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...iginal Editors ''' - [[User:Sofie Van Cutsem|Sofie Van Cutsem]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...e joint]. British journal of sports medicine.1998; ''32''(1): 73-74. Level of evidence: 5</ref>

== Basic Structure of the Foot and Ankle == ...the lower leg and foot. The osseous components of the ankle joint include the distal [[tibia]], distal [[fibula]], and [[talus]].

...ted by congenital or acquired [[Foot Pain|foot]] deformities. If the cause of deformity is not treated, this could lead to impaired body statics. These f ...their foot, causing the shoe to become crooked and bend outwardly. This is the most common foot deformity.<ref name=":3" />

...al interventions—a systematic review and meta-analysis.] ''British Journal of Sports Medicine'', ''56''(9), pp.521-530.</ref> ...urface of the [[Femur|femur]], which are the main articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral joint.<ref name="p1">Medscape. Drugs and Diseases. Patellofe

...islocation occurs through the disruption of 2 separate bony articulations: the talonavicular and talocalcaneal joints.<ref>Horning J, DiPreta J. Subtalar ...associated fractures: Case report and review of literature.] World Journal of Orthopedics. 2015 Apr 18;6(3):374.</ref>.

...hammed Zia|Abdullah Mohammed Zia]]<nowiki/> as part of [[The University of Waterloo Clinical Biomechanics Project]] == '''Introduction to Knee Osteoarthritis''' ==

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Hardik Bhatt|Hardik Bhatt]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...[[flexor hallucis longus]]) which is mono-articular and does not influence the ankle joint.

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ...Perret D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941578/ Posterior knee pain.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):3-10.

...reasoning the various differential diagnoses and isolating the exact cause of symptoms. == Brief Anatomy of the [[Knee]] ==

...[https://physio-pedia.com/Anterior_Cruciate_Ligament_(ACL) ACL], comprised of two bundles:<ref>Logterman SL, Wydra FB, Frank RM. Posterior Cruciate Ligam # Anterolateral: tight when the knee is in flexion

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-sme ...a beautiful work of art."<ref name=":3">Green-Smerdon M. Basic Anatomy of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot course. Plus , 2022.</ref>

...direction. Maximum shear stresses act on the surface parallel to the plane of applied strength. ...uscle on the lumbar vertebrae also creates an increasing shear strength on the vertebrae.<ref>Tarun Goswami. Human musculoskeletal biomechanics / monograp

...hindlimb bones varies due to the significant variation in size for breeds of dogs.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:The canine pelvic limb - caudal view.jpeg|center|thumb|alt=|607x607px|The canine pelvic limb]]

...should be considered when tenderness is found over the posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle. ...ee joint from one point to another whereas the fabella redirects forces on the flexor side

...n of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> '''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':'''

...s, diagnose and manage an equine patient. To do this, a good understanding of equine anatomy is essential. Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...nd [[Movement Dysfunction|movement]], this can result in marked alteration of function.</div> ...altered connective tissue biology and a decrease in effective maintenance of tissue homeostasis<ref name=":1" />.

...foot and ankle anatomy is necessary for the proper diagnosis and treatment of injuries. ...s of the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot. Each part of the foot is composed of several bones.

...good understanding of the anatomy of the [[Neurone|nerves]] and vessels of the foot and ankle. [[Morton's Neuroma|Morton's neuroma]], Baxter neuropathy or ...bial Nerve|Tibial nerve]] originates at L5, S1 and S2 levels together with the common peroneal (fibular ) nerve.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Daniel Alcorn|Daniel Alcorn]] as part of the [[The Jackson Clinics Residency Project]] [[Image:Knee ligaments.png|right|251x251px|Knee Anatomy|frameless]]

...a comprehensive and systematic physical examination of the moving parts of the body. ...king, there are two patterns of range of motion used in the interpretation of joint motion:

...forms part of the PCL complex but current surgical procedures do not take the meniscofemoral ligament into account<ref name=":0" />. ...physical therapy. 2018 Aug;13(4):737.</ref> but they can also occur during knee hyperextension<ref name=":0" />. These injuries typically occur during mot

...tella]] is a meaningful clinical measure. Such a measure is referred to as the Quadriceps angle or Q angle. ...he [[patella]]) and a line from the center of the patella to the center of the tibial tubercle.

.../2/e6.full Propagation of stress fracture of the patella.] British journal of sports medicine 2005;39(2):e6.</ref><ref>Sweetnam R. [https://pmj.bmj.com/c ...with the aim to increase the moment arm of the quadriceps muscle and thus, knee extensive capacity. <ref name=":14" />

...rough an unrestricted, pain-free range of motion. It involves the capacity of these structures to stretch, lengthen, and contract without limitations, al ...t, including muscles, ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, and skin. A lack of stretching, especially when combined with activity, can lead to fatigue-ind

...69(2):183-191.</ref>. In fact, there is evidence to prove that the opinion of running causing osteoarthritis is not correct.<ref name=":0">Plack Leigh-An ...ce symptoms such as joint line tenderness, reduced [[Range of Motion|range of motion]], crepitus with movement, joint effusion, and/or joint space defor

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Lennert De Henau|Lennert De Henau]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...a disk) meniscus, also called the popping knee syndrome, is a variation on the normal meniscus.

...eres in limiting hip rotation: a cadaveric study. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2014 Sep 1;30(9):1085-91.</ref> ...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4544517/ Understanding the ligamentum teres of the hip: a histological study.] Acta Ortopédica Brasileira. 2015 Jan;23:29-33.

...bula]] [[bone]]<nowiki/>s. Together, the three borders (listed below) form the ankle mortise. ...alleolus (bony prominence on the lower fibula) forms the lateral border of the ankle joint

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!! If you would like to get involve ...be used in patient's with fixed platar flexion deformity to increased base of support and improve balance.

...rior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction|reconstructions]] as well as [[knee]] extensor, [[Ankle and Foot|ankle]] ligament, and [[shoulder]] and [[Hip A ...[[proprioception]] as well as encourage the ingrowth of native tissue into the synthetic ligament.

...compared to PF OA. However, PF OA contributes to a significant proportion of patients symptoms and functional impairments and should be addressed. [[Pat ...no specific diagnostic criteria to diagnose PF OA formally. A combination of clinical signs and symptoms as well as radiographic information from X-rays

...patient's disability in range of movement, stability and reducing the risk of documented complications.<ref name="one">Vidyadhara S, Tibial Plateau Fract <br>The fractures are classified according to the Schatzker classification system. It divides tibial plateau fractures into s

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. This page discusses the Maitland technique of mobilisation.

...ginal Editor''' - [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on course of [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...also to reduce the work of the body, the energy expenditure, in order for the body to move effortlessly, seamlessly as much as possible". ''Rina Pandya''

...c]] tubercle medially to ASIS laterally and forming the superior border of the femoral triangle. ...andmark, behind the external iliac artery continues as the femoral artery. The inguinal ligament has three extensions; lacunar, pectineal, and reflected p

...arthroscopic and physical findings in posterolateral rotatory instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc (2010) 18:123–129</ref> ...n G. Acute and chronic management of posterolateral corner injuries of the knee [corrected] [published erratum appears in ORTHOPEDICS 2008 Jul;31(7):725].

...commonly referred to as SIJ) is the joint connection between the spine and the pelvis. ...101(5):1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis]].

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Dorien Scheirs|Dorien Scheirs]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi [[Image:Knee ligaments.png|right|350px]]

'''Original Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [[Clubfoot Content Development Project|ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Devel ...anced Clubfoot Treatment Provider Courses - Participant Manual. University of Oxford: Africa Clubfoot Training Project, 2017.</ref>

...t E. The history of biomechanics in total hip arthroplasty. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2017 Aug;51(4):359-67.</ref> ...ip_Clinical_perspective Evolution of the Koch model of the biomechanics of the hip: a clinical perspective.] J Orthop Sci. 2002;7(6):724-30. </ref>

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Hele ...iotherapy management can aid in a faster recovery. A good understanding of the structures, functional anatomy, and etiologic factors in syndesmosis ankle

....&nbsp;<ref name="p6">Karandikar N, Vargas OO. Kinetic chains: a review of the concept and its clinical applications. PM and R. 2011 Aug 31;3(8):739-45.</ ...by movement at one joint produced or affected movement at another joint in the kinetic link. <ref name="p9">Ellenbecker TS, Davies GJ. Closed kinetic chai

.../ref>&nbsp;<ref>Lan Chen et al. Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: current treatment concepts, Current reviews in musculoskeletal Medicine, S [[File:Knee-joint.jpg|right|frameless]]

...nt; the totality of movement a joint is capable of doing. Range of motion of a [[Joint Classification|joint]] is gauged during passive ROM (assisted) '' ...s Range of Motion? Available:https://www.verywellhealth.com/overview-range-of-motion-2696650<nowiki/>(accessed 20.11.2022)</ref>

...): 799-804 (C)</ref> In most cases, flexion deformities occur bilaterally. The deformity is either temporary or permanent. ...MmasQiM|300}}<ref>OrthoMed Pain &amp; Sports Medicine. Flexion Contracture KNEE. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqifMmasQiM [last accessed

...pine in the lower back to the lower pelvis. Some of these fibers extend to the femur bone, or thighbone.<ref>Iliacus Muscle Origin, Function & Anatomy | B ..., lateral aspect of sacrum, ventral sacroiliac ligament, and lower portion of iliolumbar ligament

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-sme ...hese positions and the demands incurred, compensation can occur further up the kinetic chain, resulting in pain and injury.

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/claire-robertson// ...ely referrals are made when necessary. If there has been any trauma to the knee, it is necessary to make sure that all relevant investigations have been ca

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Alesha Walker|Alesha Walker]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...the windlass mechanism: a biomechanical link to clinical practice. Journal of athletic training. 2004 Jan 1;39(1):77.</ref>.