Olecranon Fracture: Difference between revisions

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'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Andries Derycker|Andries Derycker]]
'''Original Editor''' - [[User:Andries Derycker|Andries Derycker]]  


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== Introduction ==
== Definition/Description ==
Olecranon fractures frequently occurs with elbow disorders. These fractures are regarded as one of the simplest articular lesions and its operative and physiotherapeutic treatment are straightforward. These fractures are mostly intra-articular and are generally associated with joint effusions and hematomas. Extra-articular fractures include avulsion fractures and are most commonly seen in the elderly.<ref name="Ryan">Donegan RP, Bell J. Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics: Olecranon Fractures. Elsevier, 2010. p.17 -23.</ref><ref name="Stan">Hoppenfeld S, Murthy VL. Treatment and Rehabilitation of Fractures. Lippincot, Williams & Wilkons, 2000.</ref><ref name=":5">Walters J, editor. Orthopaedics - A guide for practitioners. 4th Edition. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 2010.</ref>[[File:Elbow joint.png|thumb|415x415px]]
== Clinical relevant anatomy  ==
The [[Elbow|elbow joint]] are made up of the following joints:<ref name=":5" />
* Ulna-humeral joint:
** Function: Stability; elbow flexion/extention
* Radio-humeral joint
** Function: Lateral stability; forearm pronation/supination
* Proximal radio-ulnar joint
** Function: Forearm pronation/supination
 
Olecranon function:<ref name=":5" />
* Insertion point for triceps, thus plays important role in extensor mechanism of the elbow.<ref name="Medical">Meeusen R. Elleboogletsels in Sportrevalidatie. Kluwer, 2009. p.11-15,47.</ref>
* Major articulation for elbow joint
 
== Epidemiology/Etiology ==
 
=== Mechanism of injury ===
* '''Direct''':
** Fall on the forearm
*** The olecranon is forced into the distal humerus by hyper-extending the elbow on an outstretched hand
** Penetrating injuries affecting the articular surface (e.g. panga wounds)
 
* '''Indirect''': Through triceps contraction
** The contraction of the triceps avulses the olecranon and tears the distal triceps expansion
** Sportsmen (e,g. wrestlers and gymnasts) that generate a lot of isometric arm power (e.g. wrestlers and gymnasts) are at risk
<ref name="Ryan" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0">Lavigne G, Baratz M. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1531091404000439 Fractures of the olecranon.] Journal of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, 2004;4(2):94-102.</ref>
 
== Characteristics/Clinical presentation ==
 
=== Clinical presentation ===
Patients with a broken olecranon are unable to extend their arm.<ref name="Ryan" /><ref name=":0" />
 
=== Classification ===
The Mayo classification system of olecranon fractures are based on the displacement of the olecranon, comminution and elbow stability. There are 3 types of fractures, each with two subtypes.<ref name=":1">Hutchinson DT, Horwitz DS, Ha G, Thomas CW, Bachus KN. [https://journals.lww.com/jbjsjournal/subjects/Elbow/Abstract/2003/05000/Cyclic_Loading_of_Olecranon_Fracture_Fixation.10.aspx Cyclic loading of olecranon fracture fixation constructs.] Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2003;85(5):831-7.</ref><ref name=":2">Koslowsky TC, Mader K, Dargel J, Schadt R, Koebke J, Pennig D. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Konrad_Mader/publication/24359729_Olecranon_fracture_fixation_with_a_new_implant_Biomechanical_and_clinical_considerations/links/59e88d53a6fdccfe7f8e8a07/Olecranon-fracture-fixation-with-a-new-implant-Biomechanical-and Olecranon fracture fixation with a new implant: biomechanical and clinical considerations.] Injury, 2009;40(6):618-24.</ref><ref name=":3">Kozin SH, Berglund LJ, Cooney WP, Morrey BF, An KN. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1058274696800164 Biomechanical analysis of tension band fixation for olecranon fracture treatment.] Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery, 1996;5(6):442-8.</ref>
 
* '''Type I:'''  Non-comminuted and minimally comminuted fractures
* '''Type II''':  Displaced fracture with intact ulnar collateral ligaments
** Displaced vs non-displaced
** Stable fracture
 
* '''Type III''':  Fracture with disruption between the forearm and the humerus
** Displaced vs non-displaced
** Unstable as a result of the disruption of the medial collateral ligament
 
== Diagnostic procedures ==
 
=== Physical examination ===
* Subjective interview:
** Mechanism of injury: Direct blow to the elbow
** Complaints:
*** Pain over elbow
*** Inability to extend elbow
* Observation:
** Deformity:
*** Obvious around elbow
*** Forearm appears shorter
*** Distortion of bony landmarks of elbow
** Swelling
** Bruising
* Palpation:  
** Tender over tip of olecranon and proximal ulna
** Palpable gap at fracture site
* Range of motion: Limited elbow extension
* Neuromuscular examination of the hand to rule out concomitant
<ref name=":5" />
 
=== Special investigations ===
* [[X-Rays|X-rays]]: AP and lateral views<ref name=":5" />
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
|-
|[[File:Olecranon Fracture.jpg|center|thumb]]
|[[File:Olecranon Fracture X-Ray.jpg|center|thumb]]
|}
=== Outcome measures ===
* [[DASH Outcome Measure|Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH)]]
 
== Medical management ==
Management of olecranon fractures depends on displacement, comminution , and elbow stability. Primary elbow instability and fracture morphology are prognostic factors for elbow function and development of arthrosis after operative treatment. The aim of this management is to restore the extensor mechanism of the elbow, and reconstruct the articular surface.
 
* '''Type I''':  2 weeks immobilization and symptomatic treatment
** Risk of displacement as a result of triceps pull
* '''Type II + III''': Require surgical fixation.


Olecranon fractures are frequently occurring elbowdisorders. These fractures are regarded as one of the simplest articular lesions and its operative and physiotherapeutic treatment are straightforward. <br>Intraarticular fractures account for the majority of olecranon fractures and are generally associated with joint effusions and hematomas. Extraarticular fractures include avulsion fractures and are most commonly seen in the elderly.&nbsp;<ref name="Ryan">Article: Ryan P. Donegan, MD, and John-Erik Bell, MD – Olecranon Fractures – © Elsevier 2010: Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics: p. 17 -23</ref> <ref name="Stan">Book: Stanley Hoppenfeld, Vasantha L. Murthy – Treatment and Rehabilitation of Fractures</ref>
<ref name="Ryan" /><ref name="Stan" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">Rommens PM, Küchle R, Schneider RU, Reuter M. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020138303005254 Olecranon fractures in adults: factors influencing outcome.] Injury, 2004;35(11):1149-57.</ref> 


== Causes  ==
=== Surgical intervention ===
* '''Tension band wiring fixation''':
** Indication:  Non-comminuted transverse fractures involving less than half the articular olecranon surface
** Complications:
*** Loss of fixation
*** Non-union
*** Skin breakdown
*** Infection
*** [[Olecranon Bursitis|Olecranon bursitis]]
*** Radial head subluxation
*** Prominent hardware
[[File:Olecranon surgery.jpg|center|thumb]]
* '''Plate fixation''' (more stable):
** Indication:  Comminuted fractures
** Good outcomes with regards to union and the prevalence of hardware complications


The first main cause of olecranon fractures is when people fall on the forearm. The olecranon is, in such direct trauma, forced into the distal humerus. The great pressure on the olecranon is caused by a hyperextension of the elbow and an outstretched hand. <ref>Article: Gregory Lavigne, MD, and Mark Baratz, MD – Fractures of the Olecranon – © 2004 Journal of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand</ref><sup><br></sup>The second cause is the result from an indirect mechanism through triceps contraction. The triceps tendon is associated intimately with the periosteum overlying the olecranon. The contraction of this muscle avulses the olecranon and tears the distal triceps expansion. That’s the reason why sportsmen, e.g. wrestlers and gymnasts, that generate a lot of isometric arm power are a risk group. Patients with a broken olecranon are unable to extend their arm.<sup><ref name="Ryan" /> <ref name="Medical">Book: Medical Library VUB Jette. Prof. Dr. Meeusen – Elleboogletsels in Sportrevalidatie - © Kluwer: p. 11-15 + p. 47</ref><br></sup>
* '''Intramedullary screw fixation''':
** Indication:  Simple, non-comminuted transverse fractures:  Intramedullary screw fixation
** Improved pain, function, and range of motion when compared to tension band wiring


== Treatment  ==
* '''Olecranon exision and/or the triceps advancement-technique''':
** Indication:  Articular surface is too comminuted or osteoporotic for fixation (elderly/low-demand patients).
** To decrease the risk of instability, the following criteria also applies -  Intact:
*** Medial collateral ligament
*** Interosseous membrane
*** Distal radioulnar joint
*** Method:  The triceps tendon is reattached to the proximal edge of the articular surface.
<ref name="Ryan" /><ref name="Stan" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />


Management of olecranon fractures depends on displacement, comminution , and elbow stability. According to ‘the Mayo classification system of olecranon fractures’, also based on the displacement of the olecranon,comminution and elbow stability, there are 3 types of fractures, each with two subtypes. <br>The nondisplaced fractures (type I) should be cured with immobilization and symptomatic treatment. Type I fractures are classified in noncomminuted and minimally comminuted fractures. Immobilization is discontinued within 2 weeks and active motion without resistance is initiated. Type II- and III-fractures include a displacement with intact ulnar collateral ligaments (II) and respectively with a disruption in the relationship between the forearm and the humerus (III). <br>Type II and III fractures can both be subdivided in comminuted and noncomminuted fractures. The key difference between type II and type III is that type III is an unstable fracture in contrast with the stable type II fractures.This elbow instability is caused by the disruption of the medial collateral ligament which occurs with type III fractures. Types II and III require surgical fixation. There are several options for fixation:
=== Complications ===
Possible complications with olecranon fractures and surgery thereof, include:
* Permanent extension loss
* [[Heterotopic Ossification|Heterotophic ossification]]<ref name="Stan" />
* Non-union
* Malunion


*Tension band wiring for fixation of noncomminuted transverse fractures involving less than half the articular olecranon surface. A study has shown that after four months of following post-operative care, the evolution in mean range of motion was splendid: 15° flexion, 135° extension, 70° pronation and 79° supination. Complications of tension band wiring include loss of fixation, nonunion, skin breakdown, infection, [[Olecranon Bursitis|olecranon bursitis]], radial head subluxation, and prominent hardware.
== Physiotherapy management  ==
*Comminuted fractures need plate fixation because it’s a more stable fixation. Studies demonstrate that after a year excellent results can be reached: perfect union rate and no hardware complication by using this technique.
*Intramedullary screw fixation is similar to tension band wiring, and include simple, noncomminuted transverse fracture patterns. Studies demonstrated superior results to tension band wiring for pain, function, and range of motion. Biomechanical studies have been less optimistic because there can be loss of fixation. This loss could be the result of wrong proportions of the screw.
*When the articular surface is too comminuted or too osteoporotic for fixation (p.e. with elderly or low- demand patients), then it’ s better to use the ‘olecranon exision’- and/or the ‘triceps advancement’-technique . Otherwise bonereconstruction would be impossible. But the patient must fulfill certain conditions, particularly an intact medial collateral ligament, interosseous membrane and distal radioulnar joint before excision. Otherwise there will be a development of instability.The triceps tendon is reattached to the proximal edge of the articular surface. Outcomes of this technique are variable: e.g. a biomechanical study showed that there’s an increase of triceps strength


Generally, the migration of osteosynthesis can be the cause of ulnar nerve palsy, infection,… Functional difficulties in daily life were more than halved after metal removal. <br>Primary elbow instability and fracture morphology are prognostic factors for elbow function and development of arthrosis after operative treatment.<sup><ref name="Ryan" /> <ref name="Stan" />,</sup><ref>Article: P.M. Rommens, R. Küchle, R.U. Schneider, M. Reuter – Olecranon fractures in Adults: Factors Influencing Outcome – © Elsevier 2004: Injury, International Journal of the Care of the Injured: p. 1149-1157</ref>&nbsp;,<ref>Article: Douglas T. Hutchinson, MD, Daniel S. Horwitz, MD, Gregory Ha, MD, Cameron W. Thomas, BS, and Kent N. Bachus, PhD – Cyclic Loading of Olecranon Fracture Fixation Constructs – © 2003 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.: p.831-837</ref>&nbsp;,<ref>Article: Thomas C. Koslowsky, Konrad Mader, Jens Dargel, Ruediger Schadt, Juergen Koebke, Dietmar Pennig – Olecranon Fracure Fixation with a New Implant: Biomechanical and Clinical Considerations – © Elsevier 2009: Injury, International Journal of the Care of the Injured: p. 618-624 – RCT-score: A1</ref>&nbsp;,<ref>Article: Scott H. Kozin, MD, Lawrence J. Berglund, BS, William P. Cooney, MD, Bernard F. Morrey, MD, and Kai-Nan An, PhD, Rochester, Minn – Biomechanical Analysis of Tension Band Fixation for Olecranon Fracture Treatment – © 1996 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees</ref>
Precise post-operative care is very important for maximum healing. The functional goal of the physiotherapist is to restore and normalize activities of daily living. Rehabilitation and bone healing will take approximately 12 weeks:  


== Postoperative care   ==
=== Week 1 ===
Inflammation phase:
* A splint or cast is applied for fixation, in 60° [[elbow]] flexion to minimize tension on the skin
* Assess capillary refill, [[sensation]], active and passive range of motion of the digits, excessive swelling
* Commence active range of motion of the [[shoulder]], hand and digits (splint to be kept on)
* Oedema management
* After 3 to 4 days:
** Isometric exercises of the wrist
** Gentle active elbow flexion (without splint).
** Active range of motion of the wrist
** Teach patient functional adaptions, e.g. to use the uninvolved extremity for self-care activities
<ref name="Stan" /><ref name="Medical" />


Precise postoperative care is very important for maximum healing. The functional goal of the physiotherapist is to restore and normalize activities of daily living. Even then there may be some permanent loss of extension. Rehabilitation and bone healing will take approximately 12 weeks:
=== Week 2 ===
Reparative phase:  None to minimal stability in the elbow.
* Extension to the elbow < 90° is not permitted in a cast or splint
* Splint or cast removed in most cases
* Gentle isometric exercises of the biceps
* Isotonic exercises to the digits
<ref name="Stan" /><ref name="Medical" />


*'''Week 1''': Bone healing is in the inflammatory phase. The stability depends on the bone quality. A splint or cast is applied, for fixation, in 60° flexion to minimize tension on the skin. The physiotherapist has to check for capillary refill, sensation ,active and passive range of motion of the digits, excessive swelling.Active range of motion of the shoulder, the hand and the digits (with splint) may begin. The digits and hand may be edematous as a result of the fracture. After 3 to 4 days, isometric exercises to the wrist are started and gentle active elbow flexion and active range of motion of the wrist can begin (without splint). <br>The patient may use the uninvolved extremity for self-care activities.
=== Week 4-6 ===
*'''Week 2''': Bone healing is now in the reparative phase. There’s none to minimal stability in the elbow. Extension to the elbow less than 90° is not permitted in a cast or splint. <br>In most cases, the splint or cast is now definitive removed. The physiotherapist begins with gentle isometric exercises of the biceps and isotonic exercises to the digits.
Fracture now partially stable:
*'''Week 4-6''': The fracture is partially stable. Active and active-assistive range of motion to the shoulder, elbow, and wrist have to be continued. Passive range of motion at the elbow has to be avoided. Isometric exercises to the elbow and wrist in flexion and extension are now permitted. The patient uses the affected extremity for stability and light self-care.
* Active and active-assistive range of motion to the shoulder, elbow and wrist
*'''Week 8-12''': If the fracture is clinically and radiographically healed, the patient may progressively bear weight to begin resistive exercises to elbow flexors and extensors. The physiotherapist has to continue active and active-assistive range of motion to the elbow and wrist in all planes until satisfactory range is achieved. There may be some limitations in elbow extension. Gentle passive stretching may be necessary. A dynamic splint may be used for passive elbow stretch.
* Avoid passive range of motion at the elbow
* Isometric exercises to the elbow and wrist in flexion and extension
* Activities of daily living: Uses the affected extremity for stability and light self-care
<ref name="Stan" /><ref name="Medical" />


All physiotherapeutic exercises have to build up progressively. Patients who have undergone fracture excision with triceps advancement should start at the 12th week with resistive exercises. These exercises are very important to recount the biomechanical function in the elbow area.<ref name="Stan" /><ref name="Medical" /><sup><br></sup>
=== Week 8-12 ===
If fracture is clinically and radiographically healed:
* Progressively weight bearing through affected limb
* Resistive exercises to elbow flexors and extensors
* Active and active-assistive range of motion to the elbow and wrist in all planes (until satisfactory range is achieved)
* There may be some limitations in elbow extension:
** Gentle passive stretching may be necessary
** Dynamic splint may be used for passive elbow stretch
<ref name="Stan" /><ref name="Medical" />


== Long-term considerations and problems   ==
== Clinical bottom line   ==


Self-care activities rely more on elbow flexion than extension, so lack of terminal extension is usually not problematic. Heterotopic bone formation may significantly reduce elbow range of motion. Additional surgery to excise this bone may be necessary once it is mature.<ref name="Stan" /><div class="researchbox">
<div class="researchbox">  
Olecranon fractures are typically caused by a direct blow to the elbow, but an avulsion fracture can also be caused with excessive triceps contraction. Surgical management is the treatment of choice, with specific guidelines for physiotherapy going with it. Even with the best rehabilitation, permanent loss of some elbow extension is a common side-effect of this fracture.
</div>  
</div>  
== References  ==
== References  ==
Line 43: Line 178:
<references />
<references />


[[Category:Vrije Universiteit Brussel Project|Template:VUB]]
[[Category:Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel_Project]]
[[Category:Primary Contact]]
[[Category:Primary Contact]]
[[Category:Sports Medicine]]
[[Category:Sports Injuries]]
[[Category:Elbow]]
[[Category:Conditions]]
[[Category:Elbow - Conditions]]
[[Category:Fractures]]

Latest revision as of 14:35, 7 December 2023

Original Editor - Andries Derycker

Top Contributors - Derycker Andries, Marlies Verbruggen, Leana Louw, Admin, Rachael Lowe, Kim Jackson, Simisola Ajeyalemi, Claire Knott, Wanda van Niekerk, Lucinda hampton and WikiSysop

Definition/Description[edit | edit source]

Olecranon fractures frequently occurs with elbow disorders. These fractures are regarded as one of the simplest articular lesions and its operative and physiotherapeutic treatment are straightforward. These fractures are mostly intra-articular and are generally associated with joint effusions and hematomas. Extra-articular fractures include avulsion fractures and are most commonly seen in the elderly.[1][2][3]

Elbow joint.png

Clinical relevant anatomy[edit | edit source]

The elbow joint are made up of the following joints:[3]

  • Ulna-humeral joint:
    • Function: Stability; elbow flexion/extention
  • Radio-humeral joint
    • Function: Lateral stability; forearm pronation/supination
  • Proximal radio-ulnar joint
    • Function: Forearm pronation/supination

Olecranon function:[3]

  • Insertion point for triceps, thus plays important role in extensor mechanism of the elbow.[4]
  • Major articulation for elbow joint

Epidemiology/Etiology[edit | edit source]

Mechanism of injury[edit | edit source]

  • Direct:
    • Fall on the forearm
      • The olecranon is forced into the distal humerus by hyper-extending the elbow on an outstretched hand
    • Penetrating injuries affecting the articular surface (e.g. panga wounds)
  • Indirect: Through triceps contraction
    • The contraction of the triceps avulses the olecranon and tears the distal triceps expansion
    • Sportsmen (e,g. wrestlers and gymnasts) that generate a lot of isometric arm power (e.g. wrestlers and gymnasts) are at risk

[1][3][5]

Characteristics/Clinical presentation[edit | edit source]

Clinical presentation[edit | edit source]

Patients with a broken olecranon are unable to extend their arm.[1][5]

Classification[edit | edit source]

The Mayo classification system of olecranon fractures are based on the displacement of the olecranon, comminution and elbow stability. There are 3 types of fractures, each with two subtypes.[6][7][8]

  • Type I:  Non-comminuted and minimally comminuted fractures
  • Type II:  Displaced fracture with intact ulnar collateral ligaments
    • Displaced vs non-displaced
    • Stable fracture
  • Type III:  Fracture with disruption between the forearm and the humerus
    • Displaced vs non-displaced
    • Unstable as a result of the disruption of the medial collateral ligament

Diagnostic procedures[edit | edit source]

Physical examination[edit | edit source]

  • Subjective interview:
    • Mechanism of injury: Direct blow to the elbow
    • Complaints:
      • Pain over elbow
      • Inability to extend elbow
  • Observation:
    • Deformity:
      • Obvious around elbow
      • Forearm appears shorter
      • Distortion of bony landmarks of elbow
    • Swelling
    • Bruising
  • Palpation:
    • Tender over tip of olecranon and proximal ulna
    • Palpable gap at fracture site
  • Range of motion: Limited elbow extension
  • Neuromuscular examination of the hand to rule out concomitant

[3]

Special investigations[edit | edit source]

Olecranon Fracture.jpg
Olecranon Fracture X-Ray.jpg

Outcome measures[edit | edit source]

Medical management[edit | edit source]

Management of olecranon fractures depends on displacement, comminution , and elbow stability. Primary elbow instability and fracture morphology are prognostic factors for elbow function and development of arthrosis after operative treatment. The aim of this management is to restore the extensor mechanism of the elbow, and reconstruct the articular surface.

  • Type I: 2 weeks immobilization and symptomatic treatment
    • Risk of displacement as a result of triceps pull
  • Type II + III: Require surgical fixation.

[1][2][6][7][8][9] 

Surgical intervention[edit | edit source]

  • Tension band wiring fixation:
    • Indication:  Non-comminuted transverse fractures involving less than half the articular olecranon surface
    • Complications:
      • Loss of fixation
      • Non-union
      • Skin breakdown
      • Infection
      • Olecranon bursitis
      • Radial head subluxation
      • Prominent hardware
Olecranon surgery.jpg
  • Plate fixation (more stable):
    • Indication:  Comminuted fractures
    • Good outcomes with regards to union and the prevalence of hardware complications
  • Intramedullary screw fixation:
    • Indication:  Simple, non-comminuted transverse fractures:  Intramedullary screw fixation
    • Improved pain, function, and range of motion when compared to tension band wiring
  • Olecranon exision and/or the triceps advancement-technique:
    • Indication:  Articular surface is too comminuted or osteoporotic for fixation (elderly/low-demand patients).
    • To decrease the risk of instability, the following criteria also applies -  Intact:
      • Medial collateral ligament
      • Interosseous membrane
      • Distal radioulnar joint
      • Method:  The triceps tendon is reattached to the proximal edge of the articular surface.

[1][2][6][7][8][9]

Complications[edit | edit source]

Possible complications with olecranon fractures and surgery thereof, include:

Physiotherapy management[edit | edit source]

Precise post-operative care is very important for maximum healing. The functional goal of the physiotherapist is to restore and normalize activities of daily living. Rehabilitation and bone healing will take approximately 12 weeks:

Week 1[edit | edit source]

Inflammation phase:

  • A splint or cast is applied for fixation, in 60° elbow flexion to minimize tension on the skin
  • Assess capillary refill, sensation, active and passive range of motion of the digits, excessive swelling
  • Commence active range of motion of the shoulder, hand and digits (splint to be kept on)
  • Oedema management
  • After 3 to 4 days:
    • Isometric exercises of the wrist
    • Gentle active elbow flexion (without splint).
    • Active range of motion of the wrist
    • Teach patient functional adaptions, e.g. to use the uninvolved extremity for self-care activities

[2][4]

Week 2[edit | edit source]

Reparative phase: None to minimal stability in the elbow.

  • Extension to the elbow < 90° is not permitted in a cast or splint
  • Splint or cast removed in most cases
  • Gentle isometric exercises of the biceps
  • Isotonic exercises to the digits

[2][4]

Week 4-6[edit | edit source]

Fracture now partially stable:

  • Active and active-assistive range of motion to the shoulder, elbow and wrist
  • Avoid passive range of motion at the elbow
  • Isometric exercises to the elbow and wrist in flexion and extension
  • Activities of daily living: Uses the affected extremity for stability and light self-care

[2][4]

Week 8-12[edit | edit source]

If fracture is clinically and radiographically healed:

  • Progressively weight bearing through affected limb
  • Resistive exercises to elbow flexors and extensors
  • Active and active-assistive range of motion to the elbow and wrist in all planes (until satisfactory range is achieved)
  • There may be some limitations in elbow extension:
    • Gentle passive stretching may be necessary
    • Dynamic splint may be used for passive elbow stretch

[2][4]

Clinical bottom line[edit | edit source]

Olecranon fractures are typically caused by a direct blow to the elbow, but an avulsion fracture can also be caused with excessive triceps contraction. Surgical management is the treatment of choice, with specific guidelines for physiotherapy going with it. Even with the best rehabilitation, permanent loss of some elbow extension is a common side-effect of this fracture.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Donegan RP, Bell J. Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics: Olecranon Fractures. Elsevier, 2010. p.17 -23.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Hoppenfeld S, Murthy VL. Treatment and Rehabilitation of Fractures. Lippincot, Williams & Wilkons, 2000.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Walters J, editor. Orthopaedics - A guide for practitioners. 4th Edition. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 2010.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Meeusen R. Elleboogletsels in Sportrevalidatie. Kluwer, 2009. p.11-15,47.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lavigne G, Baratz M. Fractures of the olecranon. Journal of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, 2004;4(2):94-102.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hutchinson DT, Horwitz DS, Ha G, Thomas CW, Bachus KN. Cyclic loading of olecranon fracture fixation constructs. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2003;85(5):831-7.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Koslowsky TC, Mader K, Dargel J, Schadt R, Koebke J, Pennig D. Olecranon fracture fixation with a new implant: biomechanical and clinical considerations. Injury, 2009;40(6):618-24.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Kozin SH, Berglund LJ, Cooney WP, Morrey BF, An KN. Biomechanical analysis of tension band fixation for olecranon fracture treatment. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery, 1996;5(6):442-8.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rommens PM, Küchle R, Schneider RU, Reuter M. Olecranon fractures in adults: factors influencing outcome. Injury, 2004;35(11):1149-57.
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