[[File:Long Bone Structure.png|thumb|350x350px|Long Bone Structure]]
...edia Cancellous bone Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cancellous-bone (accessed 12.11.2022)_</ref>
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...name '''(''os naviculare pedis; scaphoid bone'')''' derives from the human bone's resemblance to a small boat. It articulates with ''four'' bones: the ta
...e rare in the general population, stress fractures of the tarsal navicular bone are frequently incurred by professional athletes.<ref>Shakked RJ, Walters E
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== What is a bone bruise? ==
A bone bruise is a type of bone injury.
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...name=":1">Rubin J, Bozentka DJ, Bora FW. Diagnosis of closed central slip injuries. A cadaveric analysis of non-invasive tests. J Hand Surg Br. 1996 Oct;21(5
...was the only one to accurately discern central slip integrity in simulated injuries.<ref name=":1" />
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...s A, Tuckermann J. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoids on skeleton and bone regeneration after fracture. ''J Mol Endocrinol''. 2018;61(1):R75-R90.</re
...ref name=":3" />. To limit the accompanying adverse effects, strengthening bone and musculature through weight-bearing activities is recommended.
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...injuries. Traditionally, the first aid method of treating musculoskeletal injuries has been taught through the Mnemonic, [[RICE|R.I.C.E]], (Rest, Ice, Compres
...ent|Optimal loading]] will stimulate the healing process as [[Bone Healing|bone]], [[Tendon Pathophysiology|tendon]], [[Ligament Sprain|ligament]], and [[M
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...owth and development it aides in bone elongation and modelling, and when a bone is [[Fracture|fractured]], participates in its recovery. It is not present
# The periosteum separates the bone from surrounding structures. It contains small blood vessels that provide n
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**[[Kienbock's Disease|Kienbock Disease]] (affects the lunate carpal bone);
...Found more commonly in boys, possibly because boys are at higher risk for injuries than girls.
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.../02/2019).</ref> that means 'head') is the largest and most central carpal bone, that forms the [[Wrist and Hand|wrist]].
...iably the capitate can also articulate with the base of the 4th metacarpal bone.
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...the 4th and 5th [[metatarsals]] anteriorly. On the inferior aspect of the bone, there is a small bony prominence named the cuboid tuberosity and a sulcus
File:Cuboid bone 06 superior view01.png|''Superior view of Cuboid bone''
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...he [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. Running along the base of the foot from the heel bone ([[calcaneus]]) to the base of the metatarsal bones, it assists in forming
...the base of the second to fifth metatarsal bones, and the posterior cuboid bone. <ref name=":2" />
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...xpanding as it ascends, is attached to the basilar groove of the occipital bone, in front of the foramen magnum.
...multiple calcified areas are noted that interdigitated with the underlying bone. Also near this cephalic bony attachment, there is an increase in the numbe
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Groin injuries are common sports injuries especially in sports that involve running, kicking, side to side movements,
The adductor squeeze test is used in the diagnosis of groin injuries and for the measurement of adductor muscles strength.<ref name=":0" />
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* In both cases, bone forms in and around soft tissue (usually muscle).
...sificans (MO) occurs after trauma to the muscle or a broken [[bone]]. New bone cells form between the torn muscle fibers. This happens most often around t
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...arches with two bony masses laterally. It articulates with the [[Occipital Bone|Occiput]] above and C2 (the [[Axis]]) below.
...anterior atlantoaxial ligament; the former connects it with the occipital bone above, and the latter with the axis below.
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The [[Femur]] is the longest bone in the body and extends from the hip to the knee.
The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates w
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...art of the myotendinous unit. The myotendinous unit consists usually of [[bone]], enthesis, [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]], myotendinous junction and [[Muscle
...and produce large tensile stresses are the most likely to suffer from MTJ injuries e.g. [[Biceps Femoris|biceps femoris]], [[Quadratus Femoris|quadratus femor
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...one side of the bone and it remains uninterrupted on the other side of the bone.<ref name=":0">Atanelov Z, Bentley TP. Greenstick fracture.</ref>Usually ha
...It can also occur because of trauma such as road traffic accident, sports injuries or even a non accidental trauma (child hitting an object).<ref name=":0" />
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[[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone.
...joints (cf [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s which attach [[muscle]] to bone).
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...make up the upper part of the ankle joint). The talus sits above the heel bone (calcaneus). Together, the talus and calcaneus form the subtalar joint, whi
The talus is the second largest tarsal bone. It is uniquely shaped and consists of a body, head, and neck. Approximatel
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...Cancellous|cortical]] thickness, and travels along through the trabecular bone.<ref name=":4">Basso T, Klaksvik J, Syversen U, Foss OA. [https://www.scien
...leads to decreased tissue tolerance. The micro-fractures that occur on the bone cannot be repaired fast enough and turn into fractures.<ref name=":6" />
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...f the Ankle|avulsion fracture]] also occurs (the ligament pulls a piece of bone with it on injury). The image shows an example of a sprain of the ankle.
...2012). Treating Sports Injuries. In Bahr R. (Ed). The IOC Manual of Sports Injuries. Wiley Blackwell 2012.p 25-39. </ref>
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...f name=":0">Konopka G, Chim H. Optimal management of scapholunate ligament injuries. ''Orthop Res Rev''. 2018;10:41-54
...is a C shaped ligament that binds the [[scaphoid]] bone to the [[lunate]] bone of the wrist. The SLL inserts to the most proximal and superior parts of th
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...cting the knee and ankle joints. It is considered to be the second largest bone in the body and it plays an important role in weight bearing.<ref>Teach me
...trient artery in the human body. Posterior tibial artery mainly enters the bone through its posterior surface and nutrient artery is the branch of this pos
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...nto a median fibrous raphe extending from the symphysis menti to the hyoid bone, where they join at an angle with the fibers of the opposite muscle. This m
...arters: midline raphe. posterior quarter: superior border of body of hyoid bone<br>
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...ng=us (accessed 12.12.2022)</ref> Stress fractures represent a spectrum of injuries ranging from periostitis, caused by inflammation of the [[periosteum]], to
...he lower extremities and are specific to the sport. Upper extremity stress injuries (usually of ulna) are much less common and are also the result of overuse a
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...ondral injuries to the talus. </blockquote>The talus is the second largest bone in the hindfoot region of the human body. Responsible for transmitting body
[[File:Talus bone - animation03.gif|right|frameless]]
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A Jefferson fracture is a bone [[fracture]] of the vertebra C1. The vertebra C1 is a bony ring, with two w
...n a four-yearold child. T. Hagino et al. 2006 British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery.</ref>. The injury in children due to falling at the play
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...flexible tissue, made up of lots of individual fibres, which connect the [[bone]]<nowiki/>s of the body together, being a dense type of [[Connective Tissue
...h joint movement, some fibres appear to tighten or loosen depending on the bone positions and the forces that are applied confirming that these structures
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...cally observed in adults.<ref name=":0" /> This page discusses some common injuries that are specific to children and teenagers.
...ir:<ref name=":0">Prowse T. Developing Physically Active and Sporty Kids - Injuries Specific to Children and Teens Course. Plus , 2021.</ref>
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...i/>s]] and wrists working, there is ample opportunity for injury. In fact, injuries to the hand and wrists are some of the most common ailments facing athletes
* Approximately 25% of all sports-related injuries involve the hand or wrist.
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..., Winquist RA, Hansen ST. Ipsilateral fractures of the femur and tibia. J Bone and Joint Surgery. 1984; 66-A(7):991-1002.</ref>.<br>The fractures range fr
...tures of the femur and tibia. A report of fifty seven consecutive cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1984;66:991–1002</ref><br>
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[[File:Femur bone.png|right|frameless|801x801px]]
The femur is the longest, heaviest, and strongest [[bone]] in the human body. The main function of the femur is [[weight bearing]] a
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Each metatarsal bone consists of the following:
Each base of the metatarsal bone articulates with at least one of the tarsal bones, forming the tarsometatar
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...herefore specifically applied to bone fractures in children. The commonest injuries seen in children with open growth plates are fractures involving epiphyseal
...ef name="Moore" />[[File:Long Bone Structure.png|thumb|Structure of a long bone including diaphysis, metaphysis, and epiphysis.|center]]
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...lcaneal_fracture fractures of the calcaneus], [[cuboid]] and [[navicular]] bone.
...talus]] and [[calcaneus]] proximally, and the [[navicular]] and [[cuboid]] bone distally. When the foot skeleton is viewed from above, the joint line of th
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...termine the need for radiographs in acute [[Ankle and Foot Fractures|ankle injuries]]. This screening tool was developed because of the need for a rapid and ac
...rt JP, Maloney J. Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. JAMA 1993;269:1127-32.</ref>
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...ly.<ref>Zacharopoulos AN, Tzanakakis NE, Douka MI. Skiing and snowboarding injuries in Greece: a two-year case-control study. Journal of ASTM International. 20
...d also be considered.<ref>Koehle MS, Lloyd-Smith R, Taunton JE. Alpine ski injuries and their prevention. Sports Medicine. 2002 Oct;32(12):785-93.</ref>
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# Muscles that hold onto bone ie the stabilisers -Predominantly type 1 muscle fibres, with a postural rol
# Muscles that move bone, ie mobilisers - Predominantly type 2 muscle fibres, for faster action.<ref
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...s that clinicians may deal with in the management of athletes with overuse injuries.
== Definition of Overuse Injuries ==
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...er is the term applied to extensor avulsion fractures or [[Extensor Tendon Injuries of the Hand|distal extensor tendon ruptures]]. Either one results in an ina
Mallet finger injuries are<ref name=":0" />:
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...eads to microfractures which are unable to heal due to bone resorption and bone formation imbalances, causing a stress reaction leading to fractures<ref na
...7/0915/p817.html</nowiki></ref>. The fifth metatarsal the most susceptible bone to these shear forces. This combination puts the fifth metatarsal at the hi
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...-4.pdf The second most common bone disease: a review on Paget’s disease of bone.] European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. 2008 Dec 1;34(6):549-53
...D, Hofmann MT,Peterson JA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Paget’s Disease of Bone. American Family Physician. 2002; 65(10):2069-72</ref>. Paget's disease is
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...ngs (brain swelling, a 'tight' brain, or difficulties in repositioning the bone flap), or both
...ase its rigidity, and sectioning of the falx among others. Localization of bone removal can be unilateral, bilateral, bifrontal, or subtemporal; or it can
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...or hyperextension can also lead to avulsion fractures, but these types of injuries are less common. <ref name=":2" />
...laced fractures''' involve partial or complete separation of the fractured bone(s). <ref name=":5">American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Toe and Forefo
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* Most commonly caused by blunt, anterior chest-wall trauma and deceleration injuries, with a reported incidence of 3% to 6.8% in motor vehicle collisions.
* Athletic injuries, [[falls]], and assaults are the frequent causes of the remaining cases.
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...g sports, in particular, male soccer players who account for 10% to 18% of injuries per year.<ref name=":1" />
...or view.png|right|frameless|294x294px|Image 2: Anterior view pelvis, pubis bone red.]]
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[[File:Bone marrow image.png|right|frameless|450x450px]]
...ref>Gobbi A, Dallo I, Frank RM, Bradsell H, Saenz I, Murrel W. A review of bone marrow lesions in the arthritic knee and description of a technique for tre
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...eletal Key Hip Flexors Available:https://musculoskeletalkey.com/hip-flexor-injuries-in-the-athlete/ (accessed 14.1.2022)</ref>
...scle. The iliacus muscle is a triangular sheet that connects the [[ilium]] bone to the lesser trochanter.
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[[File:Right-femoral-stress-fracture.png|thumb|Bone scan]]
...abnormal stresses are placed on [[Bone Cortical And Cancellous|cancellous bone]] of the [[Femur|femoral]] shaft resulting in microfractures. Most common i
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