Psoas Minor: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction  ==
The psoas minor is a thin muscle in the posterior abdominopelvic region located in front of the [[Psoas_Major|psoas major]].<ref name="p1">Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea &amp; Febiger, 1918; Bartleby.com, 2000. www.bartleby.com/107/.</ref> It functions as part of the iliopsoas muscle complex, along with the psoas major and iliacus muscles.  It is essential for correct standing or sitting [[Lumbar Examination|lumbar posture]], [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]], and during [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] and [[Running Biomechanics|running]].<ref>Bordoni B, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531508/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Iliopsoas Muscle.] StatPearls [Internet]. 2021 Jul 21. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531508/ (accessed 16.1.2022)</ref> It is only found in 40-60% of individuals and its function is considered to be extremely subtle.<ref name=":0">Guerra DR, Reis FP, de Andrade Bastos A, Brito JC, dos Santos Silva JR, Aragão AJ, GUERRA D, REIS F, BASTOS A, BRITO C, SILVA R. Anatomical study on the psoas minor muscle in human fetuses. Int J Morphol. 2012 Mar 1;30(1):136-9.</ref> There is limited research on the psoas minor muscle since its presence can vary between individuals.
== Anatomy  ==
[[Image:Musculus_psoas_minor.png|psoas minor|alt=|right|frameless]]'''Origin'''


<br>
The psoas minor muscle originates along the lateral aspect of the vertebral body of the 12th thoracic vertebrae and the 1st lumbar vertebrae, and the intervertebral disc between those two vertebrae. There are two psoas minors, if present, one on each side of the spine.


== Description  ==
'''Insertion'''


Psoas Minor&nbsp;is a long slender muscle, placed in front of the [[Psoas_Major|Psoas major]].<ref name="p1">Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea &amp; Febiger, 1918; Bartleby.com, 2000. www.bartleby.com/107/.</ref>
Distally, the psoas minor muscle blends with the iliopsoas fascia.<ref name=":0" />Various studies have concluded where the psoas minor inserts, such as pectin pubis, iliopubic eminence, arcuate line, pectineal line or iliopubic ramus.<ref>Pavlovsky E, Vinson J, Reynolds A, Lesciotto KM. Psoas Minor: Major Confusion. The FASEB Journal. 2022 May;36.</ref>


The '''psoas minor''' is a thin, paired muscle of the posterior abdominopelvic region. It is located on the anterior aspect of the psoas major muscle, but does not extend with it beyond the inguinal ligament. Despite its close relation to the psoas major muscle, the psoas minor is not considered part of the iliopsoas muscle complex.
'''Nerve Supply'''


Innervation of the psoas minor comes from the ventral ramus of the L1 spinal nerve.<ref name=":1">Agichani S, Sontakke Y, Joshi SS, Joshi SD. Morphology of psoas minor muscle‐reviewed. J Evolution Med Dent Sci. 2013 Aug 5;2:5867-9.</ref>


'''Blood'''


[[Image:Musculus_psoas_minor.png|center|psoas minor]]
Its main blood supply comes from the lumbar branch of the iliolumbar artery. The common iliac artery sends thin branches of blood supply to the psoas minor.


== Function ==
Along with the iliacus and psoas major, the psoas minor muscle functions to flex the hip. It also assists with flexion of the lumbar vertebral column.<ref name=":1" />


== Origin  ==
== Physiotherapy ==
[[File:Baseball.jpeg|right|frameless]]
Athletic injuries to the hip flexors (including psoas minor) have been described in populations across all levels of competitive sports. Estimates of hip flexor pathology ranges from 5% of injuries all the way to 28% of injuries among high-risk sport-specific groups. Although most of these injuries are successfully treated with conservative management and high rates of return to play are observed, significant rehabilitation time can be involved. Poor [[posture]], general [[Overuse Injuries in Sport|overuse]], and sometimes [[arthritis]] can also cause pain in the hip flexors.<ref>Physiopedia [[Hip Flexors]] Available:[[Hip Flexors]] (accessed 16.1.2022)</ref>


Lateral aspect of vertebral body of 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebrae
Psoas minor syndrome is caused by a tense muscle and tendon and presents as chronic lower back pain.<ref>Dragieva P, Zaharieva M, Kozhuharov Y, Markov K, Stoyanov GS. Psoas minor muscle: a cadaveric morphometric study. Cureus. 2018 Apr 8;10(4).</ref> Symptoms of this syndrome include localized pain at the iliac fossa that is worsened with palpation. This syndrome can be mistakenly thought to be appendicitis if palpated on the right side.<ref>Anderson CN. Iliopsoas: pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clinics in sports medicine 2016;35(3):419-33.
<ref name="p2">http://www.anatomyexpert.com/app/structure/5312/</ref>


 
Micheo W. Musculoskeletal, Sports and Occupational Medicine. Demos Medical Publishing; 2010 Dec 21.
<br>
</ref>
 
== Insertion  ==
 
Pectineal line of pubis
<ref name="p2" />
 
 
<br>
 
== Nerve Supply  ==
 
Small branch from the initial part of the lumbar ventral ramus(L1)
<ref name="p2" />
 
 
<br>
 
== Blood Supply  ==
 
Lumbar arteries, lumbar branch of the iliolumbar artery.
<ref name="p2" />
 
 
<br>
 
== Action  ==
 
Assists with flexion of the lumbar vertebral column
<ref name="p2" />
 
== Clinical relevance ==
 
==== '''iliopsoas tendinitis''' ====
<br>
* a rare cause of pain in the groin  that has been associated with inflammatory arthritis, acute trauma, and overuse  syndromes
** commonly seen  in athletes, often runners, dancers, and high jumpers
** usually  results from overuse or trauma. It is frequently known as jumpers hip or  dancers hip
** iliopsoas tendonitis following total arthroscopic  hip replacement iliopsoas syndrome can be reasonably commonplace
** psoas syndrome is usually a term used interchangeably with  iliopsoas tendinitis, internal snapping hip, or iliopsoas impingement
 
== Treatment  ==
-nonoperative treatment, including rest, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and a stretching  program, has been recommended for the treatment of this condition - exercise programs that the patient can do at home with a focus on hip  rotation have demonstrated effectiveness in the reduction of pain and  improvement of activity for patients in pain
 
-surgical interventon       
* for refractory cases requiring surgery, arthroscopic lengthening of the  tendon can be completed for relief, and correcting intra-articular  pathology can be done
* release of the psoas tendon from the insertion is also a possible surgical option


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Muscles]]
[[Category:Muscles]]
[[Category:Hip]]  
[[Category:Hip]]
[[Category:Thoracic Spine]]  
[[Category:Thoracic Spine]]
[[Category:Lumbar Spine]]
[[Category:Lumbar Spine]]
[[Category:Hip - Anatomy]]
[[Category:Hip - Anatomy]]
[[Category:Lumbar Spine - Anatomy]]
[[Category:Lumbar Spine - Anatomy]]
[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Anatomy]]  
[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Anatomy]]
[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Anatomy]]
[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Anatomy]]
[[Category:Hip - Muscles]]
[[Category:Hip - Muscles]]
[[Category:Lumbar Spine - Muscles]]
[[Category:Lumbar Spine - Muscles]]
[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Muscles]]  
[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Muscles]]
[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Muscles]]
[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Muscles]]

Latest revision as of 01:10, 1 April 2024

Original Editor - Oyemi Sillo

Lead Editors - Kim Jackson, Eman Ammar, Lucinda hampton, Maram Salem, WikiSysop and Oyemi Sillo  

Introduction[edit | edit source]

The psoas minor is a thin muscle in the posterior abdominopelvic region located in front of the psoas major.[1] It functions as part of the iliopsoas muscle complex, along with the psoas major and iliacus muscles. It is essential for correct standing or sitting lumbar posture, hip joint, and during walking and running.[2] It is only found in 40-60% of individuals and its function is considered to be extremely subtle.[3] There is limited research on the psoas minor muscle since its presence can vary between individuals.

Anatomy[edit | edit source]

Origin

The psoas minor muscle originates along the lateral aspect of the vertebral body of the 12th thoracic vertebrae and the 1st lumbar vertebrae, and the intervertebral disc between those two vertebrae. There are two psoas minors, if present, one on each side of the spine.

Insertion

Distally, the psoas minor muscle blends with the iliopsoas fascia.[3]Various studies have concluded where the psoas minor inserts, such as pectin pubis, iliopubic eminence, arcuate line, pectineal line or iliopubic ramus.[4]

Nerve Supply

Innervation of the psoas minor comes from the ventral ramus of the L1 spinal nerve.[5]

Blood

Its main blood supply comes from the lumbar branch of the iliolumbar artery. The common iliac artery sends thin branches of blood supply to the psoas minor.

Function[edit | edit source]

Along with the iliacus and psoas major, the psoas minor muscle functions to flex the hip. It also assists with flexion of the lumbar vertebral column.[5]

Physiotherapy[edit | edit source]

Baseball.jpeg

Athletic injuries to the hip flexors (including psoas minor) have been described in populations across all levels of competitive sports. Estimates of hip flexor pathology ranges from 5% of injuries all the way to 28% of injuries among high-risk sport-specific groups. Although most of these injuries are successfully treated with conservative management and high rates of return to play are observed, significant rehabilitation time can be involved. Poor posture, general overuse, and sometimes arthritis can also cause pain in the hip flexors.[6]

Psoas minor syndrome is caused by a tense muscle and tendon and presents as chronic lower back pain.[7] Symptoms of this syndrome include localized pain at the iliac fossa that is worsened with palpation. This syndrome can be mistakenly thought to be appendicitis if palpated on the right side.[8]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918; Bartleby.com, 2000. www.bartleby.com/107/.
  2. ↑ Bordoni B, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Iliopsoas Muscle. StatPearls [Internet]. 2021 Jul 21. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531508/ (accessed 16.1.2022)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Guerra DR, Reis FP, de Andrade Bastos A, Brito JC, dos Santos Silva JR, Aragão AJ, GUERRA D, REIS F, BASTOS A, BRITO C, SILVA R. Anatomical study on the psoas minor muscle in human fetuses. Int J Morphol. 2012 Mar 1;30(1):136-9.
  4. ↑ Pavlovsky E, Vinson J, Reynolds A, Lesciotto KM. Psoas Minor: Major Confusion. The FASEB Journal. 2022 May;36.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Agichani S, Sontakke Y, Joshi SS, Joshi SD. Morphology of psoas minor muscle‐reviewed. J Evolution Med Dent Sci. 2013 Aug 5;2:5867-9.
  6. ↑ Physiopedia Hip Flexors Available:Hip Flexors (accessed 16.1.2022)
  7. ↑ Dragieva P, Zaharieva M, Kozhuharov Y, Markov K, Stoyanov GS. Psoas minor muscle: a cadaveric morphometric study. Cureus. 2018 Apr 8;10(4).
  8. ↑ Anderson CN. Iliopsoas: pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clinics in sports medicine 2016;35(3):419-33. Micheo W. Musculoskeletal, Sports and Occupational Medicine. Demos Medical Publishing; 2010 Dec 21.
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