Signs of Respiratory Distress in Children: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
One of the most common reasons an infant is admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit is due to Respiratory distress<ref>Reuter S, Moser C, Baack M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4533247/ Respiratory distress in the newborn. Pediatrics in review.] 2014 Oct;35(10):417.</ref>. Respiratory distress can be recognised as one or more signs of increased work of breathing which will be discussed below. | One of the most common reasons an infant is admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit is due to Respiratory distress<ref name=":0">Reuter S, Moser C, Baack M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4533247/ Respiratory distress in the newborn. Pediatrics in review.] 2014 Oct;35(10):417.</ref>. Respiratory distress can be recognised as one or more signs of increased work of breathing which will be discussed below. | ||
== Signs and symptoms and their causes<ref>Taussig LM, Landau LI. Pediatric respiratory medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008.</ref> == | == Signs and symptoms and their causes<ref>Taussig LM, Landau LI. Pediatric respiratory medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008.</ref> == | ||
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** reduced ability to expire carbon dioxide. | ** reduced ability to expire carbon dioxide. | ||
== How can Physiotherapy help? == | == How can Physiotherapy help?<ref name=":0" /> == | ||
The goals of physiotherapy is to help increase tidal volumes, help clear secretions, help improve oxygenation around the body and manage ventilation. | The goals of physiotherapy is to help increase tidal volumes, help clear secretions, help improve oxygenation around the body and manage ventilation. | ||
* Manual techniques such as vibrations and percussion | * Manual techniques such as vibrations and percussion |
Revision as of 22:50, 2 March 2019
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
One of the most common reasons an infant is admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit is due to Respiratory distress[1]. Respiratory distress can be recognised as one or more signs of increased work of breathing which will be discussed below.
Signs and symptoms and their causes[2][edit | edit source]
- Weak cry
- sign of fatigue and shows the child is prioritising energy expenditure for work of breathing.
- Grunting
- Increase positive end expiatory pressure (PEEP) by closing of the glottis (therefore increasing Functional Residual Capacity (FRC).
- Tachypnoea
- Unable to increase Tidal volume and therefore increase Respiratory rate.
- Cricoid Tug/Tracheal tug
- Increase pull of diaphragm is transmitted as a downwards tug on the trachea during inspiration.
- Sternal recession
- Due to high negative pressures on inspiration.
- Sub-costal and intercostal recession
- Due to high negative pressures on inspiration.
- Nasal flaring
- To help increase the diameter of the airway.
- Head bopping
- Due to high use of sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles.
- Clammy
- Due to high energy expenditure to breathe therefore sweating to regulate temperature.
- Pallor
- Not oxygenating effectively.
- Cyanosis
- Dependent on haemoglobin and peripheral circulation-indicates poor oxygen saturation levels.
- Stridor
- Partial obstruction of upper trachea.
- Wheeze
- Narrowing or obstruction of the small airways by secretions or inflammation.
- Lethargy
- Being breathless and working hard causes discomfort and agitation. Also reserved energy fro work of breathing.
- Tachycardia
- to assist in oxygen transport.
- Hypoxemia
- reduced ability to oxygenate.
- Hypercarbia
- reduced ability to expire carbon dioxide.
How can Physiotherapy help?[1][edit | edit source]
The goals of physiotherapy is to help increase tidal volumes, help clear secretions, help improve oxygenation around the body and manage ventilation.
- Manual techniques such as vibrations and percussion
- Postural drainage
- Saline and Suctioning (saline helps clear secretions)
- Therapeutic exercise
- Central Lavage
- Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
- Use of various types of equipment to assist in respiratory care e.g. Acapella / PEP mask / Cough Assist devices.
- Education and advice on self management.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Reuter S, Moser C, Baack M. Respiratory distress in the newborn. Pediatrics in review. 2014 Oct;35(10):417.
- ↑ Taussig LM, Landau LI. Pediatric respiratory medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008.
" Edwards MO, Kotecha SJ, Kotecha S. Respiratory distress of the term newborn infant. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2013 Mar; 14(1):29-36; quiz 36-7." />