Chikungunya Fever

Original Editor - - Vanessa Rhule

Top Contributors - Vanessa Rhule, Lucinda hampton, Evan Thomas, Rishika Babburu, WikiSysop and Kim Jackson  

• Chikungunya (CHIK-V) Fever 
  
  
  An acute febrile illness associated with polyarthralgias, caused by the infection of the arthropod-borne alpha-virus, Chikunguyna virus (CHIK-V).    
• The virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito
• The term Chikungunya is derived from the Makinde word meaning “that which bends up” 
• The first discovery of the CHIK-V was in 1952 in Tanzania, Africa with the first outbreak noted in 1999 in Malaysia affecting 27 people .
• The virus re-emerged in 2004 in countries of the Indian Ocean and has since then, spread to new locations leading to millions of cases throughout countries globally.

Aetiology

• 
  The Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus mosquitos are the main vectors of the virus.
• The human being becomes the reservoir of infection and transmitted from human to human via the infected mosquito.
• These mosquitos bite mainly in the daytime and are also known to transmit the dengue virus 

Risk Factors 

• There has been increased prevalence in densely populated, urbanized areas, since humans are the only reservoir of the virus.
• Poor living conditions and maintenance of peridomestic environment including pooling of water in water recipients or tyres and inappropriate waste disposal.These are all sources of Aedes mosquito species.
• Migration and Travelling; the Center for Disease Control estimated approximately 9 million people travel between the United States and the Caribbean each year, increasing the risk of transmission

Clinical Features 

• The incubation period for Chikunguyna fever is noted to be between 3-7 days starting with fevers greater than 38.9°C which can last up to 2 weeks and are biphasic in nature 
• Following the fever, majority of infected people develop severe polyarthralgias which are usually symmetric
• Pains are most commonly in the wrists, elbows, fingers, knees and ankles but are not limited to these.
• Pain and Joint swelling are often incapacitating and result in severe disabilities which can last for months.
• The development of a maculopapular rash is often associated See image.
• Additionally, the individual may experience cervical lymphadenopathy, headaches, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, conjunctivitis and myalgia.
• In the acute stage of infection, blood tests may reveal abnormalities such as leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypocalcemia and moderate increase in liver function test results
• Asymptomatic cases have also been reported                                                                     

Musculoskeletal Implications 

• In the chronic phase of the infection, individuals may experience musculoskeletal symptoms for several weeks to months
• Joint manifestations such as joint effusions, hygromas, bursitis and axial pain can be identified in areas with previously occurring injuries
• Carpal Tunnel syndrome and Raynaud phenomenon in chronic phase have been noted 
• Carpal or Cubital Tunnel syndromes are often a result of hypertrophic tenosynovitis of the anterior wrist

Other Complications

• Cardiac complications were also reported in a number persons infected with the chikunguyna virus resulting in cases of myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. In many cases, these conditions have been noted to resolve spontaneously 
• Chikungunya fever is rarely fatal however there are cases of death has been reported resulting from severe complications or by a weakened immune system

Diagnosis

• Chikungunya virus infection should be considered in patients with acute onset of fever and polyarthralgia
• Testing of the serum or plasma detects the virus, viral nucleic acid or virus-specific immunoglobulin and neutralizing antibodies
  

Differential Diagnosis

Chikungunya virus can present similarly to other illnesses because of its signs and symptoms of fever, joint pain, headache, rash, and nausea/vomiting.

• Dengue- Dengue is also a mosquito contracted illness when symptoms arise quickly (4-7 days) just like chikungunya virus. Dengue and chikungunya virus are often misdiagnosed. These two illness have similar sign and symptoms but typically dengue fever will present with enlarged lymph nodes, severe eye pain, mild bleeding of the nose and gums, and easily bruising which chikungunya does not. Also chikungunya virus the pain is more intense and specific in the joints than dengue.
• Zika Virus
• West Nile Virus- West Nile Virus is another mosquito transmitted disease just like chikungunya virus. Most people infected will not show any symptoms however the 20-30% who do will have a similar presentation. This includes headache, body ache, joint pain, vomiting, diarrhea, or rash. Additional laboratory testing can be completed to detect the WNV-specific IgM antibodies.
• Alphavirus infections (Mayaro Fever, Ross River, Barmah Forest, and Sindbis viruses)- These infections all have distinguishing symptoms of joint pain along with a rash. Also, these viruses and transmitted through mosquitoes. It is very important to look at all the signs and symptoms as well as duration.
• Malaria
• Group A Streptococcus- Group A Streptococcus is spread through contact of infected droplets from a person's cough or sneeze. This group includes necrotizing fasciitis, strep throat, and scarlet fever. Each of these have some similar symptoms to chikungunya virus but some are specific to each illness and the transmission is also different.
• Rubella- Rubella can be similar to chikungunya virus in the symptoms of rash and fever. Rubella symptoms only typically last 2-3 days where chikungunya virus is just a few days longer. Also the transmission of the diseases are different.
• Measles- One way to prevent getting measles is to get vaccinated especially if traveling around the world as it still common in many countries. Some symptoms that do not align with chikungunya is runny nose, watery eyes, and a cough.
• Enteroviruses- The group of enteroviruses can include the diseases epidemic pleurodynia, hand-foot-and mouth disease, herpangina, poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, and myopericarditis.
• Septic Arthritis
• Rheumatologic conditions- There are more than 100 different rheumatologic conditions each which are unique in their own presentation. Some common conditions include: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, ankylosing spondylitis, and sjogren’s syndrome. It is common to have joint pain, joint swelling, and possibly a fever with these conditions just like chikungunya virus.
• Leptospirosis

Treatment 

There is no specific antiviral therapy for CHIK-V however treatment is usually centered on symptom reduction.
Includes:

• Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to relieve pain and fever
• Rest
• Increased fluid in-take
• Paracetamol

Persistent joint pains may benefit from NSAIDs, Corticosteroids and Physical therapy.However, Aspirin should be avoided because of the increased risk of bleeding

Physical Therapy management

The main role of the physiotherapist is to provide supportive care.

Disability level is assessed using a standard disability index and plan of care is based on the patient's presentation.

Joint pain from CHIKV is said to respond to mild exercise. Stretches, passive and active exercises will also assist in the prevention or reduction of contractures and deformities

Global Health Issue

Map of local Transmission of Chikunguyna virus as of March, 2015  
The global expansion of the virus demonstrates the effortlessness with which the virus can spread and infect the human population. This will in effect directly reduce productivity and place a burden on the economy on a global level given the long period of illness.

Preventative Measures

• Vector control through spraying and fogging of chemical insecticides as well as removal of breeding sites on a community level will reduce the rate of infection and transmission
• Large mass media coverage, campaigns and educational literature have been put in place with aims to increase awareness on the disease and promote the physical elimination of mosquito breeding sites