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| [[Image:Atlanto-occipital joint anterior.png|thumb|Anterior Longintudinal Ligament - AP view ...":0">http://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/subject.php?pn=anatomy-ligaments-17</ref>

[[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone. ...with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury.

It is thicker and broader in the lumbar than in the thoracic region, it merges to thoracolumbar fascia.<ref name=":0" /> ...uscle. Between the spinous processes it is continuous with the interspinal ligaments.The middle fibers of the supraspinous ligament blend with the dorsal layer

...k articular capsule. This thin capsule is reinforced and strengthened by 3 ligaments: ...ons: a comprehensive review with application to approaches to the thoracic spine]. Cureus. 2016 Nov 11;8(11).</ref>

...eir corresponding [[Thoracic Vertebrae|thoracic vertebrae]], enclosing the thoracic cage from the posterior side.[[File:Gray312.png|Costovertebral articulation There are two types of [[Ligament|ligaments]]:

In the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] and thoracic regions it has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, but in the [[Lumb ...a serrated edge<ref>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/posterior-longitudinal-ligament</ref>.

...oney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stability-and-lumbopelvic-pain/9780443101786 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain 2nd Edition] . Ph ...ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous complex)<ref name=":0" />

...d intrinsic [[Back Muscles|back muscles]] of the thoracolumbar region. The thoracic nerves also supply some of the areas of skin over the abdomen and axilla. ...s://www.marylandbackandneckpaindoctors.com/symptoms-of-thoracic-spine-nerve-damage/ (accessed 7,2,2022)</ref>.

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> <div class="flex-row row">

...https://www.physioadvisor.com.au/health/anatomy/ligaments/ligaments-of-the-spine/ (accessed 29 March 2019). </ref> The ligaments are narrow and elongated in the thoracic region, broader, thicker, and quadrilateral in form in the lumbar region, a

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>:

...lateral facet joints transfer loads and guide and constrain motions in the spine due to their geometry and mechanical function<ref>Nicolas V. Jaumard, Willi ...superior facet of the inferior vertebra is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inferior facet o

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it ...023, July 12. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249036-overview]</ref>. Although some people experience no symptoms, others may fee

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|600x600px]] ...ge P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563667?dopt=Abstract Thoracic spine pain in the general population: prevalence, incidence and associated factor

...trachea)<ref name=":0">Lang, J., 1993. ''Clinical anatomy of the cervical spine''. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of ...Lee, S. and Kim, I., 2013. ''Surgical Anatomy and Techniques to the Spine E-Book''. Elsevier Health Sciences.</ref>

=== Joints and Ligaments of the Skull === Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" />

...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...e thoracic vertebrae are medium sized and heart shaped. They are all weight-bearing and generally increase in size from superiorly to inferiorly with an

...capula]. 2021 Available from: <nowiki>https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/arm-bones/scapula.html</nowiki>. (accessed August 16 2023).</ref>. The main part of the scapula, the body, consists of a somewhat triangular-shaped flat blade, with an inferiorly pointing apex, referred to as the infe

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

Span the whole length of the vertebral column, being most developed in the thoracic region. It consists of 2 part long and short rotatores. ...alis] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transversospinalis-muscle-group?lang=us<nowiki/>(accessed 30.1.2022)</ref>

...s injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> The SC Joint capsule is fairly strong but is dependent on the ligaments for the majority of its support.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...e review.] Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2020 Oct 1;24(4):423-31.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Wendy_Walker Wendy Walker] ...thoracolumbar fascia?Available: https://askinglot.com/what-is-thoracolumbar-fascia<nowiki/>(accessed 14.2.2022)</ref>

...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref> ...inal Nerves Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/spinal-nerves-anatomy-4682599<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical therapy. 2018 Jan 1;98(1):40-62.</ref>. ...ational Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2007 Jan 1;13(2):215-23.</ref>. This emphasizes the need for workplace interventions to reduce an

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...a good rehabilitation program incorporating stretches, strengthening and co-ordination and postural training. ...ion (whilst paddling) increases the demands on the structures of the upper spine and associated soft tissues.

....gov/pmc/articles/PMC8301671/ Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study]. Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</re ...o L, Angileri V, Morabito S, Cassata G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dog

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column.

...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems. ...n JF. [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/2/e053999 Prospective, population-based study of occupational movements and postures of the neck as risk facto

== Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue == # Age-associated alterations in matrix molecule cross-linking

...acic vertebrae and rib cage, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

[[File:Chris-benson-yx-iJFybOBQ-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]] ...ture (FHP) is a poor habitual neck posture. It often co-exists with [[Upper-Crossed Syndrome|Upper Crossed Syndrome]]

...ghout the spinal column to cushion the bones as the body moves. [[Ligament|Ligaments]] hold the vertebrae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s atta ...ertebrae and abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...workup, and solutions. Current sports medicine reports. 2006 Nov 1;5(6):289-92.</ref> * Running<ref>Morton DP, Aune T. Runner’s stitch and the thoracic spine. British journal of sports medicine. 2004 Apr 1;38(2):240-.</ref>

...ginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...ate neural circuits for many of our [[reflexes]]. Some reflexes eg the knee-jerk are built into the nervous system and bypass the brain, while others ca

...ebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal column. Thirty-one pairs of nerves are rooted to the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] an ...ral regions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as a group, produce a lordotic curve<ref name=":0

...ei=33D_Y-b6G8K1ywTR2b-ACw&scisig=AAGBfm0_NiE12NAJ6fxWp2LhTVd1yZ0_wA Canine Thoracic Costovertebral and Costotransverse Joints:] Three Case Reports of Dysfuncti ...rscapular pain], university of johannesburg, 2015 </ref> Together with the thoracic cage, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints provide stability.<ref

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...nal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-made device.<ref name=":0" />

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] This page introduces the Anatomy of Equine Spine and Head.

[[File:Normal-sacro-iliac-joints-ct.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ed Clinical Tests of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA ...pg|thumb|Figure 1. Thoracic kyphosis. ]][[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Increased thoracic kyphosis]] (see Figure 1)

...uxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in childre ...y. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015; 26(1); 109-132.

...man spine: 6 in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...idence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses may be affected: peripatellar ligaments, [[Achilles Tendon|Achilles tendon]] insertion, plantar fascia, [[Shoulder|

...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> === <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Vertebral Foramen</span> ===

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/facet-arthropathy-treatment-190440</ref> [[File:Facet Joints Anatomy.jpeg|thumb|200x200px]]