Labral Tear: Difference between revisions

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'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Bilitis Crokaert|Bilitis Crokaert]]  
'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Bilitis Crokaert|Bilitis Crokaert]] as part of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel Project.


'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} &nbsp;  
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== Definition/Description<br>  ==
== Definition/Description<br>  ==


<span lang="EN-US">An acetabular labral tear can cause pain if the labrum is torn, frayed, or damaged. Labral tears cause groin pain or pain in the anterior side of the hip, and less commonly buttock pain<ref name="Groh">Groh MM, Herrera J. A comprehensive review of labral tears. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2009 Jun;2(2):105-17.</ref>. This mechanically induced pathology is thought to result from excessive forces at the hip joint for example: A tear could decrease the acetabular contact area and increase stress, which would result in articular damage, and destabilize the hip joint</span><ref name="Lewis">Lewis CL, Sahrmann SA. Acetabular Labral Tears. Phys Ther 2006;86:110-121.</ref>.
An acetabular labral tear can cause pain if the labrum is torn, frayed, or damaged. Labral tears cause groin pain or pain in the anterior side of the hip, and less commonly buttock pain.<ref name="Groh">Groh MM, Herrera J. A comprehensive review of labral tears. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2009 Jun;2(2):105-17.</ref> This mechanically induced pathology is thought to result from excessive forces at the hip joint. For example, a tear could decrease the acetabular contact area and increase stress, which would result in articular damage, and destabilize the hip joint.<ref name="Lewis">Lewis CL, Sahrmann SA. Acetabular Labral Tears. Phys Ther 2006;86:110-121.</ref>  


<u>Anterior labral tears:</u> the pain is more consistent and is situated on the anterior hip (anterosuperior quadrant) or at the groin. <ref name="McCarthy">McCarthy JC, Noble PC, Schuck MR, et al. The Otto E. Aufranc Award: the role of labral lesions to development of early degenerative hip disease. Clin Orthop 2001;393:25–37.</ref><ref>O’Leary JA, Berend K, Vail TP. The relationship between diagnosis and outcome in arthroscopy of the hip. Arthroscopy 2001;17:181–188.</ref><ref name="Byrd">Byrd JW. Labral lesions: an elusive source of hip pain case reports and literature review. Arthroscopy 1996;12:603–612.</ref><ref name="Binningsley">Binningsley D. Tear of the acetabular labrum in an elite athlete. Br J Sports Med 2003;37:84–88.</ref><ref name="Hase">Hase T, Ueo T. Acetabularlabral tear: arthroscopic diagnosis and treatment. Arthroscopy 1999;15:138 –141.</ref><ref name="Klaue">Klaue K, Durnin CW, Ganz R. The acetabular rim syndrome: a clinical presentation of dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991;73:423– 429.</ref> They frequently occur in European countries and the United States.<br><u>Posterior labral tears:</u> are situated in the lateral region or deep in the posterior buttocks. They are less frequently in European Countries and United states but are frequent in Japan <ref name="McCarthy" /><ref name="Byrd" /><ref name="Hase" />.
Labral tears could be further classified as:
 
*'''Anterior labral tears''' - the pain will generally be more consistent and is situated on the anterior hip (anterosuperior quadrant) or at the groin.<ref name="McCarthy">McCarthy JC, Noble PC, Schuck MR, et al. The Otto E. Aufranc Award: the role of labral lesions to development of early degenerative hip disease. Clin Orthop 2001;393:25–37.</ref><ref>O’Leary JA, Berend K, Vail TP. The relationship between diagnosis and outcome in arthroscopy of the hip. Arthroscopy 2001;17:181–188.</ref><ref name="Byrd">Byrd JW. Labral lesions: an elusive source of hip pain case reports and literature review. Arthroscopy 1996;12:603–612.</ref><ref name="Binningsley">Binningsley D. Tear of the acetabular labrum in an elite athlete. Br J Sports Med 2003;37:84–88.</ref><ref name="Hase">Hase T, Ueo T. Acetabularlabral tear: arthroscopic diagnosis and treatment. Arthroscopy 1999;15:138 –141.</ref><ref name="Klaue">Klaue K, Durnin CW, Ganz R. The acetabular rim syndrome: a clinical presentation of dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991;73:423– 429.</ref> They frequently occur in individuals in European countries and the United States.  
*'''Posterior labral tears''' - are situated in the lateral region or deep in the posterior buttocks. They occur less frequently in individuals in European countries and the United States, but are more common in individuals from Japan.<ref name="McCarthy" /><ref name="Byrd" /><ref name="Hase" />


== Clinically Relevant Anatomy  ==
== Clinically Relevant Anatomy  ==


The acetabular labrum is a fibrocartilaginous rim, which encompasses the circumference of the acetabulum. It helps to keep the head of the femur inside the acetabulum, and varies greatly in form and thickness.  
The acetabular labrum is a fibro-cartilaginous rim, which encompasses the circumference of the acetabulum. It helps to keep the head of the femur inside the acetabulum, and varies greatly in form and thickness.<br>
 
The labrum has three surfaces:
 
#'''Internal articular surface''' - adjacent to the joint (avascular)
#'''External articular surface''' - contacting the joint capsule (vascular)
#'''Basal surface''' - attached to the acetabular bone and ligaments.<br>
 
The transverse ligaments surround the hip and help hold it in place while moving.<br>
 
On the anterior aspect, the labrum is triangular in the radial section. On the posterior aspect, the labrum is dimensionally square but with a rounded distal surface.<ref name="Narvani">Narvani AA, Tsiridis E, Tai CC, Thomas P. Acetabular labrum and its tears. Br J Sports Med 2003;37:207-211.</ref><ref name="Lovell">Lovell G. The diagnosis of chronic groin pain in athletes; a review of 189 cases. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1995;27:76-9</ref><br>
 
The functions of the acetabular labrum are:


<br>The labrum has 3 surfaces: '''internal articular surface''' next to the joint (avascular), '''external articular surface'''(vascular) contacting the joint capsule, and a '''basal surface''' that is attached to the acetabular bone and ligaments. The transverse ligaments surround the hip and help hold it in place while moving.  
*Joint stability
*Sensitive shock absorber
*Joint lubricator
*Pressure distributor
*Decreasing contact stress between the acetabular and the femoral cartilage<ref name="Byrd">Byrd JW, Jones KS. Prospective analysis of hip arthroscopy with 2-year follow-up. Arthroscopy 2000;16:578-87.</ref><ref name="Martin">Martin RL, Enseki KR, Draovitch P, et al. Acetabular labral tears of the hip: examination and diagnostic challenges. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2006;36:503-15.</ref><ref name="Groh" /><br>


<br>On the anterior side the labrum is triangular in the radial section and posterior side it is dimensionally square but with a rounded distal surface<ref name="Narvani">Narvani AA, Tsiridis E, Tai CC, Thomas P. Acetabular labrum and its tears. Br J Sports Med 2003;37:207-211.</ref><ref name="Lovell">Lovell G. The diagnosis of chronic groin pain in athletes; a review of 189 cases. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1995;27:76-9</ref>.  
[[Image:Hip.jpg]]


<br>The functions of the acetabular labrum are: joint stability, sensitive shock absorber, joint lubricator, and pressure distributor; decreasing contact stress between the acetabular and the femoral cartilage<ref name="Byrd" />Byrd JW, Jones KS. Prospective analysis of hip arthroscopy with 2-year follow-up. Arthroscopy 2000;16:578-87.&lt;/ref&gt;<ref name="Martin">Martin RL, Enseki KR, Draovitch P, et al. Acetabular labral tears of the hip: examination and diagnostic challanges. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2006;36:503-15.</ref><ref name="Groh" /><br>[[Image:Hip.jpg]]
== Epidemiology/Etiology  ==


== Epidemiology /Etiology  ==
In studies of patients with a labral tear, researchers have attributed the injury to a variety of causes:


In studies of patients with a labral tear, researchers have attributed the injury to a variety of causes.  
*Direct trauma - e.g. motor accidents, falling with or without a hip dislocation, slipping
*Sporting activities that require frequent external rotations or hyperextension - e.g. ballet, soccer, and hockey, running and sprinting
*Specific movements including torsional or twisting movements, hyper abduction, hyper extension, and hyper extension with lateral rotation


- Direct trauma: motor accidents, falling with or without a hip dislocation, slipping. <br>- Sporting activities that require frequent external rotations or hyperextension: ballet, soccer, and hockey, running and sprinting. <br>- Specific movements incl. torsional or twisting movements&nbsp;:hyper abduction, hyperextension and hyperextension with lateral rotation.<br>- It is not age related: the reported age of people with hip pain and a labral tear goes from 8 to 75 years old. <br>- Structural risk factors: [[Hip Dysplasia|acetabular dysplasia]], degeneration, capsular laxity/ hip hypermobility and [[Femoroacetabular Impingement|femeroacetabular impingement]] (FAI) (Byrd and Jones 2003, Wenger et al. 2004). <ref name="Lewis" />  
The condition is not age related. The reported age of people with hip pain and a labral tear spans from 8 to 75 years old.  
 
Structural risk factors for the condition include:  
 
*[[Hip Dysplasia|Acetabular dysplasia]]  
*Degeneration,  
*Capsular laxity and hip hypermobility  
*[[Femoroacetabular Impingement|Femeroacetabular impingement]] (FAI) (Byrd and Jones 2003, Wenger et al. 2004).<ref name="Lewis" />


== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation  ==
== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation  ==


*Sex: The both sexes have the same frequency<ref name="Dorrell">Dorrell JH, Catterall A. A torn acetabular labrum. J Bone Joint Surg 1986;68:400-3.</ref><ref name="Klaue" /><ref name="Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald RH. Acetabular labrum tears. Diagnosis and treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995 Feb;(311):60-8.</ref><ref name="Leunig">Leunig M, Werlen S, Ungersbock A, et al. Evaluation of the acetabulum labrum by MR arthrograpy. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1997;79:230-4</ref>  
*Sex - Occurs in both sexes with the same frequency<ref name="Dorrell">Dorrell JH, Catterall A. A torn acetabular labrum. J Bone Joint Surg 1986;68:400-3.</ref><ref name="Klaue" /><ref name="Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald RH. Acetabular labrum tears. Diagnosis and treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995 Feb;(311):60-8.</ref><ref name="Leunig">Leunig M, Werlen S, Ungersbock A, et al. Evaluation of the acetabulum labrum by MR arthrograpy. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1997;79:230-4</ref>  
*Symptoms: A constant dull pain with periods of sharp pain that worsens during activity. Walking, pivoting, prolonged sitting and impact activities aggravate symptoms. Some of the patients describe night-pain<ref name="Groh" />. The symptoms can have a long duration, with an average greater than 2 years<ref name="Farjo">Farjo LA, Glick JM, Sampson TG. Hip arthroscopy for acetabular labral tears. Arthroscopy 1999;15:132–137.</ref>  
*Symptoms - A constant dull pain with periods of sharp pain that worsens during activity. Walking, pivoting, prolonged sitting and impact activities aggravate symptoms. Some patients describe night time pain<ref name="Groh" />. The symptoms can have a long duration, with an average of greater than two years.<ref name="Farjo">Farjo LA, Glick JM, Sampson TG. Hip arthroscopy for acetabular labral tears. Arthroscopy 1999;15:132–137.</ref>  
*Mechanical Symptoms: variety of mechanical symptoms, including clicking (most frequently),locking or catching, or giving away. The significance of these signs are questionable<ref name="Leibold">Leibold M, Huijbregts P, Jensen R. Concurrent criterion-related validity of physical examination tests for hip labral lesions: a systematic review. J Manual Manip Ther 2008;16:24-41</ref>  
*Mechanical Symptoms - A variety of mechanical symptoms have been reported, including clicking (most frequently),locking or catching, or giving away. The significance of these signs is questionable.<ref name="Leibold">Leibold M, Huijbregts P, Jensen R. Concurrent criterion-related validity of physical examination tests for hip labral lesions: a systematic review. J Manual Manip Ther 2008;16:24-41</ref>  
*Range of motion: <br>These specific manoeuvres may cause pain in the groin: <ref name="Narvani" /><br>- flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of the hip joint = anterior superior tear<br>- passive hyperextension, abduction, and external rotation = posterior tears<br><br>
*Range of motion:  
**These specific manoeuvres may cause pain in the groin:<ref name="Narvani" />  
***Flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of the hip joint are related to anterior superior tears
***Passive hyperextension, abduction, and external rotation are related to posterior tears<br>


== Differential Diagnosis  ==
== Differential Diagnosis  ==


The differential diagnosis of labral tears should include following diagnoses: athletic&nbsp;pubalgia,&nbsp;[[Snapping Psoas / Snapping Hip|Snapping_Hip]], [[Septic Arthritis]], [[A Morton foot : cause of piriformis syndrome|piriformis syndrome]], contusion, strain,&nbsp;osteitis pubis, [[Trochanteric Bursitis]], femoral head avascular necrosis, fracture, dislocation, inguinal or femoral hernia, [[Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease|Legg-Calve Perthes&nbsp;disease]],&nbsp;[http://www.physio-pedia.com/extensions/FCKeditor/fckeditor/editor/Slipped_Capital_Femoral_Epiphysis Slipped_Capital_Femoral_Epiphysis], referred pain from the lumbosacral and sacroiliac areas or a tumor.<ref>Schmerl M, Pollard H, Hoskins W. Labral injuiries of the hip: a review of diagnosis and management. J ManipulativePhysiolTher. 2005; 28(8): 632</ref>
The differential diagnosis of labral tears may include the following diagnoses:  


<br>  
*[[Pubalgia|Athletic pubalgia]]
*[[Snapping Psoas / Snapping Hip|Snapping_Hip]]
*[[Septic Arthritis]]
*[[A Morton foot : cause of piriformis syndrome|Piriformis syndrome]]
*Contusion
*Strain
*Osteitis pubis
*[[Trochanteric Bursitis]]
*[[Avascular necrosis of the femoral head]]
*Fracture
*Dislocation
*[[Inguinal Hernia|Inguinal]] or femoral hernia
*[[Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease|Legg-Calve Perthes disease]]
*[[Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis]]
*[[Referred Pain]] from the lumbosacral and sacroiliac areas
*Tumor<ref name="Schmerl">Schmerl M, Pollard H, Hoskins W. Labral injuiries of the hip: a review of diagnosis and management. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2005 Oct;28(8):632.</ref><br>


== Conservative management  ==
== Conservative management  ==


Includes relative rest, anti-inflammatory medications, and pain medications if necessary. Combined with a 10-12 week intensive physiotherapy. The pain of the patient can reduce during that period but it is possible that the pain returns back to once the patient starts his normal activities. When the conservative measures do not control the patient’s symptoms surgery is possible. <ref>Anders Troelsen, IngerMechlenburg, John Gelineck, Lars Bolvig, Steffen Jacobsen and KjelSoballe, What is the rol of clinicaltestst and ultrasound in acetabular labral teardiagnostics, Acta Orthopaedica 2009; 80 (3): 314-318</ref><br>  
Includes relative rest, anti-inflammatory medications, and pain medications if necessary. Combined with a 10-12 week intensive physiotherapy program. The patient's pain may lessen during this period but it is possible that the pain will return once the patient returns to his normal activities. When conservative management is unable to control the patient’s symptoms, surgical intervention may be considered.<ref name="Troelsen">Troelsen A, Mechlenburg I, Gelineck J, Bolvig L, Jacobsen S, Søballe K. What is the role of clinical tests and ultrasound in acetabular labral tear diagnostics? Acta Orthop 2009 Jun;80(3):314-8.</ref><br>  


== Outcome Measures  ==
== Outcome Measures  ==


add links to outcome measures here (also see [[Outcome Measures|Outcome Measures Database]])
See [[Outcome Measures|Outcome Measures Database]] for more.


== Examination  ==
== Examination  ==


'''Physical examination:<ref>Anders Troelsen, IngerMechlenburg, John Gelineck, Lars Bolvig, Steffen Jacobsen and KjelSoballe, What is the rol of clinicaltestst and ultrasound in acetabular labral teardiagnostics, Acta Orthopaedica 2009; 80 (3): 314-318</ref><ref>Barbare A. Springer, Norman W. Gill, Brett A. Freedman, Amy E. Ross, Matthew A. Javernick, Kevin P. Murphy, Acetabular labral tears: Diagnosticaccuracy of clinical examination by a physicaltherapist, orthopaedicsurgeon and orthopaedicresidents, North American Journal of SportsPhysicaltherapy, 2009; 4 (1): 38-45</ref>'''<br>these tests are considered positive if the patient had one or more symptoms during the tests: click, clunk, pain in the groin region.
=== Physical examination ===


- The most consistent test is the impingement test: hip joint was passively flexed to 90°, internally rotated, and adduced. <br>- [[FABER Test|FABER]] test: the lower extremity was passively place in a figure- of – four position, and slight pressure was applied to the medial side of the knee. (Positive in 7 of 18 cases)<br>- Resisted [[Straight leg raise test|straight leg raise test]], the patient flex the hip joint (30°) with knee-extension + downward pressure.(Positive in 1 of 18 cases)<br>- [[McCarthy test|McCarthy sign]] / [[Thomas Test|Thomas]] hip flexion-to extension manoeuvre: in supine, the subject folly flexed both hips, than the examiner slowly/passively extended the subject’s lower extremities with hips going into external rotation. Repeating the test, but at this time with the hip in internal rotation. <br>- Internal rotation load/ grind test: in supine, the examiner flexed the subject’s hip passively to 100° and then rotated the subject’s hip from internal rotation to external rotation while pushing along the axis of the femur trough the knee to cause ‘grind’. <br>- Fitzgerald Test: to test to anterior labarum. Acute flexion of the hip with external rotation and full abduction, followed by extension, abduction, and internal rotation <br>- Patrick test: to test posterior labrum: extension, abduction, and external rotation brought to a flexed, adducted, and internally rotated position
The test is considered positive if one or more of these symptoms are reproduced during the test: click, clunk, or pain in the groin region.<ref name="Troelsen" /><ref name="Springer">Springer BA, Gill NW, Freedman BA, Ross AE, Javernick MA, Murphy KP. Acetabular labral tears: diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination by a physical therapist, orthopaedic surgeon and orthopaedic residents. N Am J Sports Phys Ther 2009;4(1):38-45.</ref>
 
*'''Impingement test''' - The hip joint is passively flexed to 90°, internally rotated, and adducted.  
*'''[[FABER Test]]''' - The lower extremity is passively placed in a figure-of–four position, and slight pressure is applied to the medial side of the knee. (Positive in 7 of 18 cases)  
*'''[[Straight leg raise test|Resisted straight leg raise test]] - The patient's hip is flexed 30° with the knee in extension and a downward pressure applied.(Positive in 1 of 18 cases) '''
*'''[[McCarthy test|McCarthy sign]]/[[Thomas Test]]''' (hip flexion to extension manoeuvre) - With the patient in a supine position, the subject fully flexes both hips. The examiner slowly/passively extends the subject’s lower extremities and moves the hips into external rotation. The test is repeated, but with the hip in internal rotation.  
*'''Internal rotation load/grind test''' - With the patient in a supine position, the examiner passively flexes the patient's hip to 100°, and then rotates the subject’s hip from internal rotation to external rotation while pushing along the axis of the femur through the knee to elicit ‘grind’.  
*'''Fitzgerald Test''' - For assessment of the anterior labrum. The patient's hip is acutely flexed and then extended while internally rotated and in full abduction.
*'''Patrick test''' - For assessment of the posterior labrum. The patient's hip is flexed and then extended while in abduction external rotation.


<br>  
<br>  


'''Diagnostic tests:<ref>McCarthy JC, Noble P, Schunk M, Alusio FV, Wright J, Lee J. Acetabular and labral pathology. In: Early hip disordes. New York: Springer Verlag; 2003</ref>'''
=== Diagnostic tests ===


- MRA (magnetic resonance arthography) produces the best result, as the intra-articular or systemic infusion of gadolinium is required to obtain the detail necessary to study the labrum. The principle of the procedure relies upon capsular distension. The outline the labrum with contrast and filling any tears that may be present. MRA has limitations regarding the sensivity for diagnose acetabular labral and articular cartilage abnormalities, it has also been proven that MRA may be less effective in identifying posterior and lateral tears.  
*'''MRA (magnetic resonance arthography)''' - Produces the best result, as the intra-articular or systemic infusion of gadolinium is required to obtain the detail necessary to study the labrum. The principle of the procedure relies upon capsular distension. The outline the labrum with contrast and filling any tears that may be present. MRA has limitations regarding the sensivity for diagnose acetabular labral and articular cartilage abnormalities, it has also been proven that MRA may be less effective in identifying posterior and lateral tears.<ref name="McCarthy">McCarthy JC, Noble P, Schunk M, Alusio FV, Wright J, Lee J. Acetabular and labral pathology. In: Early hip disorders. New York:Springer Verlag, 2003.</ref>
*'''Diagnostic-image-guided intra-articular hip injections''' - Can also be helpful in the diagnosis of labral tears.
*'''Hip arthroscopy''' - Used as a diagnostic gold standard for ALT and is used as therapeutic medium. <br><br>


- Diagnostic-image-guided intra-articular hip injections can also be helpful in the diagnosis of labral tears.
== Medical Management <br>  ==


-Hip arthroscopy is used as a diagnostic gold standard for ALT and is used as therapeutic medium. <br><br>
=== Arthroscopy  ===


== Medical Management <br> ==
Repair of the acetabular labral lesion can be preformed in either the supine or lateral position. In the supine position, a stand fracture table is used with an oversized perinal post to apply traction. The affected hip is placed into slight extension/adduction to allow approach to the joint. During traction it is important that there is a minimized pressure in the perineal area to avoid neurologic complications. The procedure is under the guidance of fluoroscopy. If the distraction is obtain a 14 or a 16 gauge spinal needle is inserted into the joint to break the vacuum seal and allow further distraction. Three portals are used (the anterolateral, anterior and the distal lateral accessory). <br>For repair of a detached labrum, the edges of the tear are delineated and suture anchors are placed on top of the acetabular rim in the area of detachment. If the tear in the labrum has a secure outer rim and is still attached to the acetabulum, a suture in the mid substance of the tear can be used to secure.<ref name="Garrison">Garrison C, Osler MT, Singleton SB. Rehabilitation after arthroscopy of an acetabular labral tear. N Am J Sports Phys Ther 2007;2(4):241-250</ref>


<ref>. Craig Garrison, Michael T. Osler, Steven B. Singleton, Rehabilitationafterarthroscopiy of anacetabular labral tear, northamericanjournal of sports and physical therapy,2007;2 (4):241-250</ref>-Arthroscopy
{{#ev:youtube|MJc7JHjfz1Q|300}}


Repair of the acetabular labral lesion can be preformed in either the supine or lateral position. In the supine position, a stand fracture table is used with an oversized perinal post to apply traction. The affected hip is placed into slight extension/adduction to allow approach to the joint. During traction it is important that there is a minimized pressure in the perineal area to avoid neurologic complications. The procedure is under the guidance of fluoroscopy. If the distraction is obtain a 14 or a 16 gauge spinal needle is inserted into the joint to break the vacuum seal and allow further distraction. Three portals are used (the anterolateral, anterior and the distal lateral accessory). <br>For repair of a detached labrum, the edges of the tear are delineated and suture anchors are placed on top of the acetabular rim in the area of detachment. If the tear in the labrum has a secure outer rim and is still attached to the acetabulum, a suture in the mid substance of the tear can be used to secure.
== Physical Therapy Management <ref name="Garrison" /><br> ==


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJc7JHjfz1Q
It is important that the physiotherapist stays up to date with the most current techniques and that there is a good communication between the PT and the orthopaedic surgeon; this is because the size and the exact location of the labral tear need to be known.  


== Physical Therapy Management <ref>. Craig Garrison, Michael T. Osler, Steven B. Singleton, Rehabilitationafterarthroscopiy of anacetabular labral tear, northamericanjournal of sports and physical therapy,2007;2 (4):241-250</ref><br>  ==
Movements that cause stress in the area need to be avoided. The rehabilitation protocol following acetabular labral debridement or repair are divided in four phases.  


It is important that the physiotherapist stays up the date with the most current techniques and that there is a good communication between the PT and the orthopaedic surgeon; this is because the size and the exact location of the labral tear need to be known.  
=== Phase 1. Initial exercise (week 1-4)  ===


<br>Movements that cause stress in the area need to be avoided. The rehabilitation protocol following acetabular labral debridement or repair are divided in four phases.  
The primary goals following a acetabularlabral debridement or repair is to the minimize the pain and the inflammation, and initiate early motion exercises. This phase initially consists of isometrics contraction for the hip adductors, abductors, transverse abdominals and extensor. For a labral debridement closed-chain activities of low-level leg press or shuttle can begin with a limited resistance. <br>Weight bearing for a debridement is 50% during 7 to 10 days and non-weight bearing of toe-touch weight bearing for 3 to 6 weeks in case of a labral repair. Unnecessary hypomobility will limit the progress in future phases, so please pay attention on it.  


<u>Phase 1. Initial exercise (week 1-4)</u><br>The primary goals following a acetabularlabral debridement or repair is to the minimize the pain and the inflammation, and initiate early motion exercises. This phase initially consists of isometrics contraction for the hip adductors, abductors, transverse abdominals and extensor. For a labral debridement closed-chain activities of low-level leg press or shuttle can begin with a limited resistance. <br>Weight bearing for a debridement is 50% during 7 to 10 days and non-weight bearing of toe-touch weight bearing for 3 to 6 weeks in case of a labral repair. Unnecessary hypomobility will limit the progress in future phases, so please pay attention on it.
<br>''Treatment modalities: ''


<br>''Treatment modalities: ''<br>- Aquatic therapy is an excellent resource, the ambulation in the water allows for improvement in the [[Gait Cycle|gait]] by allowing appropriate loads to the joint without causing unnecessary stress to the healing tissue for example: Light jogging in the water using a flotation device. It is import to know that the range of motion precautions may vary in debridement or repair.<br>- Manual therapy for pain reduction and improvement in joint mobility and proprioception. Considerations include gentle hip joint mobilizations contract-relax stretching for internal and external rotation, long axis distraction, and assessment of lumbo-sacral mobility,<br>- [[Cryotherapy|Cryotherapy]]<br>- Appropriate pain management through medication. <br>- Gentle stretching of hip muscle groups incl. piriformis, psoas, quadriceps, hamstring muscles with passive range of motion.<br>- Stationary bike without resistance, with seat height that limits the hip to less than 90°<br>- exercises such as; water walking, piriformis stretch, ankle pumps  
*Aquatic therapy is an excellent resource, the ambulation in the water allows for improvement in the [[Gait Cycle|gait]] by allowing appropriate loads to the joint without causing unnecessary stress to the healing tissue for example: Light jogging in the water using a flotation device. It is import to know that the range of motion precautions may vary in debridement or repair.  
*Manual therapy for pain reduction and improvement in joint mobility and proprioception. Considerations include gentle hip joint mobilizations contract-relax stretching for internal and external rotation, long axis distraction, and assessment of lumbo-sacral mobility.
*[[Cryotherapy|Cryotherapy]]  
*Appropriate pain management through medication.  
*Gentle stretching of hip muscle groups including piriformis, psoas, quadriceps, hamstring muscles with passive range of motion.  
*Stationary bike without resistance, with seat height that limits the hip to less than 90°  
*Exercises such as: water walking, piriformis stretch, ankle pumps.


To go the phase 2 the ROM has to be greater or equal to 75%.  
To go the phase 2 the ROM has to be greater or equal to 75%.  


<u>Phase 2. Intermediate exercise (week 5-7)</u><br>On this phase we will try to continue the ROM and soft tissue flexibility . Manual therapy should continue with mobilization that is more aggressieve the passive ROM exercises should become more aggressive as needed, for external- and internal rotation.
=== Phase 2. Intermediate exercise (week 5-7) ===


- Flexibility exercises involving the piriformis, adductor group, psoas/rectus femoris should continue. <br>- Stationary bike with resistance.<br>- Sidestepping with an abductor band dor resistance<br>- core strengthening such as bridging on to legs. <br>- Non-competitive swimming<br>- exercises such as; wall sits with abductor band, two leg bridging<br>To go the third phase it is important that the patient has a [[Gait Cycle|normal gait pattern]] with no [[Trendelenburg Test|Trendelenburg]] sign. The patient should have symmetrical and passive ROM measurement with minimal complaints of pain.  
On this phase we will try to continue the ROM and soft tissue flexibility . Manual therapy should continue with mobilization that is more aggressive the passive ROM exercises should become more aggressive as needed, for external- and internal rotation.  


<u>Phase 3. Advanced Exercise (week 8-12)</u>  
*Flexibility exercises involving the piriformis, adductor group, psoas/rectus femoris should continue.
*Stationary bike with resistance.
*Sidestepping with an abductor band dor resistance
*Core strengthening such as bridging on to legs.  
*Non-competitive swimming
*Exercises such as; wall sits with abductor band, two leg bridging<br>


- Manual therapy should be performed as needed<br>- Flexibility and passive ROM interventions should become slightly more aggressive if the limitations consist. ( if the patient has reached his full ROM or flexibility , terminal stretches should be initiated)<br>- Strengthening exercises&nbsp;; walking lunges, lunges with trunk rotations, resistend sportcord walking forward/backwards/;;, plyometric bounding in the water, .. <br>- Exercises such as; core ball stabilization, golf progression, lunges  
To go the third phase it is important that the patient has a [[Gait Cycle|normal gait pattern]] with no [[Trendelenburg Test|Trendelenburg]] sign. The patient should have symmetrical and passive ROM measurement with minimal complaints of pain.
 
=== Phase 3. Advanced Exercise (week 8-12)  ===
 
*Manual therapy should be performed as needed  
*Flexibility and passive ROM interventions should become slightly more aggressive if the limitations consist. (if the patient has reached his full ROM or flexibility, terminal stretches should be initiated)  
*Strengthening exercises: walking lunges, lunges with trunk rotations, resistend sportcord, walking forward/backwards, plyometric bounding in the water.  
*Exercises such as: core ball stabilization, golf progression, lunges


To go to the forth phases it is important that there are symmetrical ROM and flexibility of the psoas and piriformis.  
To go to the forth phases it is important that there are symmetrical ROM and flexibility of the psoas and piriformis.  


<u>Phase 4. Sport specific training (12-*)</u><br>On this phase it is important to return safely and effectively back to competition or previous activity level. Manual therapy, flexibility, and ROM exercises can to continued. <br>It is important the the patient had a good muscular endurance, good eccentric control, and the ability to generate power. <br>The patient can be given sportspecific exercises and has to have the ability to demonstrate a good neuromuscular control of the lower extremity during the activities.
=== Phase 4. Sport specific training (12-*) ===


exercises such as; sport specific drills, functional testing<br><br>  
On this phase it is important to return safely and effectively back to competition or previous activity level. Manual therapy, flexibility, and ROM exercises can to continued.<br>
 
It is important the the patient had a good muscular endurance, good eccentric control, and the ability to generate power.<br>
 
The patient can be given sport specific exercises and has to have the ability to demonstrate a good neuromuscular control of the lower extremity during the activities.
 
Exercises such as: sport specific drills, functional testing<br><br>  


== Key Research  ==
== Key Research  ==
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</div>  
<div class="researchbox">
<rss>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=1TqPT7y834vlZbRu5nACIx7g0xBLIMZV6TShMZxs2o5oLV-QXT|charset=UTF­8|short|max=10</rss>
</div>  
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20511439<br>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20015494<br>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953303/?tool=pubmed<br>www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15116646<br>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8738000<br>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21509119<br><br>  
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20511439<br>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20015494<br>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953303/?tool=pubmed<br>www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15116646<br>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8738000<br>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21509119<br><br>  
<div class="researchbox"></div>
 
== References  ==
== References  ==
see [[Adding References|adding references tutorial]].


<references />  
<references />  


[[Category:Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel_Project|Template:VUB]]
[[Category:Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel_Project]] [[Category:Condition]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics|Orthopaedics]] [[Category:Hip]]

Revision as of 03:24, 13 January 2014

Original Editors - Bilitis Crokaert as part of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel Project.

Top Contributors - Bilitis Crokaert, Admin, Kim Jackson, Daphne Jackson, Evan Thomas, Anas Mohamed, Trista Chan, 127.0.0.1, WikiSysop, Simisola Ajeyalemi, Vidya Acharya, Wanda van Niekerk, Shreya Pavaskar and Ahmed M Diab  

Definition/Description
[edit | edit source]

An acetabular labral tear can cause pain if the labrum is torn, frayed, or damaged. Labral tears cause groin pain or pain in the anterior side of the hip, and less commonly buttock pain.[1] This mechanically induced pathology is thought to result from excessive forces at the hip joint. For example, a tear could decrease the acetabular contact area and increase stress, which would result in articular damage, and destabilize the hip joint.[2]

Labral tears could be further classified as:

  • Anterior labral tears - the pain will generally be more consistent and is situated on the anterior hip (anterosuperior quadrant) or at the groin.[3][4][5][6][7][8] They frequently occur in individuals in European countries and the United States.
  • Posterior labral tears - are situated in the lateral region or deep in the posterior buttocks. They occur less frequently in individuals in European countries and the United States, but are more common in individuals from Japan.[3][5][7]

Clinically Relevant Anatomy[edit | edit source]

The acetabular labrum is a fibro-cartilaginous rim, which encompasses the circumference of the acetabulum. It helps to keep the head of the femur inside the acetabulum, and varies greatly in form and thickness.

The labrum has three surfaces:

  1. Internal articular surface - adjacent to the joint (avascular)
  2. External articular surface - contacting the joint capsule (vascular)
  3. Basal surface - attached to the acetabular bone and ligaments.

The transverse ligaments surround the hip and help hold it in place while moving.

On the anterior aspect, the labrum is triangular in the radial section. On the posterior aspect, the labrum is dimensionally square but with a rounded distal surface.[9][10]

The functions of the acetabular labrum are:

  • Joint stability
  • Sensitive shock absorber
  • Joint lubricator
  • Pressure distributor
  • Decreasing contact stress between the acetabular and the femoral cartilage[5][11][1]

Hip.jpg

Epidemiology/Etiology[edit | edit source]

In studies of patients with a labral tear, researchers have attributed the injury to a variety of causes:

  • Direct trauma - e.g. motor accidents, falling with or without a hip dislocation, slipping
  • Sporting activities that require frequent external rotations or hyperextension - e.g. ballet, soccer, and hockey, running and sprinting
  • Specific movements including torsional or twisting movements, hyper abduction, hyper extension, and hyper extension with lateral rotation

The condition is not age related. The reported age of people with hip pain and a labral tear spans from 8 to 75 years old.

Structural risk factors for the condition include:

Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]

  • Sex - Occurs in both sexes with the same frequency[12][8][13][14]
  • Symptoms - A constant dull pain with periods of sharp pain that worsens during activity. Walking, pivoting, prolonged sitting and impact activities aggravate symptoms. Some patients describe night time pain[1]. The symptoms can have a long duration, with an average of greater than two years.[15]
  • Mechanical Symptoms - A variety of mechanical symptoms have been reported, including clicking (most frequently),locking or catching, or giving away. The significance of these signs is questionable.[16]
  • Range of motion:
    • These specific manoeuvres may cause pain in the groin:[9]
      • Flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of the hip joint are related to anterior superior tears
      • Passive hyperextension, abduction, and external rotation are related to posterior tears

Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

The differential diagnosis of labral tears may include the following diagnoses:

Conservative management[edit | edit source]

Includes relative rest, anti-inflammatory medications, and pain medications if necessary. Combined with a 10-12 week intensive physiotherapy program. The patient's pain may lessen during this period but it is possible that the pain will return once the patient returns to his normal activities. When conservative management is unable to control the patient’s symptoms, surgical intervention may be considered.[18]

Outcome Measures[edit | edit source]

See Outcome Measures Database for more.

Examination[edit | edit source]

Physical examination[edit | edit source]

The test is considered positive if one or more of these symptoms are reproduced during the test: click, clunk, or pain in the groin region.[18][19]

  • Impingement test - The hip joint is passively flexed to 90°, internally rotated, and adducted.
  • FABER Test - The lower extremity is passively placed in a figure-of–four position, and slight pressure is applied to the medial side of the knee. (Positive in 7 of 18 cases)
  • Resisted straight leg raise test - The patient's hip is flexed 30° with the knee in extension and a downward pressure applied.(Positive in 1 of 18 cases)
  • McCarthy sign/Thomas Test (hip flexion to extension manoeuvre) - With the patient in a supine position, the subject fully flexes both hips. The examiner slowly/passively extends the subject’s lower extremities and moves the hips into external rotation. The test is repeated, but with the hip in internal rotation.
  • Internal rotation load/grind test - With the patient in a supine position, the examiner passively flexes the patient's hip to 100°, and then rotates the subject’s hip from internal rotation to external rotation while pushing along the axis of the femur through the knee to elicit ‘grind’.
  • Fitzgerald Test - For assessment of the anterior labrum. The patient's hip is acutely flexed and then extended while internally rotated and in full abduction.
  • Patrick test - For assessment of the posterior labrum. The patient's hip is flexed and then extended while in abduction external rotation.


Diagnostic tests[edit | edit source]

  • MRA (magnetic resonance arthography) - Produces the best result, as the intra-articular or systemic infusion of gadolinium is required to obtain the detail necessary to study the labrum. The principle of the procedure relies upon capsular distension. The outline the labrum with contrast and filling any tears that may be present. MRA has limitations regarding the sensivity for diagnose acetabular labral and articular cartilage abnormalities, it has also been proven that MRA may be less effective in identifying posterior and lateral tears.[3]
  • Diagnostic-image-guided intra-articular hip injections - Can also be helpful in the diagnosis of labral tears.
  • Hip arthroscopy - Used as a diagnostic gold standard for ALT and is used as therapeutic medium.

Medical Management
[edit | edit source]

Arthroscopy[edit | edit source]

Repair of the acetabular labral lesion can be preformed in either the supine or lateral position. In the supine position, a stand fracture table is used with an oversized perinal post to apply traction. The affected hip is placed into slight extension/adduction to allow approach to the joint. During traction it is important that there is a minimized pressure in the perineal area to avoid neurologic complications. The procedure is under the guidance of fluoroscopy. If the distraction is obtain a 14 or a 16 gauge spinal needle is inserted into the joint to break the vacuum seal and allow further distraction. Three portals are used (the anterolateral, anterior and the distal lateral accessory).
For repair of a detached labrum, the edges of the tear are delineated and suture anchors are placed on top of the acetabular rim in the area of detachment. If the tear in the labrum has a secure outer rim and is still attached to the acetabulum, a suture in the mid substance of the tear can be used to secure.[20]

Physical Therapy Management [20]
[edit | edit source]

It is important that the physiotherapist stays up to date with the most current techniques and that there is a good communication between the PT and the orthopaedic surgeon; this is because the size and the exact location of the labral tear need to be known.

Movements that cause stress in the area need to be avoided. The rehabilitation protocol following acetabular labral debridement or repair are divided in four phases.

Phase 1. Initial exercise (week 1-4)[edit | edit source]

The primary goals following a acetabularlabral debridement or repair is to the minimize the pain and the inflammation, and initiate early motion exercises. This phase initially consists of isometrics contraction for the hip adductors, abductors, transverse abdominals and extensor. For a labral debridement closed-chain activities of low-level leg press or shuttle can begin with a limited resistance.
Weight bearing for a debridement is 50% during 7 to 10 days and non-weight bearing of toe-touch weight bearing for 3 to 6 weeks in case of a labral repair. Unnecessary hypomobility will limit the progress in future phases, so please pay attention on it.


Treatment modalities:

  • Aquatic therapy is an excellent resource, the ambulation in the water allows for improvement in the gait by allowing appropriate loads to the joint without causing unnecessary stress to the healing tissue for example: Light jogging in the water using a flotation device. It is import to know that the range of motion precautions may vary in debridement or repair.
  • Manual therapy for pain reduction and improvement in joint mobility and proprioception. Considerations include gentle hip joint mobilizations contract-relax stretching for internal and external rotation, long axis distraction, and assessment of lumbo-sacral mobility.
  • Cryotherapy
  • Appropriate pain management through medication.
  • Gentle stretching of hip muscle groups including piriformis, psoas, quadriceps, hamstring muscles with passive range of motion.
  • Stationary bike without resistance, with seat height that limits the hip to less than 90°
  • Exercises such as: water walking, piriformis stretch, ankle pumps.

To go the phase 2 the ROM has to be greater or equal to 75%.

Phase 2. Intermediate exercise (week 5-7)[edit | edit source]

On this phase we will try to continue the ROM and soft tissue flexibility . Manual therapy should continue with mobilization that is more aggressive the passive ROM exercises should become more aggressive as needed, for external- and internal rotation.

  • Flexibility exercises involving the piriformis, adductor group, psoas/rectus femoris should continue.
  • Stationary bike with resistance.
  • Sidestepping with an abductor band dor resistance
  • Core strengthening such as bridging on to legs.
  • Non-competitive swimming
  • Exercises such as; wall sits with abductor band, two leg bridging

To go the third phase it is important that the patient has a normal gait pattern with no Trendelenburg sign. The patient should have symmetrical and passive ROM measurement with minimal complaints of pain.

Phase 3. Advanced Exercise (week 8-12)[edit | edit source]

  • Manual therapy should be performed as needed
  • Flexibility and passive ROM interventions should become slightly more aggressive if the limitations consist. (if the patient has reached his full ROM or flexibility, terminal stretches should be initiated)
  • Strengthening exercises: walking lunges, lunges with trunk rotations, resistend sportcord, walking forward/backwards, plyometric bounding in the water.
  • Exercises such as: core ball stabilization, golf progression, lunges

To go to the forth phases it is important that there are symmetrical ROM and flexibility of the psoas and piriformis.

Phase 4. Sport specific training (12-*)[edit | edit source]

On this phase it is important to return safely and effectively back to competition or previous activity level. Manual therapy, flexibility, and ROM exercises can to continued.

It is important the the patient had a good muscular endurance, good eccentric control, and the ability to generate power.

The patient can be given sport specific exercises and has to have the ability to demonstrate a good neuromuscular control of the lower extremity during the activities.

Exercises such as: sport specific drills, functional testing

Key Research[edit | edit source]

http://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9290(09)00652-6/abstract
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953315/pdf/najspt-04-038.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8738000

Resources
[edit | edit source]

add appropriate resources here

Clinical Bottom Line[edit | edit source]

add text here

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]


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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20511439
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20015494
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953303/?tool=pubmed
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15116646
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8738000
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21509119

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Groh MM, Herrera J. A comprehensive review of labral tears. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2009 Jun;2(2):105-17.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lewis CL, Sahrmann SA. Acetabular Labral Tears. Phys Ther 2006;86:110-121.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 McCarthy JC, Noble PC, Schuck MR, et al. The Otto E. Aufranc Award: the role of labral lesions to development of early degenerative hip disease. Clin Orthop 2001;393:25–37. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "McCarthy" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ O’Leary JA, Berend K, Vail TP. The relationship between diagnosis and outcome in arthroscopy of the hip. Arthroscopy 2001;17:181–188.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Byrd JW. Labral lesions: an elusive source of hip pain case reports and literature review. Arthroscopy 1996;12:603–612. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Byrd" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Binningsley D. Tear of the acetabular labrum in an elite athlete. Br J Sports Med 2003;37:84–88.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hase T, Ueo T. Acetabularlabral tear: arthroscopic diagnosis and treatment. Arthroscopy 1999;15:138 –141.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Klaue K, Durnin CW, Ganz R. The acetabular rim syndrome: a clinical presentation of dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991;73:423– 429.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Narvani AA, Tsiridis E, Tai CC, Thomas P. Acetabular labrum and its tears. Br J Sports Med 2003;37:207-211.
  10. ↑ Lovell G. The diagnosis of chronic groin pain in athletes; a review of 189 cases. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1995;27:76-9
  11. ↑ Martin RL, Enseki KR, Draovitch P, et al. Acetabular labral tears of the hip: examination and diagnostic challenges. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2006;36:503-15.
  12. ↑ Dorrell JH, Catterall A. A torn acetabular labrum. J Bone Joint Surg 1986;68:400-3.
  13. ↑ Fitzgerald RH. Acetabular labrum tears. Diagnosis and treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995 Feb;(311):60-8.
  14. ↑ Leunig M, Werlen S, Ungersbock A, et al. Evaluation of the acetabulum labrum by MR arthrograpy. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1997;79:230-4
  15. ↑ Farjo LA, Glick JM, Sampson TG. Hip arthroscopy for acetabular labral tears. Arthroscopy 1999;15:132–137.
  16. ↑ Leibold M, Huijbregts P, Jensen R. Concurrent criterion-related validity of physical examination tests for hip labral lesions: a systematic review. J Manual Manip Ther 2008;16:24-41
  17. ↑ Schmerl M, Pollard H, Hoskins W. Labral injuiries of the hip: a review of diagnosis and management. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2005 Oct;28(8):632.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Troelsen A, Mechlenburg I, Gelineck J, Bolvig L, Jacobsen S, Søballe K. What is the role of clinical tests and ultrasound in acetabular labral tear diagnostics? Acta Orthop 2009 Jun;80(3):314-8.
  19. ↑ Springer BA, Gill NW, Freedman BA, Ross AE, Javernick MA, Murphy KP. Acetabular labral tears: diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination by a physical therapist, orthopaedic surgeon and orthopaedic residents. N Am J Sports Phys Ther 2009;4(1):38-45.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Garrison C, Osler MT, Singleton SB. Rehabilitation after arthroscopy of an acetabular labral tear. N Am J Sports Phys Ther 2007;2(4):241-250
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