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...y fixed and rotating your lower extremity. It is a twisting motion of your lower trunk area. ...arms in the opposite direction.<ref>[http://morphopedics.wikidot.com/lumbar-rotation#:~:text=Lumbar%20rotation%20can%20be%20preformed,of%20your%20lower%

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 0-2 - Patient is in side lying ('gravity minimal' position)

[[File:Leg Lowering Test.gif|right|frameless]] ...ength Test] Available: https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/abdominal-strength.htm (accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>

...[[Gracilis|gracillis]]. These muscles primarily function to move the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's central axis. Additionally, the Pectineus mu ...clelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ (ac

...ngthen the [[Gluteal Muscles|gluteal]] and [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal]] muscles to avoid from the pain getting worse. <ref name=":0">Dydyk AM, Sapra A. Wil ...on exercises is an exercise technique that aims to correct posture, relax muscles, increase endurance, stretch and increase lordosis.<ref name=":0" />

...]] (ES) group (the intermediate layer of the intrinsic [[Back Muscles|back muscles]]). The ES is made of three subgroups, with the group divisions occurring b The erector spinae muscles, which spinalis belong to, are the most powerful extensors of the spine.<re

...muscles which predominantly act to flex the knee. Hamstrings consist of 3 muscles; ...InSeminars in musculoskeletal radiology 2010 Jun (Vol. 14, No. 02, pp. 131-161). © Thieme Medical Publishers.</ref>

[[File:250px-Iliostalis.png|thumb|400x400px|Iliocostalis]] ...ia Erector Spinae Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/erector-spinae-group?lang=us (accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>.

[[File:Superficial muscles of the knee posterior aspect Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the knee (posterior)]] == Muscles Involved ==

...finally resting with the leg in the horizontal position, aimed to improve leg and feet circulation. Finally, the patient lies flat with his leg rested in a horizontal position and covered with a warm blanket for about 5

...ome (greek: myo=muscle, tome = a section, volume) is defined as a group of muscles which is innervated by single spinal nerve root. Myotome testing is an ess ...ssessment (4th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 467–566. ISBN 978-1-4160-3109-3. </ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Leana_Louw Leana Louw] There are two bones in the lower leg - the [[tibia]] and fibula. The fibula plays a key role in muscle attachme

...//bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1660-8<nowiki/>(accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>. ...htm SLS] Available:https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/squat-single-leg.htm (accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>.

...achieve it. Below are generally accepted values for muscle length for some muscles as measured in degrees:<ref name=":0">Izraelski J. Assessment and treatment |Pectoralis Major - Sternal Portion Lower Fibres

...my and basic approach. Ultrasonography. 2017 Apr; 36(2):120. </ref>.[[File:Leg veins.png|thumb|375x375px]] ...vein: where does reflux go? Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2013 Jun; 12(2):123-8.

...is 1 of 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. The other muscles in the anterior compartment include: [[Tibialis Anterior|tibialis anterior] ...orium longus. Available from:https://www.anatomynext.com/extensor-digitorum-longus/ (24july 2019)</ref>

...A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535427/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Foot Peroneus Brevis Muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 May 19. St It is one of the three ankle everters known as the fibularis muscles (Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis and [[Peroneus Tertius|Fibularis Tertiu

...is often conducted using a stopwatch and a 50 cm-long metal beam with a non-slip surface. ...ight, body weight, gender, and test conditions. Perform an appropriate warm-up.

...ol of the lower limb are likely to result in altered positioning and weight-bearing in the foot. *[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Diabetic_Neuropathy Diabetic Neuropathy]

...view of its anatomy and pathology.] Skeletal radiology. 2019 Sep;48(9):1329-44.</ref> [[File:148px-Gray439-Musculus peroneus longus.png|frame]]

...nch which joins the [[Sural Nerve|sural]] nerve in the middle third of the leg. ...In addition it supplies the skin over the lateral lower two-thirds of the leg and the whole of the dorsum of the foot except for the area between the 1st

...nd deep peroneal nerves.] J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;65(5):798-9. </ref> ...medial and lateral. It provides motor and sensory innervation to the foot muscles.

..., Function & Anatomy | Body Maps www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/iliacus-muscle/male#1 (accessed 17 June 2018)</ref> === Anatomy<ref>Iliacus - UW Radiology https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/iliacus/ (accessed 18 june 2018)

...ese muscles are vital for allowing free movement of the spine.[[Image:250px-Iliostalis.png|Iliocostalis lumborum bottom R, iliocostalis dorsi at centre| ...sterior|serratus posterior inferior]] muscle. Iliocostalis lumborum is the lower (lumbar) portion of that muscle.

...C. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556144/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Gluteus Minimus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Apr 11. StatPea ...|350x350px|alt=|thumb|Gluteus minimus of right side: outline and attachment-areas.]]

== What Are Nocturnal Leg Cramps? == ...xisting prevalence data suggest that 37–50% of older adults have Nocturnal leg cramps (NLC) commonly occurring in the calf, hamstrings, or foot which are

...wellhealth.com)[https://www.verywellhealth.com/gastrocnemius-muscle-anatomy-4684083]</ref> ...ew image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gastrocnemius-muscle</ref>

...lis Posterior''' is located deep in the posterior compartment of the lower leg and situated between the [[Flexor Digitorum Longus|Flexor Digitorium Longus Proximal postero-lateral aspect of the tibia.

...Longus]]<ref name=":3">Chaurasia BD. [https://www.pdfdrive.com/bd-chaurasia-books.html Human Anatomy Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical.] Vol * India: 87-90%

...scopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2022 Apr 1;38(4):1189-92.</ref> [[File:Lower back pain.png|center|thumb|260x260px|Low Back Pain ]]

[[File:Kitera-dent-jWv1ILisuSc-unsplash.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ng] Available: https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/muscles-walking-exercise-1837.html<nowiki/>(accessed 21.12.2021)</ref>

...teal Muscles] Available: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteal-muscles<nowiki/>(accessed 11.1.2022)</ref>. Image 1: Rotating image of the anatomy of muscles of the gluteal region. The Maximus (yellow), medius (blue) and minimus (red

...aft: an ultrasound study. The Journal of hand surgery. 1991 Jul 1;16(4):708-11.</ref>. ...the gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus muscle in the middle third of the leg.

Semitendinosus is one of the three muscles that make up the [[hamstrings]] muscle group, and it is located at the post ...yle of the tibia and passes over the medial collateral ligament of the knee-joint, from which it is separated by a bursa, and is inserted into the upper

[[File:Hip flexors.png|alt=Hip muscles anterior aspect.|thumb|324x324px|Hip muscles anterior aspect.]] ...4.1.2022)</ref>. Every time you take a step, you are using your hip flexor muscles.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment|alt=]] ...2018 Oct 23.Available:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/hip-extensors (accessed 21.1.2022)</ref>.

Hemiplegia is paralysis of the muscles of the lower face, arm, and leg on one side of the body. In addition to motor problems other losses may occ ...Dr. V.S.Nandakumar<nowiki/>https://www.slideshare.net/danny14871/hemiplegia-43636165 ''(accessed 29 June 2018)''</ref>

...f the femur. |Adductor longus]]The adductor longus is one of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinicall This large fan-shaped muscle is situated most anteriorly of this group and covers the middl

...uis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref> [[Weight bearing|Weight-bearing]] is a primary function of the foot and ankle - each structure has a == Lower Leg Muscle Compartments ==

Lower limb amputation is one of the oldest known surgically performed procedures< ...nt on his way to the farm and had a comminuted tibia fracture of the right leg. He was taken to a primary health center within the village but due to lack

...ht bearing]] and stability of [[Gait|gait.]] An essential component of the lower [[Closed Chain Exercise|kinetic chain]]. ...hip]] and [[:Category:Knee - Muscles|knee]] that contribute to [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] and other propulsive movements.<ref name="Moore">Moore KL, A

...tilting in sagittal plane.] Physical therapy research. 2016 Dec 20;19(1):50-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5342962/ (la ...used to correct the alignment of the lumbar spine of patients with chronic lower back pain (LBP). A posture that reinforces lumbar lordosis was identified a

...s://www.sportsperformancebulletin.com/endurance-training/techniques/cycling-biomechanics/ (accessed 17.12.2021)</ref> ...2028 Available:https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/bicycle-market (accessed 17.12.2021)</ref>

...m (Latin: ''os ischii'') is a paired bone of the [[pelvis]] that forms the lower and back part of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone, as well as the posterior and # Body of the ischium - the portion that forms the posterior one-third of the acetabulum.

...uctor Longus]], [[Adductor Brevis]], [[Adductor Magnus]], and [[Gracilis]] muscles, which primarily function in hip adduction.. ...s muscle Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/pectineus-muscle-anatomy-5084562<nowiki/>(accessed 15.1.2022)</ref>

...nsor_hallucis_longus_muscle</ref> in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. It&nbsp;provides the only active extension force to the interphalangeal jo [[Image:Extensor-hallucis-longus.jpg|right|300x400px]]

* Freestyle gives a full body workout. It works the muscles in your arms, legs, [[Core Strengthening|core]] and back. ...and Their Benefits Available:https://allamericanswim.com/different-swimming-strokes (accessed 20.12.2021)</ref>.

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> ==== Muscles ====

*Long head: tibial division of the [[Sciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] (L5-S2)<ref name="Netter" /> ...flexes the [[knee]], extends [[Hip Anatomy|hip]], laterally rotates lower leg when knee slightly flexed, assists in lateral rotation of the thigh when hi

...when the bone at the knee joint is angled out and away from the body's mid-line. This deformity is defined as a valgus angle '''[[Q Angle|(Q angle)]]'' * The patello-femoral joint can be affected with lateral subluxation of the patella and tr