Hypomagnesemia: Difference between revisions
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== Resources <br> == | == Resources <br> == | ||
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45DeOCSyGYU www.youtube.com/watch] <ref name="Hypomagnesemia">Hypomagnesemia [Internet]. YouTube. 2016 [cited 7 April 2016]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45DeOCSyGYU</ref>- Informational video on Hypomagnesemia<br> | |||
== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) == | == Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) == | ||
Revision as of 17:26, 7 April 2016
Original Editors -Shawn Abraham & Sean Joyce- Students from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.
Top Contributors - Shawn Abraham, Sean Joyce, Lucinda hampton, Kim Jackson, Elaine Lonnemann, Selena Horner, 127.0.0.1 and WikiSysop
Definition/Description[edit | edit source]
Hypomagnesemia is known as an electrolyte imbalance with inadequate levels of magnesium in the bloodstream. Serum magnesium levels are rarely deficient in healthy individuals because magnesium is abundant in foods and water and its excretion through urine is limited by the kidneys.[1] However, certain medical conditions and medications can cause excessive loss of magnesium resulting in deficiency.[2]
Prevalence[edit | edit source]
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Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]
Clinical presentation can include abnormal eye movements (nystagmus), convulsions, fatigue, muscle spasms or cramps, muscle weakness, or numbness. [4]
Table 1. [5]
Electrolyte abnormalities
hypokalemia
hypocalcemia
Neuromuscular
carpopedal spasm
tetany
muscle cramps
muscle fasciculations
Neurologic
vertigo
nystagmus
aphasia
hemiparesis
depression
delirium
choreoathetosis
Cardiovascular
ventricular arrhythmias
torsade de points
supraventricular tachycardia
enhanced sensitivity to digoxin
Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]
Gastrointestinal diseases
Type II Diabetes
Alcoholism
Older adults
Hypertension
Cardiovascular Disease
Osteoporosis
Migraine Headaches
Medications[edit | edit source]
Magnesium is commonly found in plant and animal foods as well as in beverages. Green leafy vegetables such as spinach, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, are sources high in magnesium. Also, foods containing dietary fiber typically provide high levels of magnesium. Tap, mineral, and bottled waters can also contain magnesium, but the amount of magnesium in water varies by source and brand.[1]
Magnesium supplements are available in a variety of forms, including magnesium oxide, citrate, and chloride. Small studies have found that magnesium in the form of aspartate, citrate, lactate, and chloride are absorbed more completely than magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate.[1]
Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values[edit | edit source]
The average adult holds approximately 25 g magnesium. 50% to 60% is found in the bones and most of the rest is found in soft tissue, the remaining less than 1% of magnesium is found in blood serum. Normal serum magnesium levels fall between 0.75 and 0.95 mmol/L. Hypomagnesemia is characterized as serum levels falling between 0.75 mmol/L.[1]
Etiology/Causes[edit | edit source]
- Alcoholism
- Burns that affect a large area of the body
- Chronic diarrhea
- Excessive urination (polyuria), such as in uncontrolled diabetes and during recovery from acute kidney failure
- High blood calcium level (hypercalcemia)
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Malabsorption syndromes, such as celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease
- Malnutrition
- Medicines including amphotericin, cisplatin, cyclosporine, diuretics, proton pump inhibitors, and aminoglycoside antibiotics
- Sweating
Systemic Involvement[edit | edit source]
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Medical Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
- Fluids given through a vein (IV)
- Magnesium by mouth or through a vein
- Medicines to relieve symptoms
Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
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Case Reports/ Case Studies[edit | edit source]
add links to case studies here (case studies should be added on new pages using the case study template)
Resources
[edit | edit source]
www.youtube.com/watch [6]- Informational video on Hypomagnesemia
Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
see tutorial on Adding PubMed Feed
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References
[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Office of Dietary Supplements - Magnesium [Internet]. Ods.od.nih.gov. 2016 [cited 5 April 2016]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/
- ↑ Goodman C, Snyder T. Differential diagnosis for physical therapists. St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier; 2007.
- ↑ File:Mg-TableImage.png - Wikimedia Commons [Internet]. Commons.wikimedia.org. 2016 [cited 7 April 2016]. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mg-TableImage.png#filelinks
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Updated by: Laura J. Martin a. Low magnesium level: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [Internet]. Nlm.nih.gov. 2016 [cited 5 April 2016]. Available from: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000315.htm
- ↑ Martin K, Gonzalez E, Slatopolsky E. Clinical Consequences and Management of Hypomagnesemia. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2008;20(11):2291-2295.
- ↑ Hypomagnesemia [Internet]. YouTube. 2016 [cited 7 April 2016]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45DeOCSyGYU
