superior levels.<ref name=":1" />


== Etiology/Epidemiology  ==
== Etiology/Epidemiology  ==
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== Signs and Symptoms ==
== Signs and Symptoms ==
Spectrum means that there is a range of abilities and impairments that occur in people with autism. Children and youth with ADS have different intellectual abilities, therefore their level of support to function needed will also differ. They can have severe intellectual disability, limited or no verbal communication, and very limited adaptive behaviour <ref>Steinbrenner JR, Hume K, Odom SL, Morin KL, Nowell SW, Tomaszewski B, Szendrey S, McIntyre NS, Yücesoy-Özkan S, Savage MN. Evidence-Based Practices for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Autism. FPG Child Development Institute. 2020. </ref>  .  
Signs and symptoms of ADS include:
* Struggling to communicate their needs and desires
* Problems with interpreting peoples meaning
* Problems with processing sensory and cognitive information<ref name=":10" />
Children and youth with ADS have different intellectual abilities, therefore their level of support to function needed will also differ. They can have severe intellectual disability, limited or no verbal communication, and very limited adaptive behaviour <ref>Steinbrenner JR, Hume K, Odom SL, Morin KL, Nowell SW, Tomaszewski B, Szendrey S, McIntyre NS, Yücesoy-Özkan S, Savage MN. Evidence-Based Practices for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Autism. FPG Child Development Institute. 2020. </ref>  .
 
== Risk Factors  ==
== Risk Factors  ==
The following factors have been linked to ASD:
The following factors have been linked to ASD:
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* Maternal infection or immune activation during pregnancy
* Maternal infection or immune activation during pregnancy
* Obstetric factors like uterine bleeding, caesarian delivery,  low birth weight, preterm delivery, and low Apgar scores are more consistently associated with autism<ref name=":0" />.
* Obstetric factors like uterine bleeding, caesarian delivery,  low birth weight, preterm delivery, and low Apgar scores are more consistently associated with autism<ref name=":0" />.
== Early Diagnosis & Diagnosis ==
== Diagnosis ==
 
ASD can be diagnosed by various professionals, ideally with input from multiple disciplines<ref name=":5">Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. Autism spectrum disorder. The lancet. 2018 Aug 11;392(10146):508-20.</ref>.


ASD can be diagnosed by various professionals (pediatricians, psychiatrists, or psychologists), ideally with input from multiple disciplines<ref name=":5">Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. Autism spectrum disorder. The lancet. 2018 Aug 11;392(10146):508-20.</ref>. Five different autism subtypes are recognized: autism with or without intellectual impairment; autism with or without language impairment; autism accompanying another medical or genetic condition; autism associated with another neurodevelopmental, mental, or behavioral disorder; and autism combined with catatonia <ref name=":6">Alpert JS. Autism: A Spectrum Disorder. The American Journal of Medicine. 2021 Jun 1;134(6):701-2.</ref>. ASD aims to describe autism's early signs by considering five categories of symptoms at onset. These categories include language, social interaction and relationships, stereotyped behavior and activities, motor skills, and regulation<ref name=":4" />. ASDs should be identified as soon as possible to allow intervention to start as quickly as possible too. However, the time of identification varies according to the diversity of autism etiology as well as the varying degrees of associated brain disorder<ref name=":2">Fernell E, Eriksson MA, Gillberg C. Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis: a narrative review. Clinical epidemiology. 2013;5:33.</ref>. The most common early signs involve joint attention, eye contact, orienting to verbal call, facial expression, social smile, and deficit or poor quality of movements <ref name=":4">Parmeggiani A, Corinaldesi A, Posar A. Early features of autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study. Italian journal of pediatrics. 2019 Dec;45(1):1-8. </ref>. Many studies have pointed out the importance of the early identification of ASDs to allow parents and schools to set appropriate measures related to children's behavior and underlying cognitive problems taking into consideration the child's development in all its aspects<ref name=":2" />. It has been demonstrated that early interventions provide the best returns on investment and better results in terms of developmental outcomes and improvement in daily functioning <ref name=":3">World Health Organization. Autism spectrum disorders & other developmental disorders: From raising awareness to building capacity. Geneva: WHO Document Production Services. 2013 Sep.</ref>.
* Diagnoses based on combined clinician observation and caregiver reports are consistently more reliable than those based on either observation or reports alone.
* Later diagnoses often occur in presence of co-occurring problems such as anxiety, hyperactivity, or mood disorders that might have triggered the ASD, along with the same factors that play a part in delayed diagnoses in younger children. <ref name=":5" />  
* There is a need for clinical follow-up and reassessments of children diagnosed with ASDs, especially during the preschool years<ref name=":2">Fernell E, Eriksson MA, Gillberg C. Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis: a narrative review. Clinical epidemiology. 2013;5:33.</ref>.  
* There are currently no clear existing ASD biomarkers or diagnostic measures. The diagnosis is made based on the completion of descriptive criteria. <ref name=":0" />.


To identify early symptoms of ASDs and sometimes help make a definitive diagnosis, different approaches/tools are used in different countries. The following ones are used :<ref name=":4" />
To identify early symptoms of ASDs and sometimes help make a definitive diagnosis, different approaches/tools are used in different countries. The following ones are used :<ref name=":4">Parmeggiani A, Corinaldesi A, Posar A. Early features of autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study. Italian journal of pediatrics. 2019 Dec;45(1):1-8. </ref>


* The '''CHAT''' : Checklist for Autism in Toddlers  from 18 months to 24 months
* The '''CHAT''' : Checklist for Autism in Toddlers  from 18 months to 24 months
* '''CARS''': Childhood Autism Rating Scale
* '''CARS''': Childhood Autism Rating Scale
* '''ADOS''' : Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
* '''ADOS''' : Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
There are also a number of early intervention programs available that are relatively specifically focused on autism:
* Screening  Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children: '''STAT'''
* For research or a more comprehensive developmental history, caregiver interviews such as the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised ('''ADI-R''') or, particularly in the UK, the Diagnostic Instrument for Social Communication Disorders ('''DISCO'''), or the computer-generated Developmental, Dimensional, and Diagnostic Interview ('''3di''') are used, with many clinicians relying on informal histories.
* Assessment of children's symptoms can also be obtained from different scales: Social Responsiveness Scale ('''SRS'''), the Social Communication Questionnaire ('''SCQ'''), and adaptive scales are also often used as measures of everyday functioning.
Diagnoses based on combined clinician observation and caregiver reports are consistently more reliable than those based on either observation or reports alone. Later diagnoses often occur in presence of co-occurring problems such as anxiety, hyperactivity, or mood disorders that might have triggered the ASD, along with the same factors that play a part in delayed diagnoses in younger children. <ref name=":5" /> There is a need for clinical follow-up and reassessments of children diagnosed with ASDs, especially during the preschool years<ref name=":2" />.
ASD aims to describe autism's early signs by considering five categories of symptoms at onset. These categories include: a) language, b) social interaction and relationships, c) stereotyped behavior and activities, d) motor skills, and e) regulation.<ref>Hyman SL, Levy SE, Myers SM, Kuo D, Apkon S, Brei T, Davidson LF, Davis BE, Ellerbeck KA, Noritz GH, Leppert MO. Executive summary: identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2020 Jan 1;145(1). </ref>
There are currently no clear existing ASD biomarkers or diagnostic measures. The diagnosis is made based on the completion of descriptive criteria. Clinical genetic testing is recommended as it provides information regarding medical interventions needed. Apart from it, there is no other laboratory genetic testing or other laboratory investigation regularly recommended for every patient with a diagnosis of ASD. Nevertheless, further evaluation may be appropriate for patients with particular findings or risk factors <ref name=":0" />.


[[File:Three Levels of Autism.png|border|1008x1008px|Three Levels o Autism|alt=|center]]
[[File:Three Levels of Autism.png|border|1008x1008px|Three Levels o Autism|alt=|center]]
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# Occupational Therapy to concentrate on the adaptive skills needed for the activities of daily living (ADLs).
# Occupational Therapy to concentrate on the adaptive skills needed for the activities of daily living (ADLs).
# Sensory Therapy. Numerous sensory interventions have been developed to normalise various sensory-challenges including sensory, visual and auditory interventions.<ref name=":11" />
# Sensory Therapy. Numerous sensory interventions have been developed to normalise various sensory-challenges including sensory, visual and auditory interventions.<ref name=":11" />
# Speech Therapy to improve the child's speech pattern and language understanding.<ref name=":6" />
# Speech Therapy to improve the child's speech pattern and language understanding.<ref name=":6">Alpert JS. Autism: A Spectrum Disorder. The American Journal of Medicine. 2021 Jun 1;134(6):701-2.</ref>
# Physical Therapy to improve physical and motor skills. You can read more about the Physiotherapy Management on this page. [[Physiotherapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder Children With Motor Control Disabilities]]
# Physical Therapy to improve physical and motor skills. You can read more about the Physiotherapy Management on this page. [[Physiotherapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder Children With Motor Control Disabilities]]
# Complementary and alternative treatments including chiropractic care, animal therapy, [[Healing Arts and Expressive Therapies in an Interdisciplinary Team|art therapy]], [[Music therapy and children with cerebral palsy|music therapy]], or [[Relaxation Techniques|relaxation]] therapies are also used as treatment options for people with ASD <ref>Treatment and Intervention Services for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/treatment.html</nowiki> ( Accessed, 17/03/2022).</ref>.
# Complementary and alternative treatments including chiropractic care, animal therapy, [[Healing Arts and Expressive Therapies in an Interdisciplinary Team|art therapy]], [[Music therapy and children with cerebral palsy|music therapy]], or [[Relaxation Techniques|relaxation]] therapies are also used as treatment options for people with ASD <ref>Treatment and Intervention Services for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/treatment.html</nowiki> ( Accessed, 17/03/2022).</ref>.

Revision as of 07:09, 5 January 2023

'Original Editor - Kirenga Bamurange Liliane Top Contributors - Kirenga Bamurange Liliane, Lucinda hampton, Jess Bell, Kim Jackson, Naomi O'Reilly, Nupur Smit Shah and Robin Tacchetti

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Autism signs.png

Autism, referred to as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a different way of thinking involving a neurological developmental difference that changes the way a person relate to the environment and people around them. A person with autism sees, experiences and understands the world in a different manner.[1]

Challenges that people on the autism spectrum face include:

  • Struggling to communicate their needs and desires
  • Problems with interpreting peoples meaning
  • Processing sensory and cognitive information[1]

Characteristics may be detected in early childhood, but Autism traits may be evident in childhood but often not diagnosed until later. Some individual have severe disabilities and require life-long care and support, whilst others can live an independent life. The quality of life for individuals with autism can be improved by evidence-based psychosocial interventions for both the individual and their carers.[2]

Co-Occurring Condition[edit | edit source]

ASD individuals frequently have co-occurring conditions (eg epilepsy, depression, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and challenging behaviours (eg difficulty sleeping and self-injury). Intellectual functioning levels among autistic people differs greatly, ranging from from profound impairment to superior levels.[2]

Etiology/Epidemiology[edit | edit source]

Share-of-the-population-with-autism.png

ASD is a neurobiological disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors affecting the developing brain. Currently, no single universal cause has been identified but researches are still ongoing to deepen our understanding of potential etiologic mechanisms in ASD [3].

ASD, according to some research, is becoming more prevalent. This trend is still questioned and may be attributed to increased awareness, overdiagnosis, or overinclusive diagnostic criteria. Its prevalence is reported to be 1 in 68.[4]

Signs and Symptoms[edit | edit source]

Signs and symptoms of ADS include:

  • Struggling to communicate their needs and desires
  • Problems with interpreting peoples meaning
  • Problems with processing sensory and cognitive information[1]

Children and youth with ADS have different intellectual abilities, therefore their level of support to function needed will also differ. They can have severe intellectual disability, limited or no verbal communication, and very limited adaptive behaviour [5] .

Risk Factors[edit | edit source]

The following factors have been linked to ASD:

  • Hereditary factors, parental history of psychiatric disorders, pre-term births.
  • Parental age ( advance maternal and paternal age)
  • Maternal history of autoimmune disease such as diabetes, thyroid disease and psoriasis. [3]
  • Prenatal exposure to psychotropic drugs or insecticides like thalidomide and valproic acid. [3]
  • Some of the known genetic disorders such as fragile X, tuberous sclerosis, Down syndrome, Rett syndrome even though they represent a very small amount of overall ASD cases [3].
  • Maternal infection or immune activation during pregnancy
  • Obstetric factors like uterine bleeding, caesarian delivery, low birth weight, preterm delivery, and low Apgar scores are more consistently associated with autism[3].

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

ASD can be diagnosed by various professionals, ideally with input from multiple disciplines[6].

  • Diagnoses based on combined clinician observation and caregiver reports are consistently more reliable than those based on either observation or reports alone.
  • Later diagnoses often occur in presence of co-occurring problems such as anxiety, hyperactivity, or mood disorders that might have triggered the ASD, along with the same factors that play a part in delayed diagnoses in younger children. [6]
  • There is a need for clinical follow-up and reassessments of children diagnosed with ASDs, especially during the preschool years[7].
  • There are currently no clear existing ASD biomarkers or diagnostic measures. The diagnosis is made based on the completion of descriptive criteria. [3].

To identify early symptoms of ASDs and sometimes help make a definitive diagnosis, different approaches/tools are used in different countries. The following ones are used :[8]

  • The CHAT : Checklist for Autism in Toddlers from 18 months to 24 months
  • CARS: Childhood Autism Rating Scale
  • ADOS : Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule

Treatment[edit | edit source]

There are lots of autism treatments, with the right ones needing to be being an individualised to the individuals in regard to needs and challenges.Selecting the correct treatments is a collaborative affair, between health professionals, the individual and care givers.

The more common treatments for autism include:

  1. Behavioural Therapies: aim to improve specific behaviours and develop skills, and employs orthodox behaviour strategies, for example rewarding suitable behaviors and ignoring/discouraging inappropriate behaviours.[9]
  2. Occupational Therapy to concentrate on the adaptive skills needed for the activities of daily living (ADLs).
  3. Sensory Therapy. Numerous sensory interventions have been developed to normalise various sensory-challenges including sensory, visual and auditory interventions.[9]
  4. Speech Therapy to improve the child's speech pattern and language understanding.[10]
  5. Physical Therapy to improve physical and motor skills. You can read more about the Physiotherapy Management on this page. Physiotherapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder Children With Motor Control Disabilities
  6. Complementary and alternative treatments including chiropractic care, animal therapy, art therapy, music therapy, or relaxation therapies are also used as treatment options for people with ASD [11].
  7. Medications may be are used to treat the symptoms, the following can be used if agreed upon. Antipsychotic medications for repetitive behavior patterns and aggression. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), stimulants, and other antipsychotics for problematic behaviours (like aggression) etc.[4]
[12]
[13]


Autism in Low Resource Settings[edit | edit source]

Although the majority of people with ASDs and other developmental disorders live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); the knowledge about these conditions is based on research done in high-income countries [14]. Epidemiological studies conducted over the past last half-century suggest that the prevalence of ASDs is increasing around the world, most likely due to improved awareness and reporting, expansion of diagnostic criteria, and enhancement of diagnostic tools [15]. Research about the ASD diagnosis process in LMICs is still limited. Research done in Vietnam and Venezuela demonstrated that the mean age at the first diagnosis was ranging between 30 months and preschool years. The mean age at ASD diagnosis was very similar across LMICs but older than in high-income countries [16]. Studies are required, specifically, epidemiological studies, to define the magnitude of the problem of ASD as well as the characteristics of children with ASD in Africa, especially subSaharan Africa [17]. The scarcity of these studies is due to different barriers included: [16]

  • Lack of knowledge about epidemiological research.
  • Need of contextualization of research tools.
  • Shortage of experienced health professionals
  • Stigma and lack of awareness about ASDs among these professionals (health, social and educational care).

In 2011, Bakare reported that there is a need for epidemiological studies in Africa to help plan and helpfully answer the question of aetiology of ASD [17]. To date, almost all clinical interventions, service developments, research, and policy work for children and adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa have focused on communicable diseases, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Tuberculosis (TB), and Malaria, and on reducing infant mortality [United Nations, 2015], with almost no focus on neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD [18]. Epidemiological work in LMICs requires true validation of tools, or else it risks inaccurately representing the magnitude of the issue [19].

Although ASDs in LMICs still face a lot of barriers, countries without data about the prevalence of Autism and its impact on the population are making efforts to raise awareness about ASDs through different organizations and institutions. There is clearly a need to put in place research infrastructure, research funding, research capacity, and inclusive education policies to see an improvement in the quality of life of people with Autism Spectrum Disorders and bring their acceptance into society.


References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 The spectrum What is autism? Available:https://thespectrum.org.au/autism/#what-is-asperger%E2%80%99s-syndrome? (accessed 5.1.2023)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 World health organisation Autism Available:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders (accessed 5.1.2023)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Hodges H, Fealko C, Soares N. Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Translational pediatrics. 2020 Feb; 9(Suppl 1): S55.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mughal S, Faizy RM, Saadabadi A. Autism spectrum disorder (regressive autism, child disintegrative disorder). New York: StatPearls‑NCBI Bookshelf. 2020.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525976/ (accessed 5.1.2023)
  5. ↑ Steinbrenner JR, Hume K, Odom SL, Morin KL, Nowell SW, Tomaszewski B, Szendrey S, McIntyre NS, Yücesoy-Özkan S, Savage MN. Evidence-Based Practices for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Autism. FPG Child Development Institute. 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. Autism spectrum disorder. The lancet. 2018 Aug 11;392(10146):508-20.
  7. ↑ Fernell E, Eriksson MA, Gillberg C. Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis: a narrative review. Clinical epidemiology. 2013;5:33.
  8. ↑ Parmeggiani A, Corinaldesi A, Posar A. Early features of autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study. Italian journal of pediatrics. 2019 Dec;45(1):1-8.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Autism research institute Treatment Information and Resources Available:https://www.autism.org/treatment/ (accessed 5.1.2023)
  10. ↑ Alpert JS. Autism: A Spectrum Disorder. The American Journal of Medicine. 2021 Jun 1;134(6):701-2.
  11. ↑ Treatment and Intervention Services for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/treatment.html ( Accessed, 17/03/2022).
  12. ↑ Medical Centric. Autism Spectrum Disorder, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jUv3gDAM1E [Accessed, 17/03/2022]
  13. ↑ Teachings in Education. Autism Spectrum Disorder: ASD. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= r29iOjnbbgA [Accessed, 18/03/2022]
  14. ↑ World Health Organization. Meeting report: autism spectrum disorders and other developmental disorders: from raising awareness to building capacity: World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 16-18 September 2013.
  15. ↑ Hahler EM, Elsabbagh M. Autism: A global perspective. Current Developmental Disorders Reports. 2015 Mar;2(1):58-64.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 van’t Hof M, Tisseur C, van Berckelear-Onnes I, van Nieuwenhuyzen A, Daniels AM, Deen M, Hoek HW, Ester WA. Age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019. Autism. 2021 May;25(4):862-73.  
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Bakare MO, Munir KM. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in Africa: a perspective. African journal of psychiatry. 2011 Jul 1;14(3):208-10.
  18. ↑ Franz L, Chambers N, von Isenburg M, de Vries PJ. Autism spectrum disorder in sub‐saharan Africa: A comprehensive scoping review. Autism Research. 2017 May;10(5):723-49.
  19. ↑ Daley TC, Singhal N, Krishnamurthy V. Ethical considerations in conducting research on autism spectrum disorders in low and middle-income countries. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2013 Sep;43(9):2002-14.
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