Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus Muscle: Difference between revisions

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<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:User Name|Jenny Lim]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}</div>
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[[File:148px-Gray439-Musculus peroneus longus.png|frame]]
'''Original Editor '''- [[User:User Name|Jenny Lim]]  
 
'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}</div>


== Description  ==
== Description  ==
The '''fibularis longus''' (also known as peroneus longus) lies superficially at the lateral part of the lower leg. It is one of the three fibularis muscles.  
The Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus muscle, along with the [[Peroneus Brevis|Fibularis Brevis]] muscle make up the lateral compartment of the lower leg. The Fibularis Longus lies superficial to the Fibularis Brevis and is the largest of the Fibularis muscles.<ref name=":1">Lezak B, Summers S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546650/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle]. August 2020</ref> The Fibularis Longus extends down the lateral compartment of the lower limb where at the midpoint it tapers in to a long tendon that descends in to the foot.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Hallinan JT, Wang W, Pathria MN, Smitaman E, Huang BK. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6h93r9j0 The peroneus longus muscle and tendon: a review of its anatomy and pathology.] Skeletal radiology. 2019 Sep;48(9):1329-44.</ref>
{{#ev:youtube|v_0TSoPzd3A|500}} <ref> nabil ebraheim. Anatomy Of The Peroneus Longus Muscle - Everything You Need To Know - Dr. Nabil Ebraheim. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_0TSoPzd3A [last accessed 17/6/18] </ref>


=== Origin ===
[[File:148px-Gray439-Musculus peroneus longus.png|frame]]
Upper part of lateral surface of shaft of fibula


=== Insertion  ===
== Anatomy ==
First metatarsal, medial cuneiform
==== Origin ====
* Lateral condyle of [[tibia]]
* Head and proximal two-thirds of the lateral surface of [[fibula]]
* Intermuscular septa
* Adjacent deep fascia<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinial oriented anatomy. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2010.</ref><ref>Peroneus Longus and Brevis. In: Kendall FP, McCreary EK, Provance PG. Muscle Testing and Function, 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1993. p.203.</ref>
[[File:Peroneo_largo.jpg|thumb|281x281px]]


=== Nerve ===
==== Insertion  ====
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
While traveling distally, the peroneus longus tendon turns at the retromalleolar region and in the [[Cuboid|cuboid tunnel]]. In the retro-malleolar groove, the tendon is secured in place, along with the peroneus brevis tendon, by the superior peroneal retinaculum<ref name=":2" />.
* Lateral base of [[Metatarsals|first metatarsal]]
*[[Cuneiforms|Medial cuneiform]] bone<ref name=":0" />


=== Artery ===
==== Nerve ====
Fibular (peroneal) artery
Superficial [[Common Peroneal Nerve|Peroneal (Fibular) nerve]] - L5, S1, S2.<ref name=":1" />


== Function ==
==== Artery ====
[[File:Peroneo_largo.jpg|left|frame]]
Anterior Tibial and Peroneal (Fibular) arteries.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
The fibularis longus everts and plantarflexes the foot.  


==== Function ====
* Eversion the [[Ankle and Foot|ankle and foot]] 
* Assists in [[Ankle Joint|ankle]] plantar flexion 
* In weight-bearing position depresses head of first metatarsal due to the strong pull on its insertion 
* Maintains the [[Arches of the Foot|transverse arch]] of the foot as a result of how it crosses the sole of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]].
* Steadies the leg on the foot in single leg stance by drawing on the lateral leg, and stops it from collapsing medially.<ref name=":0" />
{{#ev:youtube|v_0TSoPzd3A|500}} <ref>Ebraheim N. Anatomy Of The Peroneus Longus Muscle - Everything You Need To Know - Dr. Nabil Ebraheim. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_0TSoPzd3A (accessed 17/06/2018). </ref>


== Clinical relevance  ==
Peroneal tendon injuries are most commonly present in patients that are young, active, and in those who participate in sports such as football, soccer, and running. Injury to the peroneus longus tendon can cause lateral ankle pain and may lead to ankle instability.<ref name=":1" /> The retromalleolar turn and cuboid tunnel turns are common injury sites<ref name=":2" />.
[[File:Peroneus-longus-tendon-rupture-associated-with-an-os-peroneum.png|thumb|312x312px|Radiograph of Fibularis Longus Tendon Rupture with Os Peroneum<ref>Case courtesy of Dr Andrew Dixon, Radiopaedia.org, [https://radiopaedia.org/cases/peroneus-longus-tendon-rupture-associated-with-an-os-peroneum?lang=us rID: 30218]</ref>|alt=]]
The fibularis longus muscle is susceptible to several pathologies, including:
* [[Peroneal Tendinopathy|Peroneal tendinopathy]]
* [[Peroneal Tendon Subluxation]] or instability
* Weakness: 
** Lessens the ability to stand on the toes
** Decreases the lateral stability of the ankle
** Allows a varus position of the foot
* Contracture/shortening:  Results into an everted or valgus [[Foot Anatomy|foot]].
* Fibularis longus muscles and tendon tears: Tears most commonly longitudinal due to subluxation over the fibula, however can also present as transverse.<ref name=":1" />
* Fibular avulsion fractures as a result of peroneus longus tendon tearing
* Painful os peroneum syndrome<ref>Hallinan JT, Wang W, Pathria MN, Smitaman E, Huang BK. [https://escholarship.org/content/qt6h93r9j0/qt6h93r9j0.pdf The peroneus longus muscle and tendon: a review of its anatomy and pathology.] Skeletal radiology. 2019 Sep;48(9):1329-44.</ref>
* [[Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Leg|Compartment Syndrome]]<ref name=":1" />
* Muscle herniation through the overlying fascia may appear as a mass over the lateral calf<ref name=":2" />
** Best assessed through dynamic ultrasound and muscle contraction


== Clinical relevance  ==
[[Peroneal Tendinopathy]]
[[Peroneal tendon subluxation]]


== Assessment  ==
== Assessment  ==
[[Peroneus longus and brevis tests]]
A physical exam should be performed to assess the range of motion and motor strength of the ankle. Weakened or absent motor strength with plantar flexion and eversion could indicate muscle or nerve damage to the peroneus longus and/or peroneus brevis muscles. Pain may be present during palpation of the tendon proximal and posterior to the lateral malleolus.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Peroneus longus and brevis tests|Fibularis longus and brevis tests]]


== Treatment  ==
== Treatment  ==
Most patient who present with a Fibularis Longus injury are treated conservatively:<ref name=":2" />
* Rest
* Ice
* Compression
* Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs)
* Activity Modification
* Physiotherapy:
** Strengthening
** Stretching
** Manual techniques such as massage, specific soft tissue mobilizations and myofascial release
** [[Dry Needling]]
{| width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"  
{| width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"  
|-
|-
|{{#ev:youtube|3Xpwd5gTzXw|400}} <ref>ReBalance Physiotherapy. Day -69: Peroneal Strengthening. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Xpwd5gTzXw [last accessed: 17/6/18]</ref>  
|{{#ev:youtube|3Xpwd5gTzXw|400}} <ref>ReBalance Physiotherapy. Day -69: Peroneal Strengthening. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Xpwd5gTzXw (accessed 17/06/2018).</ref>  
|{{#ev:youtube|ON0s8OFXfOs|400}} <ref>Tim Trevail. Dry Needling: Peroneus Longus & Brevis. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ON0s8OFXfOs [last accessed: 17/6/18]</ref>  
|{{#ev:youtube|ON0s8OFXfOs|400}} <ref>Trevail T. Dry Needling: Peroneus Longus & Brevis. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ON0s8OFXfOs (accessed 17/06/2018).</ref>  
|}
|}


== Resources ==
 
If conservative treatment fails or a patient presents with a peroneal tendon tear, surgical treatment may be required. Surgical techniques may include tendon debridement and/or tenosynovectomy for tendinitis.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> If a peroneal tendon tear is present, surgical treatment may include an end to end repair, side-to-side anastomosis or Pulvertaft weave (chronic tears), tendon transfer, or an allograft reconstruction.<ref name=":1" />
 
== References ==


<references />
<references />


[[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Muscles]]
[[Category:Anatomy]]  
[[Category:Muscles]]
[[Category:Ankle - Muscles]]

Latest revision as of 13:53, 29 January 2024

Original Editor - Jenny Lim

Top Contributors - Jenny Lim, Beverly Klinger, Vidya Acharya, Patti Cavaleri, Kim Jackson, Leana Louw and Oyemi Sillo

Description[edit | edit source]

The Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus muscle, along with the Fibularis Brevis muscle make up the lateral compartment of the lower leg. The Fibularis Longus lies superficial to the Fibularis Brevis and is the largest of the Fibularis muscles.[1] The Fibularis Longus extends down the lateral compartment of the lower limb where at the midpoint it tapers in to a long tendon that descends in to the foot.[1][2]

148px-Gray439-Musculus peroneus longus.png

Anatomy[edit | edit source]

Origin[edit | edit source]

  • Lateral condyle of tibia
  • Head and proximal two-thirds of the lateral surface of fibula
  • Intermuscular septa
  • Adjacent deep fascia[3][4]
Peroneo largo.jpg

Insertion[edit | edit source]

While traveling distally, the peroneus longus tendon turns at the retromalleolar region and in the cuboid tunnel. In the retro-malleolar groove, the tendon is secured in place, along with the peroneus brevis tendon, by the superior peroneal retinaculum[2].

Nerve[edit | edit source]

Superficial Peroneal (Fibular) nerve - L5, S1, S2.[1]

Artery[edit | edit source]

Anterior Tibial and Peroneal (Fibular) arteries.[1][3]

Function[edit | edit source]

  • Eversion the ankle and foot
  • Assists in ankle plantar flexion
  • In weight-bearing position depresses head of first metatarsal due to the strong pull on its insertion
  • Maintains the transverse arch of the foot as a result of how it crosses the sole of the foot.
  • Steadies the leg on the foot in single leg stance by drawing on the lateral leg, and stops it from collapsing medially.[3]

[5]

Clinical relevance[edit | edit source]

Peroneal tendon injuries are most commonly present in patients that are young, active, and in those who participate in sports such as football, soccer, and running. Injury to the peroneus longus tendon can cause lateral ankle pain and may lead to ankle instability.[1] The retromalleolar turn and cuboid tunnel turns are common injury sites[2].

Radiograph of Fibularis Longus Tendon Rupture with Os Peroneum[6]

The fibularis longus muscle is susceptible to several pathologies, including:

  • Peroneal tendinopathy
  • Peroneal Tendon Subluxation or instability
  • Weakness:
    • Lessens the ability to stand on the toes
    • Decreases the lateral stability of the ankle
    • Allows a varus position of the foot
  • Contracture/shortening: Results into an everted or valgus foot.
  • Fibularis longus muscles and tendon tears: Tears most commonly longitudinal due to subluxation over the fibula, however can also present as transverse.[1]
  • Fibular avulsion fractures as a result of peroneus longus tendon tearing
  • Painful os peroneum syndrome[7]
  • Compartment Syndrome[1]
  • Muscle herniation through the overlying fascia may appear as a mass over the lateral calf[2]
    • Best assessed through dynamic ultrasound and muscle contraction


Assessment[edit | edit source]

A physical exam should be performed to assess the range of motion and motor strength of the ankle. Weakened or absent motor strength with plantar flexion and eversion could indicate muscle or nerve damage to the peroneus longus and/or peroneus brevis muscles. Pain may be present during palpation of the tendon proximal and posterior to the lateral malleolus.[1]

Treatment[edit | edit source]

Most patient who present with a Fibularis Longus injury are treated conservatively:[2]

  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Compression
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs)
  • Activity Modification
  • Physiotherapy:
    • Strengthening
    • Stretching
    • Manual techniques such as massage, specific soft tissue mobilizations and myofascial release
    • Dry Needling
[8]
[9]


If conservative treatment fails or a patient presents with a peroneal tendon tear, surgical treatment may be required. Surgical techniques may include tendon debridement and/or tenosynovectomy for tendinitis.[1][2] If a peroneal tendon tear is present, surgical treatment may include an end to end repair, side-to-side anastomosis or Pulvertaft weave (chronic tears), tendon transfer, or an allograft reconstruction.[1]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Lezak B, Summers S. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle. August 2020
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Hallinan JT, Wang W, Pathria MN, Smitaman E, Huang BK. The peroneus longus muscle and tendon: a review of its anatomy and pathology. Skeletal radiology. 2019 Sep;48(9):1329-44.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinial oriented anatomy. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2010.
  4. ↑ Peroneus Longus and Brevis. In: Kendall FP, McCreary EK, Provance PG. Muscle Testing and Function, 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1993. p.203.
  5. ↑ Ebraheim N. Anatomy Of The Peroneus Longus Muscle - Everything You Need To Know - Dr. Nabil Ebraheim. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_0TSoPzd3A (accessed 17/06/2018).
  6. ↑ Case courtesy of Dr Andrew Dixon, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 30218
  7. ↑ Hallinan JT, Wang W, Pathria MN, Smitaman E, Huang BK. The peroneus longus muscle and tendon: a review of its anatomy and pathology. Skeletal radiology. 2019 Sep;48(9):1329-44.
  8. ↑ ReBalance Physiotherapy. Day -69: Peroneal Strengthening. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Xpwd5gTzXw (accessed 17/06/2018).
  9. ↑ Trevail T. Dry Needling: Peroneus Longus & Brevis. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ON0s8OFXfOs (accessed 17/06/2018).
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