Breast Feeding and Physiotherapy: Difference between revisions

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== Breast Milk ==
== Breast Milk ==
Breastmilk is the ideal food for infants. It is a live substance with unparalleled immunological and anti-inflammatory properties that protect against a host of illnesses and diseases for both mothers and children.<ref>Office of the Surgeon General. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52687/ The importance of breastfeeding.] The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding. US Department of Health and Human Services. <nowiki>https://www</nowiki>. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK52687. 2011.</ref> Breastmilk provides all the energy and nutrients that the infant needs for the first months of life, and it continues to provide up to half or more of a child’s nutritional needs during the second half of the first year, and up to one third during the second year of life. <ref name=":0" />
Breastmilk is the ideal food for infants as it is easily digested and efficiently used.. It is a live substance with unparalleled immunological and anti-inflammatory properties that protect against a host of illnesses and diseases for both mothers and children.<ref>Office of the Surgeon General. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52687/ The importance of breastfeeding.] The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding. US Department of Health and Human Services. <nowiki>https://www</nowiki>. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK52687. 2011.</ref> Breastmilk provides all the energy and nutrients that the infant needs for the first months of life, and it continues to provide up to half or more of a child’s nutritional needs during the second half of the first year, and up to one third during the second year of life. <ref name=":0" />


It include fat, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water  
It contain fat, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water.  Breast milk also contains bioactive factors that augment the infant's immature immune system, providing protection against infection, and other factors that help digestion and absorption of nutrients.<ref>World Health Organization. Infant and young child feeding: model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals. World Health Organization; 2009. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148970/#:~:text=The%20oxytocin%20reflex%20is%20also,to%20get%20the%20milk%20easily. The physiological basis of breastfeeding.]</ref>


== Reflexes in mother and hormonal control in milk production ==
== Reflexes in mother and hormonal control in milk production ==

Revision as of 06:53, 25 February 2022

Original Editor - Manisha Shrestha Top Contributors - Manisha Shrestha, Rosie Swift, Uchechukwu Chukwuemeka, Muskan Rastogi, Carina Therese Magtibay and Kim Jackson

Original Editor - User Name

Top Contributors - Manisha Shrestha, Rosie Swift, Uchechukwu Chukwuemeka, Muskan Rastogi, Carina Therese Magtibay and Kim Jackson  

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure child health and survival.[1]The importance of breast feeding has been well known in developing countries to decrease mortality and morbidity of infants. But it is equally essential in reducing conditions affecting later life of child such as overweight or obese, diabetes in developed countries and also reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancers in women who breast fed. [1]

Despite many benefits of breast feeding in both mother and baby, nearly 2 out of 3 infants are not exclusively breastfed for the recommended 6 months—a rate that has not improved in 2 decades. [1]It is due to the lack of proper awareness about breast feeding in mothers and her family hinders true informed decision making and other reasons such as improper mother and infant positioning and attachment during breastfeeding.[2][3]

Exclusive Breast Feeding[edit | edit source]

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the situation in which an infant receives only breast milk from his/her mother or a wet nurse for the first 6 months and no other solids or liquids with the exception of drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, minerals, supplements, or medicines.[4]

Globally, about 40% of infants were exclusively breastfed and this is expected to rise to 50% by 2025. Worldwide, only 39% of newborns were put to the breast within 1 h of birth, and only 37% of infants were exclusively breastfed. The prevalence of EBP is less in developing countries with 20% Sub-Saharan Africa, 41% in North Africa, 44% in Asia, and 30% in the Latin America.[4]

EBF is an important public health strategy for improving children’s and mother’s health by reducing child morbidity and mortality and helping to control healthcare costs in society.[5]The 2001 WHO EBF-6 recommendation was based on evidence gathered from a systematic review comparing EBF for 6 months to EBF for 3-4 months with continued BF for at least 6 months, examining the impact of these practices on child health, growth, and development, as well as on maternal health. [6]

There were concerns that EBP could result in iron deficiency, other micronutrient deficiencies and growth faltering in susceptible infants. These concerns were directed particularly at populations where maternal nutrition was poor. [7]The risk for iron deficiency in the first 6 months of life can be successfully mitigated by delayed umbilical-cord clamping.[6]

By the age of 6 months, a baby has usually at least doubled his or her birth weight, and is becoming more active. Exclusive breastfeeding is no longer sufficient to meet all energy and nutrient needs by itself, and complementary foods should be introduced to make up the difference. At about 6 months of age, an infant is also developmentally ready for other foods. The digestive system is mature enough to digest the starch, protein and fat in a non-milk diet. Very young infants push foods out with their tongue, but by between 6 and 9 months infants can receive and hold semi-solid food in their mouths more easily. Breastfeeding should continue with complementary feeding up to 2 years of age or beyond, and it should be on demand, as often as the child wants.[8]

Benefits of Breast Feeding[edit | edit source]

The benefits of breastfeeding in baby:

  • Strong mother-child relationship,
  • Lowers the incidence of many childhood illnesses, such as gastrointestinal infections, middle ear infections, pneumonia, sudden infant death syndrome, diabetes mellitus, malocclusion, and diarrhea[5]
  • Lower malnutrition[4]
  • Reduce overweight and obesity[1]
  • Supports healthy brain development and is associated with higher performance on intelligence tests among children and adolescents[5]


The benefits of breast feeding in mother:

  • Decrease the frequency of hemorrhage (postpartum hemorrhage), postpartum depression, breast cancer, ovarian and endometrial cancer
  • Facilitates weight loss
  • The lactation amenorrhea method is an important choice for postpartum family planning [5]


The benefits of breast feeding in family and society:

  • Reduce expenses (formula milk and later treatment cost, if not breastfed)
  • Sustainable environment following decrease in waste[9]
  • Reduce economic burden of the country for milk substitutes

Breast Milk[edit | edit source]

Breastmilk is the ideal food for infants as it is easily digested and efficiently used.. It is a live substance with unparalleled immunological and anti-inflammatory properties that protect against a host of illnesses and diseases for both mothers and children.[10] Breastmilk provides all the energy and nutrients that the infant needs for the first months of life, and it continues to provide up to half or more of a child’s nutritional needs during the second half of the first year, and up to one third during the second year of life. [1]

It contain fat, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. Breast milk also contains bioactive factors that augment the infant's immature immune system, providing protection against infection, and other factors that help digestion and absorption of nutrients.[11]

Reflexes in mother and hormonal control in milk production[edit | edit source]

Oxytocin reflex[edit | edit source]

Prolactin reflex[edit | edit source]

Reflexes in baby[edit | edit source]

Breast feeding and Physiotherapy[edit | edit source]

Prenatal classes can be used to help inform women about the health advantages of breastfeeding, both for babies and mothers, and instructors can explain to women the process and techniques they can use to breastfeed.[3]

breast feeding in workplace

Ergonomic intervention in mother during breast feeding

Resources[edit | edit source]

  • bulleted list
  • x

or

  1. numbered list
  2. x

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Breast feeding. World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/breastfeeding#tab=tab_1 lasted assessed: 25th Feb 2022
  2. ↑ Afshariani R, Kiani M, Zamanian Z. The influence of ergonomic breastfeeding training on some health parameters in infants and mothers: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Public Health. 2019 Dec;77(1):1-0.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Office of the Surgeon General. Breastfeeding from the Public Health Perspective.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Jama A, Gebreyesus H, Wubayehu T, Gebregyorgis T, Teweldemedhin M, Berhe T, Berhe N. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and its associated factors among children age 6-24 months in Burao district, Somaliland. International breastfeeding journal. 2020 Dec;15(1):1-8.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Dukuzumuremyi JP, Acheampong K, Abesig J, Luo J. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in East Africa: a systematic review. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2020 Dec;15(1):1-7.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Pérez-Escamilla R, Buccini GS, Segura-Pérez S, Piwoz E. Perspective: should exclusive breastfeeding still be recommended for 6 months?. Advances in Nutrition. 2019 Nov 1;10(6):931-43.
  7. ↑ Boland M. Exclusive breastfeeding should continue to six months. Paediatrics & child health. 2005 Mar 1;10(3):148-.
  8. ↑ World Health Organization. Infant and young child feeding: model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals. World Health Organization; 2009.
  9. ↑ Breast feeding for a healthier planet. The Lactation network. Available from: https://lactationnetwork.com/blog/environmental-benefits-breastfeeding/#:~:text=Breastfeeding%20reduces%20the%20release%20of%20methane.&text=According%20to%20the%20EPA%2C%20methane,more%20powerful%20over%2020%20years. lasted accessed: 25th Feb, 2022
  10. ↑ Office of the Surgeon General. The importance of breastfeeding. The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding. US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK52687. 2011.
  11. ↑ World Health Organization. Infant and young child feeding: model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals. World Health Organization; 2009. The physiological basis of breastfeeding.
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