Hyperthyroidism: Difference between revisions

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== Definition/Description<br> ==
== Introduction ==
[[File:Thyroid and release.jpeg|thumb]]
The term "hyperthyroidism" defines a syndrome associated with excess thyroid [[Hormones|hormone]] production<ref name=":1">Mathew P, Rawla P, Fortes K. Hyperthyroidism (Nursing).Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537053/ (accessed 24.2.2022)</ref>. The [[Thyroid Gland|thyroid]] gland controls important metabolic processes such as growth and energy expenditure. In hyperthyroidism the thyroid gland is overactive. An [[Immune System|immune system]] abnormality called [[Graves' Disease|Graves' disease]] is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. People treated for hyperthyroidism normally end up with an underactive thyroid ie [[hypothyroidism]]<ref name=":0">Better health channel Available: Thyroid hyperactivity<nowiki/>https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hyperthyroidism<nowiki/>(accessed 24.2.2022)</ref>.


Hyperthyroidism, often referred to as thyrotoxicosis, is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland secretes excessive amounts of thyroxine (T4) and/or triiodothyronine (T3). T4 and T3 are thyroid hormones that are responsible for regulating a person’s basal metabolism and increasing metabolic activity and protein synthesis <ref name="Goodman and Fuller">Goodman C, Fuller K. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.</ref>. An excess amount of thyroid hormone leads to an increased metabolic rate, which affects almost every system in the body <ref name="Goodman and Snyder">Goodman C, Snyder T. Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for Referral. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.</ref>.  
== Epidemiology ==
The prevalence of hyperthyroidism differs according to the ethnic group, while in Europe, the frequency is affected by dietary intake of Iodine, and some cases are due to autoimmune disease.  


== Prevalence ==
* Subclinical hyperthyroidism occurs more in women older than 65 than in men
* Overt hyperthyroidism rates are 0.4 per 1000 women and 0.1 per 1000 men and vary with age.<ref name=":1" />
* Women between the ages of 20-40 are even more prone to developing this disease. <ref name="Goodman and Fuller">Goodman C, Fuller K. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.</ref>.


Hyperthyroidism is four times more prevalent in females. Women between the ages of 20-40 are even more prone to developing this disease. Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease,&nbsp;is the most common type of hyperthyroidism, comprising approximately 85% of cases <ref name="Goodman and Fuller">Goodman C, Fuller K. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.</ref>.
== Etiology ==
[[File:Causes of hyperthyroidism.png|thumb|Most common causes of hyperthyroidism by age in Denmark]]
The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is [[Graves' Disease|Grave’s disease]], which accounts for approximately 85 percent of cases. It is an autoimmune disease in which an antibody that works against the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor causes an increase in T4 production <ref name="aafp" /><ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />. Other causes of Hyperthyroidism include:
*Toxic multinodular goiter:&nbsp; Accounts for approximately 5% of cases in the U.S. It is much more common in countries where iodine deficiency is more prevalent. This condition usually occurs in people over age 40 that have had a goiter for an extended period of time.
*Toxic adenoma:&nbsp; This condition also occurs rarely in the U.S. It is common in the younger population in iodine-deficient countries.
*Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland
*Subacute thyroiditis often occurs following a viral illness. Symptoms usually resolve in eight months, and may occur repeatedly in some people.&nbsp;
*Tumors <ref name="aafp" />


== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation  ==
== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation  ==
[[File:Thyroid system.png|thumb|Thyroid system]]
People with hyperthyroidism may present with a variety of symptoms depending on the person’s age, the quantity of excess hormones, the period of time the person has been sick, and the presence of a comorbid condition <ref name="aafp">Reid J, Wheeler S. Hyperthyroidism: diagnosis and treatment. American Family Physician 2005 Aug 15; 72(4): 623. Available at http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0815/p623.html (accessed 24 Feb 2010).</ref>. Typical symptoms include: Accelerated heart rate or palpitations; Muscle weakness and trembling; Unexplained weight loss; Sensitivity to heat; Diarrhoea; Sleeping difficulties; Sweating; Irritability; Nervousness, agitation and anxiety<ref name=":0" />


People with hyperthyroidism may present with a variety of symptoms depending on the person’s age, the quantity of excess hormones, the period of time the person has been sick, and the presence of a comorbid condition <ref name="aafp">Reid J, Wheeler S. Hyperthyroidism: diagnosis and treatment. American Family Physician 2005 Aug 15; 72(4): 623. Available at http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0815/p623.html (accessed 24 Feb 2010).</ref>. It is often difficult to detect the disease in older adults because they do not present with many of the typical signs and symptoms. Instead, they will often appear to have other illnesses, such as heart disease, depression, or dementia. Older people also tend to act more apathetic than hyperactive, and are more likely to have cardiovascular problems <ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />. In addition to tachycardia, fatigue and weight loss which are commonly seen in adults over 70, people younger than age 50 will also typically display hyperactive reflexes, increased perspiration, heat intolerance, tremor, nervousness, polydipsia, weakness, increased appetite, dyspnea, and weight loss despite normal food intake <ref name="Goodman and Snyder" />. Women may also notice a change in their menstrual cycles <ref name="mayo">Mayo Clinic. Symptoms. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/graves-disease/DS00181/DSECTION=symptoms (accessed 24 Feb 2010).</ref>. Emotions can also become affected, causing a person’s moods to cycle between a euphoric state and acting hyperactive to feeling depressed and acting delusional <ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />.  
* Older Persons: It is often difficult to detect the disease in older adults because they do not present with many of the typical signs and symptoms. Instead, they will often appear to have other illnesses, such as heart disease, depression, or dementia. Older people also tend to act more apathetic than hyperactive, and are more likely to have cardiovascular problems <ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />.
* Under 70: In addition to tachycardia, fatigue and weight loss which are commonly seen in adults over 70, people younger than age 50 will also typically display hyperactive reflexes, increased perspiration, heat intolerance, tremor, nervousness, polydipsia, weakness, increased appetite, dyspnea, and weight loss despite normal food intake <ref>Goodman C, Snyder T. Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for Referral. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.</ref>.
* Women may also notice a change in their menstrual cycles <ref name="mayo">Mayo Clinic. Symptoms. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/graves-disease/DS00181/DSECTION=symptoms (accessed 24 Feb 2010).</ref>. Emotions can also become affected, causing a person’s moods to cycle between a euphoric state and acting hyperactive to feeling depressed and acting delusional <ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />.  


'''Graves' Disease'''
=== Graves' Disease ===
[[File:Proptosis and lid retraction from Graves' Disease.jpeg|thumb|Proptosis and lid retraction - Graves' Disease]]
In addition to the signs and symptoms previously mentioned, two key features of people with [[Graves' Disease|Graves’ disease]] are an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and exophthalmos which occurs in approximately 50% of people with the disease <ref name="aafp" />.  See link


In addition to the signs and symptoms previously mentioned, two key features of people with Graves’ disease are an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and exophthalmos which occurs in approximately 50% of people with the disease <ref name="aafp" />. Exophthalmos is an abnormal protrusion of the eyes which occurs as tissue and muscles behind the eye become inflamed causing the eyelids to retract <ref name="Goodman and Snyder" />. Graves’ dermopathy, also called pretibial myxedema,&nbsp;is a very rare condition that if seen nearly always occurs in patients who have severe Graves' ophthalmopathy.&nbsp; The condition appears as reddening and swelling of the skin,&nbsp;most commonly seen&nbsp;on the shins and the dorsum of the foot <ref name="mayo" /><ref name="merck">Merck Manual. Hyperthyroidism http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec12/ch152/ch152e.html</ref>.
=== Thyroid Storm ===
 
In a patient with untreated, incorrectly treated, or undiagnosed hyperthyroidism an acute episode of thyroid overactivity  may occur. This event is known as [[Thyroid Storm (Thyroid Crisis)|thyroid storm]], a rare complication of hyperthyroidism that is characterized by a high fever, tachycardia, dehydration, delirium, and extreme irritability <ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />.<br> See link.
[[Image:Wiki image 1.jpg|300x240px|Image:Wiki_image_1.jpg]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/2/438/F1 [[Image:Thyroiddermopathy.gif|308x248px|Thyroid dermopathy (localized myxedema) in five patients. A, Nonpitting edema form in pretibial area. B, Plaque form in pretibial area. C, Nodular form in ankle and foot. D, Elephantiasic form. E, Occurrence of thyroid dermopathy in scar tissue.]]]
 
&nbsp; <br><ref name="Medlineplus image">http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/17067.htm</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Graves' dermopathy&nbsp;in five patients. <ref name="dermopathy">http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/2/438#F1</ref>
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
'''Thyroid Storm'''
 
In a patient with untreated, incorrectly treated, or undiagnosed hyperthyroidism, a stressful situation, such as surgery, labor, MI, pulmonary embolism, or medication overdose may cause an acute episode of thyroid over activity to occur. This event is known as thyroid storm, a rare complication of hyperthyroidism that is characterized by a high fever, tachycardia, dehydration, delirium, and extreme irritability <ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />.<br>  
 
'''Muscuolskeletal manifestations'''
 
Chronic periarthritis and calcific tendinitis are also associated with hyperthyroidism. They both tend to occur in the shoulder, causing limitations in a person’s ROM, which may progress and lead to adhesive capsulitis. These conditions are both common in people who have endocrine disease. Once the underlying hyperthyroidism is treated, chronic periarthritis will usually resolve as well.
 
Approximately 70% of people with hyperthyroidism will develop weakness in the proximal muscles, such as the hips, which is accompanied by myopathy. Muscle strength generally returns after two months of treatment. Muscle atrophy will take a longer period of time to restore <ref name="Goodman and Snyder" />.  


== Associated Co-morbidities  ==
== Associated Co-morbidities  ==


*Congestive heart failure  
*[[Congestive Heart Failure|Congestive heart failure]]
*Coronary artery disease  
*[[Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)|Coronary artery disease]]
*Sjogren’s syndrome  
*[[Sjogren's Syndrome|Sjogren’s syndrome]]
*Rheumatoid arthritis  
*[[Rheumatoid Arthritis|Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*Psoriatic arthritis  
*[[Psoriatic Arthritis|Psoriatic arthritis]]
*Chronic periarthritis  
*Chronic periarthritis  
*Myasthenia gravis<ref name="Goodman and Fuller" /><br>
*[[Myasthenia Gravis|Myasthenia gravis]]<ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />
 
== Medications  ==
 
'''[http://www.drugs.com/condition/hyperthyroidism.html Antithyroid drugs: methimazole (Tapazole®) or propylthiouracil (PTU)]'''
 
<br>'''Beta blockers'''<br>Beta blockers such as propranolol are often used to treat the adrenergic symptoms of hyperthryoidism, such as tachycardia, palpitations, heat intolerance, and anxiety. Beta blockers are used as the first line of treatment before surgery, radioactive iodine, and antithyroid drugs. They are also used for short-term therapy in pregnancy. This medication should be used with caution in the elderly, patients with heart disease, COPD, or asthma. Calcium channel blockers can also be used to reduce the heart rate in patients who are unable to tolerate beta blockers.
 
<br>'''Iodides'''<br>Iodides block the conversion of T4 to T3 and inhibit thyroid hormone release. They are sometimes used before surgery or during pregnancy when other medications are ineffective or contraindicated. They are also used in conjunction with antithyroid drugs to treat amiodarone induced hyperthyroidism. Iodides are not used routinely to treat hyperthyroidism because of paradoxical increases in hormone release that can occur with prolonged use. Complications of iodides include they can interfere with the response to radioactive iodine and they may prolong the time it takes to reach a normal thyroid level with antithyroid drugs.<ref name="aafp" /><br><br>
 
== Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values  ==
 
The diagnostic workup begins with a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level test. Hyperthyroidism is normally associated with suppressed TSH, with the exception of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma. In mild hyperthyroidism T4 would be normal, but T3 would be elevated. When T3 is elevated it is known as toxicosis and almost always precedes Graves Disease. When test results are uncertain, measuring radioactive iodine uptake (RIU) can confirm the presence of hyperthyroidism and differentiate among causes of hyperthyroidism. RIU studies are elevated in Grave’s disease and nodular thyrotoxicosis but are very low in people whose hyperthyroidism is caused by thyroiditis. <ref name="Goodman and Fuller" /><ref name="aafp" />
 
<br>[[Image:Diagnosing hyperthryoidism.gif|Image:Diagnosing_hyperthryoidism.gif]]&nbsp;
 
Algorithm for diagnosing hyperthyroidism. (TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; T4= thyroxine; T3= triiodothyronine.)<ref name="aafp" />
 
== Causes  ==
 
The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is '''Grave’s disease''', which accounts for approximately 85 percent of cases. It is an autoimmune disease in which an antibody that works against the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor causes an increase in T4 production <ref name="aafp" /><ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />. Other causes of Hyperthyroidism include: <br>
 
*'''Toxic multinodular goiter:'''&nbsp; Accounts for approximately 5% of cases in the U.S. It is much more common in countries where iodine deficiency is more prevalent. This condition usually occurs in people over age 40 that have had a goiter for an extended period of time.
*'''Toxic adenoma:'''&nbsp; This condition also occurs rarely in the U.S. It is common in the younger population in iodine-deficient countries.
*'''Thyroiditis:'''
 
*'''Subacute thyroiditis '''often occurs following a viral illness. Symptoms usually resolve in eight months, and may occur repeatedly in some people.&nbsp;
*'''Lymphocyctic and Postpartum '''are both types of thyroiditis that last for a short duration of time. Postpartum thyroiditis occurs in around 5-10% of women in the first 3-6 weeks after delivery. It is common for a person to experience hypothyroidism briefly before the condition resolves.
 
*'''Treatment-induced:&nbsp;''' Iodine, Amiodarone, Thyroid hormone
*'''Tumors''' <ref name="aafp" />
 
== Systemic Involvement  ==
 
'''Sytemic Manifestations of Hyperthyroidism <ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />'''
 
{| width="100%" border="1"
|- bgcolor="#00cc99"
| '''Central Nervous System'''
| '''Cardiovascular'''
| '''Integumentary'''
| '''Ocular&nbsp;'''
| '''Gastrointestinal&nbsp;'''
| '''Genitourinary&nbsp;'''
|- valign="top"
|
• Tremor <br>• Irritable <br>• Labile emotions<br>• Muscle weakness and myopathy <br>• Increased DTR <br>• Increased motor&nbsp; activity <br>• Fatigue <br>
 
|
• Tachycardia <br>• Palpitations <br>• Repiratory muscle weakness<br>• Increased RR and HR <br>• Low blood pressure <br>• Heart failure <br><br>
 
|
• Chronic periarthritis <br>• Dilated capillaries<br>• Heat intolerance<br>• Brittle hair <br>• Onycholysis <br>•Pretibial myxedema <br>
 
|
• Exophthalmos <br>• light sensitivity <br>• vision loss <br>• weak extraocular muscles <br>
 
|
• Increased metabolism/weight loss<br>• Increased peristalsis <br>• Diarrhea <br>• Dysphagia <br>
 
|
• Polyuria <br>• Amenorrhea <br>• Female infertility <br>• Miscarriage <br>
 
|}
 
== Medical Management (current best evidence)  ==
 
The approach taken to treat hyperthyroidism depends on the cause of the disease, the severity of the patient’s symptoms, and the presence of other medical conditions. The three main treatments used are antithyroid medication, radioactive iodine, and surgery. Beta blockers and iodides may also be used as treatment adjuncts.&nbsp;
 
'''Antithyroid drugs: methimazole (Tapazole®) or propylthiouracil (PTU)<br>'''Antithyroid drugs work by blocking the thyroid gland’s ability to make new thyroid hormone. These drugs are the choice of therapy during pregnancy or breastfeeding, for children under the age of 12 years, for people with severe Graves’ disease, and as a pretreatment for older adults, cardiac patients, or patients with toxic nodular or multinodular goiter before radioactive iodine or surgery. About half of the people treated with antithyroid drugs have a later recurrence of hyperthyroid activity. Relapse is higher in smokers, patients with large goiters, and patients with positive thyroid-stimulating antibody levels at end of therapy. Major side effects include rheumatoid-like arthritis and agranulocytosis, which usually resolve after 10 days of discontinuing the drug. Minor side effects include rash, fever, gastrointestinal effects, and arthralgia. Liver damage is another very rare side effect.
 
'''Radioactive iodine'''<br>Another way to treat hyperthyroidism is to damage or destroy the thyroid cells that make thyroid hormone. Radioactive iodine (RAI) is recommended as the first-line therapy in anyone older than 18 y/o that is not pregnant. RAI has an 80% single dose cure rate. This high cure rate has led to approximately 70% of adults in the United States now given this form of treatment. Sometimes patients will remain hyperthyroid and a second radioiodine treatment is given. However, in most cases hypothyroidism develops within the first year after therapy. Eventually the thyroid will normalize with replacement therapy consisting of a thyroid hormone supplement taken once a day. Side effects of RAI include transient neck soreness, flushing, and decreased taste.
 
'''Surgery '''<br>Partial or subtotal thyroidectomy is an effective way to treat hyperthyroidism caused by Graves disease and single or multinodular thyrotoxicosis. It is also used when other treatment options fail or are contraindicated. Ideally, a small portion of the functioning thyroid gland is left to avoid permanent hormone replacement. Complications of surgery include damage to the parathyroid glands leading to hypocalcemia, and damage to the nerves that control your vocal cords causing your voice to become hoarse. <ref name="Goodman and Fuller" /><ref name="aafp" /><ref name="ATA">American Thyroid Association, Hyperthyroidism Brochure , 2005. http://www.thyroid.org/patients/brochures/Hyper_brochure.pdf (accessed 1 April 2010).</ref><br><br>
 
<br>
<div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">{{#ev:youtube|Ve_UqOqeeLI }}</div>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ve_UqOqeeLI</ref>
 
== Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)  ==
 
Preferred Practice Patterns:<ref name="Goodman and Fuller" /><br>
 
4C:&nbsp; Impaired muscle performance
 
4D:&nbsp; Impaired joint mobility, motor function, muscle performance, and ROM associated with connective tissue dysfunction
 
4E:&nbsp; Impaired joint mobility, motor function, muscle performance, and ROM associated with localized inflammation
 
6B:&nbsp; Impaired aerobic capacity/endurance assoiciated with deconditioning&nbsp;
 
<br>
 
'''When is a medial referral required?<ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />'''
 
*Anytime a therapist discovers unusual swelling or enlargement (with or without pain), tenderness, hoarseness,&nbsp;or dysphagia they should refer out.
*If your patient experiences fever, rash, arthralgia, or other side effects of antithyroid drugs, notify their physician because it may be possible to use another form of treatment.
 
'''What should I monitor during treatment session?<ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />'''
 
*Vital Signs: This is especially important if the patient is an older adult, has CAD or previous hx of heart disease, or presents with signs of dyspnea, fatigue, tachycardia, and/or arrhythmia.
*Watch for signs of hypoparathyroidism such as muscular twitching, tetany, numbness, and tingling around mouth, fingertips, or toes if patient is post thyroidectomy. Hypoparathryoidism may result 1-7 days after thyroidectomy if there are complications during the surgery resulting in unintentional removal of part of the parathyroid glands.
 
'''Safety Precautions for therapist<ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />'''<br>  


*When working with patients who have been given RAI, be aware their saliva is radioactive for 24 hours following their treatment. When working with these patients it is important to take the necessary precautions if the patient is coughing or expectorating.
== Etiology ==


'''Hyperthyroidism and Exercise <ref name="Goodman and Fuller" /><ref name="Goodman and Snyder" />'''
The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is [[Graves' Disease|Grave’s disease]], which accounts for approximately 85 percent of cases. It is an autoimmune disease in which an antibody that works against the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor causes an increase in T4 production <ref name="aafp" /><ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />. Other causes of Hyperthyroidism include: 


*Some patients with Graves’ disease suffer from heat intolerance, making exercising in a hot pool a contraindication to therapy. This patient would still be able to participate in aquatic therapy in a warm pool; given the patient’s body temperature is being monitored. Typically heat intolerance is associated with thyroid storm, and will normally not occur in clients attending therapy in outpatient settings.  
*Toxic multinodular goiter:&nbsp; Accounts for approximately 5% of cases in the U.S. It is much more common in countries where iodine deficiency is more prevalent. This condition usually occurs in people over age 40 that have had a goiter for an extended period of time.
*Hyperthyroidism is associated with exercise intolerance and reduced exercise capacity.
*Toxic adenoma:&nbsp; This condition also occurs rarely in the U.S. It is common in the younger population in iodine-deficient countries.
*Many patients with hyperthyroidism suffer from cardiopulmonary complications often leading to atrial fibriliation, CHF, and increased risk of a MI.  
*Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland
*70% of people with hyperthyroidism develop proximal muscle weakness as a result of treatment, most often affecting the pelvis and thigh muscles
*Subacute thyroiditis often occurs following a viral illness. Symptoms usually resolve in eight months, and may occur repeatedly in some people.&nbsp;
*Chronic periarthritis and calcific tendinitis are also associated with hyperthyroidism. They both tend to occur in the shoulder, causing limitations in a person’s ROM, which may progress and lead to adhesive capsulitis. Therapeutic interventions using ultrasound, joint mobilizations, stretching, and strengthening may be performed once the thyroid gland is regulated. Research suggest a 6 week treatment period using pulsed US for 15 minutes at 2.5 W/cm2 at a frequency of .89 MHz is associated with short term improvement in pain levels and quality of life in adults with calcific tendonitis.  
*Lymphocyctic and Postpartum are both types of thyroiditis that last for a short duration of time. Postpartum thyroiditis occurs in around 5-10% of women in the first 3-6 weeks after delivery. It is common for a person to experience hypothyroidism briefly before the condition resolves.
*Graves’ disease is associated with a low bone mineral density (BMD) and has also been shown to be a risk factor for hip fractures.[http://www.physio-pedia.com/images/f/fa/Osteoarticular_disorders_of_endocrine_origin.pdf <ref name="Lioté F">Lioté F, Orcel P. Osteoarticular disorders of endocrine origin. Baillière's Best Practice &amp;amp;amp;amp; Research. Clinical Rheumatology [serial on the Internet]. (2000, June), [cited April 18, 2010]; 14(2): 251-276. Available from: MEDLINE.</ref>] [http://www.physio-pedia.com/images/7/71/Subclinical_Hyperthyroidism_features_and_treatment.pdf <ref name="Aly">Aly N. Subclinical hyperthyroidism: features and treatment. Geriatric Medicine [serial on the Internet]. (2007, Nov), [cited April 18, 2010]; 37(11): 17. Available from: CINAHL with Full Text.</ref>]
*Treatment-induced:&nbsp; Iodine, Amiodarone, Thyroid hormone
*Tumors <ref name="aafp" />


== Alternative/Holistic Management (current best evidence)  ==
== Treatment ==
The treatment of HD has not changed substantially for many years and remains a choice between antithyroid drugs, radioiodine or surgery. However:


Several herbal medications are available for the treatment of thyroid disease, such as bugleweed, lemonbalm, and bladderwrack (a brown algae). It has been observed that herbal medications are generally more effective for treating hyperthyroidism, in particular Graves’ disease.&nbsp;There is no clear evidence of negative interactions with thyroid medications.  
* Antithyroid drug use can cause drug-induced embryopathy in pregnancy,
* Surgery can result in hypoparathyroidism or laryngeal nerve damage.


'''Bugleweed:'''<br>Historically bugleweed and other lycopus species, such as gypsywort and water horehound, were first used to treat conditions related to the heart and lungs. It has also been used to treat insomnia in chronic diseases, and for the treatment of exophthalmic goiter in people with Graves’ disease. Bugleweed has been studied for its effects on the thyroid since the 1950s in Germany. It has been shown to have many beneficial effects including the ability to inhibit stimulating antibodies from binding to thyroid cells in people with Graves’ disease, block thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) production, decrease peripheral T4 deiodinization, and may inhibit iodine metabolism. Although research indicates bugleweed has beneficial qualities, no human clinical trials have been documented to prove the efficacy of bugleweed for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. No adverse effects have been observed in people taking bugleweed, however it is not recommended for people with hypothyroidism or during pregnancy.  
Future studies should focus on improved drug management, and a number of important advances are on the horizon.


'''Lemonbalm'''<br>Lemonbalm is currently used in adjunct with bugleweed for its synergistic effects. Its use is based on pharmacologic studies. Similar to bugleweed, lemonbalm has been shown to inhibit binding of TSH to thyroid follicles, block peripheral deiodination of T4, and block the stimulating antibodies of Graves’ disease. Lemonbalm also has antiviral, antioxidant, nervine, and spasmolytic actions. There are no known contraindications of this herb.[http://www.physio-pedia.com/images/2/28/Botanical_Medicine_for_Thyroid_Regulation.pdf <ref name="Yarnell">Yarnell E, Abascal K. Botanical Medicine for Thyroid Regulation. Alternative &amp;amp;amp; Complementary Therapies [serial online]. June 2006;12(3):107-112. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 3, 2010</ref>]<br>
# Antithyroid drugs: These medications work to reduce the amount of hormone that the thyroid makes. This is one of the simplest approaches hyperthyroidism<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_2-3"></span>.
# Radioiodine therapy: involves taking radioactive iodine orally, either in capsule or liquid form. It targets the thyroid gland and destroys the cells that produce thyroid hormone. This means that most people who have radioiodine therapy go on to develop hypothyroidism. This is much easier to manage and does not cause as many long-term health issues as hyperthyroidism<ref>Physiopedia [[Graves' Disease|Graves]] Available: [[Graves' Disease|Graves Disease]] Accessed 24.2.2022)</ref>.


== Differential Diagnosis  ==
== Physical Therapy Management ==
[[File:Older adult exercise with tin can..jpg|thumb|Exercise]]
Hyperthyroidism has key elements that will cause a decreased tolerance to [[Physical Activity|physical activity]]. Therapists should be sensitive to patient complaints and symptoms to note an exacerbation if the patient is already diagnosed or be able to recognize symptoms in order to refer to a physician.


*Hyperparathyroidism
What Should I Monitor During Treatment Session?
*Myasthenia gravis
*[[Vital Signs|Vital Signs:]] This is especially important if the patient is an older adult, has CAD or previous hx of heart disease, or presents with signs of dyspnea, fatigue, tachycardia, and/or arrhythmia.
*Psychological disorders (anxiety, panic attacks, or mood disorders)
*Watch for signs of hypoparathyroidism such as muscular twitching, tetany, numbness, and tingling around mouth, fingertips, or toes if patient is post thyroidectomy. Hypoparathryoidism may result 1-7 days after thyroidectomy if there are complications during the surgery resulting in unintentional removal of part of the parathyroid glands.<ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />
*Thyroid Cancer
Safety Precautions for Therapist
*Atrial Fibrilation
*When working with patients who have been given RAI, be aware their saliva is radioactive for 24 hours following their treatment. When working with these patients it is important to take the necessary precautions if the patient is coughing or expectorating.<ref name="Goodman and Fuller" />
*Congestive Heart Failure <ref name="Goodman and Fuller" /><ref name="Goodman and Snyder" /><ref name="emedicine">Schraga, Erik. Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Storm, and Graves Disease: Differential Diagnoses &amp;amp; Workup. 3 June 2009. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767130-diagnosis. (accessed 11 April 2010).</ref><br><br>
[[File:Hydrotherapy Pool Exercises.jpg|thumb|Monitor for heat stress]]
Hyperthyroidism and Exercise
*Some patients with Graves’ disease suffer from heat intolerance, making exercising in a hot pool a contraindication to therapy. This patient would still be able to participate in aquatic therapy in a warm pool; given the patient’s body temperature is being monitored. Typically heat intolerance is associated with thyroid storm, and will normally not occur in clients attending therapy in outpatient settings.
*Hyperthyroidism is associated with exercise intolerance and reduced exercise capacity.
*Many patients with hyperthyroidism suffer from cardiopulmonary complications often leading to [[Atrial Fibrillation|atrial fibriliation]], [[Heart Failure|CHF,]] and increased risk of a [[Myocardial Infarction|MI]].
*70% of people with hyperthyroidism develop proximal muscle weakness as a result of treatment, most often affecting the pelvis and thigh muscles
*Graves’ disease is associated with a low bone mineral density (BMD) and has also been shown to be a risk factor for [[Femoral Neck Hip Fracture|hip fractures.]][http://www.physio-pedia.com/images/f/fa/Osteoarticular_disorders_of_endocrine_origin.pdf <ref name="Lioté F">Lioté F, Orcel P. Osteoarticular disorders of endocrine origin. Baillière's Best Practice &amp; Research. Clinical Rheumatology [serial on the Internet]. (2000, June), [cited April 18, 2010]; 14(2): 251-276. Available from: MEDLINE.</ref>][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Liot%C3%A9%20F-8|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[8]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Liot%C3%A9%20F-8|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[8]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Liot%C3%A9%20F-8|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[8]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Liot%C3%A9%20F-8|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[8]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Liot%C3%A9%20F-8|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[8]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Liot%C3%A9%20F-7|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[7]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Liot%C3%A9%20F-8|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[8]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Liot%C3%A9%20F-6|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[6]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Liot%C3%A9%20F-7|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[7]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[10]</span>]] [http://www.physio-pedia.com/images/7/71/Subclinical_Hyperthyroidism_features_and_treatment.pdf <ref name="Aly">Aly N. Subclinical hyperthyroidism: features and treatment. Geriatric Medicine [serial on the Internet]. (2007, Nov), [cited April 18, 2010]; 37(11): 17. Available from: CINAHL with Full Text.</ref>][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Aly-9|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[9]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Aly-9|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[9]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Aly-9|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[9]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Aly-9|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[9]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Aly-9|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[9]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Aly-8|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[8]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Aly-9|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[9]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Aly-7|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[7]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism#cite%20note-Aly-8|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[8]</span>]][[Hyperthyroidism|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[11]</span>]]


== Case Reports  ==
== Case Reports  ==
# [http://www.physio-pedia.com/images/9/93/Myositis_Associated_with_the_Decline_of_Thyroid_Hormone_Levels_in_Thyrotoxicosis.pdf '''Myositis Associated with the Decline of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thyrotoxicosis: A Syndrome?'''] <ref name="Duha">Duha S, Caroline S. K. Myositis Associated with the Decline of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thyrotoxicosis: A Syndrome?. Thyroid [serial on the Internet]. (2009, Dec), [cited April 18, 2010]; 19(12): 1413-1417. Available from: Academic Search Premier.</ref>  Case Report of a 24 y/o women&nbsp;with Graves’ disease who developed myalgias after a total thyroidectomy. The study concluded&nbsp;myositis after correction of thyrotoxicosis may constitute a syndrome that should be assessed for in<br>hyperthyroid patients complaining of myalgias after starting treatment.
# '''[http://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Abstract/2009/10000/Treatment_for_Graves__Disease_Poses_Risk_of_Liver.25.aspx Treatment for Graves' Disease Poses Risk of Liver Failure]<ref name="Aschenbrenner">Aschenbrenner D.. TREATMENT FOR GRAVES' DISEASE POSES RISK OF LIVER FAILURE. The American Journal of Nursing [serial online]. 2009;109:33. Available from: Research Library Core. Accessed March 28, 2010, Document ID: 1937632561.</ref>'''<br>The FDA has issued an alert regarding the risk of liver failure with the use of propylthiouracil, a popular antithyroid drug. The alert is based on 32 case reports of 22 adults and 10 children--12 of the adults died and five needed liver transplantation; one of the children died and six needed liver transplantation.Resources


1.) [http://www.physio-pedia.com/images/9/93/Myositis_Associated_with_the_Decline_of_Thyroid_Hormone_Levels_in_Thyrotoxicosis.pdf '''Myositis Associated with the Decline of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thyrotoxicosis: A Syndrome?'''] <ref name="Duha">Duha S, Caroline S. K. Myositis Associated with the Decline of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thyrotoxicosis: A Syndrome?. Thyroid [serial on the Internet]. (2009, Dec), [cited April 18, 2010]; 19(12): 1413-1417. Available from: Academic Search Premier.</ref>
== References ==
 
Case Report of a 24 y/o women&nbsp;with Graves’ disease who developed myalgias after a total thyroidectomy. The study concluded&nbsp;myositis after correction of thyrotoxicosis may constitute a syndrome that should be assessed for in<br>hyperthyroid patients complaining of myalgias after starting treatment.<br>
 
2.)&nbsp;'''[http://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Abstract/2009/10000/Treatment_for_Graves__Disease_Poses_Risk_of_Liver.25.aspx Treatment for Graves' Disease Poses Risk of Liver Failure]<ref name="Aschenbrenner">Aschenbrenner D.. TREATMENT FOR GRAVES' DISEASE POSES RISK OF LIVER FAILURE. The American Journal of Nursing [serial online]. 2009;109:33. Available from: Research Library Core. Accessed March 28, 2010, Document ID: 1937632561.</ref>'''<br>The FDA has issued an alert regarding the risk of liver failure with the use of propylthiouracil, a popular antithyroid drug. The alert is based on 32 case reports of 22 adults and 10 children--12 of the adults died and five needed liver transplantation; one of the children died and six needed liver transplantation.
 
3.)&nbsp;'''[http://search.ebscohost.com.libproxy.bellarmine.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=agr&AN=IND43876240&site=ehost-live Hyperthyroidism in anorexia nervosa: Case report and review of the literature] <ref name="AN">Birmingham C, Gutierrez E, Gritzner S. Hyperthyroidism in anorexia nervosa: Case report and review of the literature [electronic resource]. International journal of eating disorders [serial on the Internet]. (2006, Nov), [cited March 28, 2010]; 39(7): 619-620. Available from: Agricola.</ref>'''
 
Case report of&nbsp;a 42-year-old woman with a 27-year history of&nbsp;anorexia nervosa&nbsp;had involuntary weight gain after becoming hyperthyroid
 
== Resources <br>  ==
 
[http://www.ngdf.org/ National Graves Disease Foundation]
 
[http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=436 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]
 
[http://www.thyroid.org/patients/faqs/hyperthyroidism.html American Thyroid Association: Hyperthyroidism FAQ]
 
[http://www.aace.com/ American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist]
 
[http://www.aarda.org/ American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association]
 
== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
<div class="researchbox">
<rss>http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=1zWVHjJausiog6jtyDzXc__gUifvgDIKUpn785vDkkj8XY_Qb-|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</rss>
</div>
== References ==
 
<references />  
<references />  


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Latest revision as of 12:04, 19 December 2022

Original Editors - Dana Johnston from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.

Top Contributors - Dana Johnston, Lucinda hampton, Admin, Kim Jackson, WikiSysop, 127.0.0.1, Dave Pariser, Erin Shinkle, Wendy Walker and Elaine Lonnemann  

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Thyroid and release.jpeg

The term "hyperthyroidism" defines a syndrome associated with excess thyroid hormone production[1]. The thyroid gland controls important metabolic processes such as growth and energy expenditure. In hyperthyroidism the thyroid gland is overactive. An immune system abnormality called Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. People treated for hyperthyroidism normally end up with an underactive thyroid ie hypothyroidism[2].

Epidemiology[edit | edit source]

The prevalence of hyperthyroidism differs according to the ethnic group, while in Europe, the frequency is affected by dietary intake of Iodine, and some cases are due to autoimmune disease.

  • Subclinical hyperthyroidism occurs more in women older than 65 than in men
  • Overt hyperthyroidism rates are 0.4 per 1000 women and 0.1 per 1000 men and vary with age.[1]
  • Women between the ages of 20-40 are even more prone to developing this disease. [3].

Etiology[edit | edit source]

Most common causes of hyperthyroidism by age in Denmark

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Grave’s disease, which accounts for approximately 85 percent of cases. It is an autoimmune disease in which an antibody that works against the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor causes an increase in T4 production [4][3]. Other causes of Hyperthyroidism include:

  • Toxic multinodular goiter:  Accounts for approximately 5% of cases in the U.S. It is much more common in countries where iodine deficiency is more prevalent. This condition usually occurs in people over age 40 that have had a goiter for an extended period of time.
  • Toxic adenoma:  This condition also occurs rarely in the U.S. It is common in the younger population in iodine-deficient countries.
  • Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland
  • Subacute thyroiditis often occurs following a viral illness. Symptoms usually resolve in eight months, and may occur repeatedly in some people. 
  • Tumors [4]

Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]

Thyroid system

People with hyperthyroidism may present with a variety of symptoms depending on the person’s age, the quantity of excess hormones, the period of time the person has been sick, and the presence of a comorbid condition [4]. Typical symptoms include: Accelerated heart rate or palpitations; Muscle weakness and trembling; Unexplained weight loss; Sensitivity to heat; Diarrhoea; Sleeping difficulties; Sweating; Irritability; Nervousness, agitation and anxiety[2]

  • Older Persons: It is often difficult to detect the disease in older adults because they do not present with many of the typical signs and symptoms. Instead, they will often appear to have other illnesses, such as heart disease, depression, or dementia. Older people also tend to act more apathetic than hyperactive, and are more likely to have cardiovascular problems [3].
  • Under 70: In addition to tachycardia, fatigue and weight loss which are commonly seen in adults over 70, people younger than age 50 will also typically display hyperactive reflexes, increased perspiration, heat intolerance, tremor, nervousness, polydipsia, weakness, increased appetite, dyspnea, and weight loss despite normal food intake [5].
  • Women may also notice a change in their menstrual cycles [6]. Emotions can also become affected, causing a person’s moods to cycle between a euphoric state and acting hyperactive to feeling depressed and acting delusional [3].

Graves' Disease[edit | edit source]

Proptosis and lid retraction - Graves' Disease

In addition to the signs and symptoms previously mentioned, two key features of people with Graves’ disease are an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and exophthalmos which occurs in approximately 50% of people with the disease [4]. See link

Thyroid Storm[edit | edit source]

In a patient with untreated, incorrectly treated, or undiagnosed hyperthyroidism an acute episode of thyroid overactivity may occur. This event is known as thyroid storm, a rare complication of hyperthyroidism that is characterized by a high fever, tachycardia, dehydration, delirium, and extreme irritability [3].
See link.

Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]

Etiology[edit | edit source]

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Grave’s disease, which accounts for approximately 85 percent of cases. It is an autoimmune disease in which an antibody that works against the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor causes an increase in T4 production [4][3]. Other causes of Hyperthyroidism include:

  • Toxic multinodular goiter:  Accounts for approximately 5% of cases in the U.S. It is much more common in countries where iodine deficiency is more prevalent. This condition usually occurs in people over age 40 that have had a goiter for an extended period of time.
  • Toxic adenoma:  This condition also occurs rarely in the U.S. It is common in the younger population in iodine-deficient countries.
  • Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland
  • Subacute thyroiditis often occurs following a viral illness. Symptoms usually resolve in eight months, and may occur repeatedly in some people. 
  • Lymphocyctic and Postpartum are both types of thyroiditis that last for a short duration of time. Postpartum thyroiditis occurs in around 5-10% of women in the first 3-6 weeks after delivery. It is common for a person to experience hypothyroidism briefly before the condition resolves.
  • Treatment-induced:  Iodine, Amiodarone, Thyroid hormone
  • Tumors [4]

Treatment[edit | edit source]

The treatment of HD has not changed substantially for many years and remains a choice between antithyroid drugs, radioiodine or surgery. However:

  • Antithyroid drug use can cause drug-induced embryopathy in pregnancy,
  • Surgery can result in hypoparathyroidism or laryngeal nerve damage.

Future studies should focus on improved drug management, and a number of important advances are on the horizon.

  1. Antithyroid drugs: These medications work to reduce the amount of hormone that the thyroid makes. This is one of the simplest approaches hyperthyroidism.
  2. Radioiodine therapy: involves taking radioactive iodine orally, either in capsule or liquid form. It targets the thyroid gland and destroys the cells that produce thyroid hormone. This means that most people who have radioiodine therapy go on to develop hypothyroidism. This is much easier to manage and does not cause as many long-term health issues as hyperthyroidism[7].

Physical Therapy Management[edit | edit source]

Exercise

Hyperthyroidism has key elements that will cause a decreased tolerance to physical activity. Therapists should be sensitive to patient complaints and symptoms to note an exacerbation if the patient is already diagnosed or be able to recognize symptoms in order to refer to a physician.

What Should I Monitor During Treatment Session?

  • Vital Signs: This is especially important if the patient is an older adult, has CAD or previous hx of heart disease, or presents with signs of dyspnea, fatigue, tachycardia, and/or arrhythmia.
  • Watch for signs of hypoparathyroidism such as muscular twitching, tetany, numbness, and tingling around mouth, fingertips, or toes if patient is post thyroidectomy. Hypoparathryoidism may result 1-7 days after thyroidectomy if there are complications during the surgery resulting in unintentional removal of part of the parathyroid glands.[3]

Safety Precautions for Therapist

  • When working with patients who have been given RAI, be aware their saliva is radioactive for 24 hours following their treatment. When working with these patients it is important to take the necessary precautions if the patient is coughing or expectorating.[3]
Monitor for heat stress

Hyperthyroidism and Exercise

  • Some patients with Graves’ disease suffer from heat intolerance, making exercising in a hot pool a contraindication to therapy. This patient would still be able to participate in aquatic therapy in a warm pool; given the patient’s body temperature is being monitored. Typically heat intolerance is associated with thyroid storm, and will normally not occur in clients attending therapy in outpatient settings.
  • Hyperthyroidism is associated with exercise intolerance and reduced exercise capacity.
  • Many patients with hyperthyroidism suffer from cardiopulmonary complications often leading to atrial fibriliation, CHF, and increased risk of a MI.
  • 70% of people with hyperthyroidism develop proximal muscle weakness as a result of treatment, most often affecting the pelvis and thigh muscles
  • Graves’ disease is associated with a low bone mineral density (BMD) and has also been shown to be a risk factor for hip fractures.[8][8][8][8][8][8][7][8][6][7][10] [9][9][9][9][9][9][8][9][7][8][11]

Case Reports[edit | edit source]

  1. Myositis Associated with the Decline of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thyrotoxicosis: A Syndrome? [10] Case Report of a 24 y/o women with Graves’ disease who developed myalgias after a total thyroidectomy. The study concluded myositis after correction of thyrotoxicosis may constitute a syndrome that should be assessed for in
    hyperthyroid patients complaining of myalgias after starting treatment.
  2. Treatment for Graves' Disease Poses Risk of Liver Failure[11]
    The FDA has issued an alert regarding the risk of liver failure with the use of propylthiouracil, a popular antithyroid drug. The alert is based on 32 case reports of 22 adults and 10 children--12 of the adults died and five needed liver transplantation; one of the children died and six needed liver transplantation.Resources

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mathew P, Rawla P, Fortes K. Hyperthyroidism (Nursing).Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537053/ (accessed 24.2.2022)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Better health channel Available: Thyroid hyperactivityhttps://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hyperthyroidism(accessed 24.2.2022)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Goodman C, Fuller K. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Reid J, Wheeler S. Hyperthyroidism: diagnosis and treatment. American Family Physician 2005 Aug 15; 72(4): 623. Available at http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0815/p623.html (accessed 24 Feb 2010).
  5. ↑ Goodman C, Snyder T. Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for Referral. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.
  6. ↑ Mayo Clinic. Symptoms. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/graves-disease/DS00181/DSECTION=symptoms (accessed 24 Feb 2010).
  7. ↑ Physiopedia Graves Available: Graves Disease Accessed 24.2.2022)
  8. ↑ Lioté F, Orcel P. Osteoarticular disorders of endocrine origin. Baillière's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology [serial on the Internet]. (2000, June), [cited April 18, 2010]; 14(2): 251-276. Available from: MEDLINE.
  9. ↑ Aly N. Subclinical hyperthyroidism: features and treatment. Geriatric Medicine [serial on the Internet]. (2007, Nov), [cited April 18, 2010]; 37(11): 17. Available from: CINAHL with Full Text.
  10. ↑ Duha S, Caroline S. K. Myositis Associated with the Decline of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thyrotoxicosis: A Syndrome?. Thyroid [serial on the Internet]. (2009, Dec), [cited April 18, 2010]; 19(12): 1413-1417. Available from: Academic Search Premier.
  11. ↑ Aschenbrenner D.. TREATMENT FOR GRAVES' DISEASE POSES RISK OF LIVER FAILURE. The American Journal of Nursing [serial online]. 2009;109:33. Available from: Research Library Core. Accessed March 28, 2010, Document ID: 1937632561.
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