Romberg Test: Difference between revisions

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'''Original Editor '''­ - [[User:Bart Moreels|Bart Moreels]] <br><br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
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== Purpose<br> ==
Keywords: Romberg test, Romberg, Sharpened Romberg<br>Databases: PubMed, web of knowledge


== &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>[[Purpose]] ==
The Romberg test is used to demonstrate the effects of posterior column disease upon human upright postural control. Posterior column disease contains a selectively damage by tabes dorsalis neurosyphilis. Physiotherapists use the Romberg test for testing [[Proprioception|proprioception ]] influences.


The Romberg test is used test to demonstrate the effect of posterior column disease upon human upright posture control. Posterior column disease contains a selectively damage by tabes dorsalis neurosyphilis. Physiotherapists use the Romberg test for testing[[Proprioception|proprioception influences]].<br>The Romberg test has been used with little changes for the clinical assessment of patients with disequilibrium or [[Ataxia|ataxia]] from sensory and motor disorders. <br>A patient who has a problem with proprioception can still maintain balance by using vestibular function and vision. In the Romberg test, the patient is stood up and asked to close his eyes. A loss of balance is interpreted as a positive Romberg sign.  
The Romberg test has been used with little changes for the clinical assessment of patients with disequilibrium or ataxia from sensory and motor disorders.


== <br>[[Epidemiologie /Etiology]]  ==
A patient who has a problem with proprioception can still maintain balance by using vestibular function and vision. In the Romberg test, the patient is stood up and asked to close his eyes. A loss of balance is interpreted as a positive Romberg sign.


The Romberg test was first described in 1846 and was originally described for [[Tabes dorsalis|tabes dorsalis]]. Before we can use the Romberg test , it is necessary to test other aspects of the balance when we have to deal with people with ataxia or disequilibrium. Often proprioception influences are not the first problems these people are facing. Sometimes it is more simple. It is obvious we have to make sure that we don’t use the Romberg test before other aspects are tested. If we execute the test, it is possible that we make the wrong conclusion and that the test is false positive. [0,2]
== Epidemiology/Etiology<br>  ==


== &nbsp;[[Technique]]  ==
The Romberg test was first described in 1846 and was originally described for tabes dorsalis. Before we can use the Romberg test, it is necessary to test other aspects of the balance when we have to deal with people with ataxia or disequilibrium. Often proprioception influences are not the first problems these people are facing. Sometimes it is more simple. It is obvious we have to make sure that we don’t use the Romberg test before other aspects are tested. If we execute the test, it is possible that we make the wrong conclusion and that the test is false positive<ref name="Goebel">Goebel JA. Practical management of the dizzy patient. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Wilkins, 2008.</ref><ref name="Black">Black FO, et al. Normal subject postural sway during the Romberg test. Am J Otolaryngol. 1982 Sep-Oct;3(5):309-18.</ref>.


*'''The normal Romberg test'''
== Technique<br>  ==


The test is performed as follow. The patient has to remove his shoes and stand with his two feet together ([[Picture 1]]). The arms are held next&nbsp; to the body or crossed in front of the body. It is easier to hold the arms extended. The clinician first observes with eyes open and subsequently with eyes closed. The patient tries to maintain his balance. It is essential that the observer stands close to the patient to prevent the potential injury if the patient falls. Note that it is also important when patients close their eyes, they can’t orientate themselves by light, sense or sound, this could influence the test result and cause a false positive result. The only way to score a Romberg test is to count the seconds a patient can stand with the eyes closed. In literature there are no other options for scoring a Romberg test found. To make the Romberg test a little more difficult, the observer has the possibility to disturb the balance of the tested person. In that way is more difficult to maintain balance. An important issue for the observer is that they do not exaggerate. A Romberg test can also be used as follow-up for people with balance and/or proprioception deficits by comparing several tests with each other. When we notice a patient is able to stand for longer periods of time with the eyes closed, this patient’s balance and proprioception deficits are decreased. [0,1,2,7]
=== The normal Romberg test ===


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>There are three sensory systems provide input to the cerebellum to maintain truncal stability when our eyes are open. These are [[Vision|vision]], [[Proprioception|proprioception]], and [[Vestibular sense|vestibular sense]]. Only two of the tree systems are needed to maintain balance. When visual input is removed and instability can be brought out. If there is a more severe proprioceptive or vestibular lesion, or if there is a midline cerebellar lesion causing truncal instability, the patient will be unable to maintain this position, even when their eyes are open. Note that instability can also be seen with lesions in other parts of the nervous system such as the upper or lower motor neurons or the basal ganglia. [6,10]<br>Legend of picture 1: [http://www.pacificu.edu/optometry/ce/courses/15840/neuroexampg3.cfm http://www.pacificu.edu/optometry/ce/courses/15840/neuroexampg3.cfm] Figure 1  
The test is performed as follows. The patient has to remove his shoes and stand with his two feet together ([[Picture 1]]). The arms are held next to the body or crossed in front of the body. It is easier to hold the arms extended. The clinician first observes with eyes open and subsequently with eyes closed. The patient tries to maintain his balance. It is essential that the observer stands close to the patient to prevent the potential injury if the patient falls. Note that it is also important when patients close their eyes, they can’t orientate themselves by light, sense or sound, this could influence the test result and cause a false positive result. The only way to score a Romberg test is to count the seconds a patient can stand with the eyes closed. In literature there are no other options for scoring a Romberg test found. To make the Romberg test a little more difficult, the observer has the possibility to disturb the balance of the tested person. In that way is more difficult to maintain balance. An important issue for the observer is that they do not exaggerate. A Romberg test can also be used as follow-up for people with balance and/or proprioception deficits by comparing several tests with each other. When we notice a patient is able to stand for longer periods of time with the eyes closed, this patient’s balance and proprioception deficits are decreased<ref name="Goebel" /><ref name="Johnson">Johnson BG, et al. The sharpened Romberg test for assessing ataxia in mild acute mountain sickness. Wilderness Environ Med. 2005 Summer;16(2):62-6.</ref><ref name="Black" /><ref name="Brinkman">Brinkman DMC, et al. Kwantificering en evaluatie van 5 neurologische evenwichtstests bij proefpersonen en patiënten. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1996;140:2176-80.</ref>.
 
<br>There are three sensory systems provide input to the cerebellum to maintain truncal stability when our eyes are open. These are vision, [[Proprioception|proprioception]], and vestibular sense. Only two of the tree systems are needed to maintain balance. When visual input is removed and instability can be brought out. If there is a more severe proprioceptive or vestibular lesion, or if there is a midline cerebellar lesion causing truncal instability, the patient will be unable to maintain this position, even when their eyes are open. Note that instability can also be seen with lesions in other parts of the nervous system such as the upper or lower motor neurons or the basal ganglia<ref name="Blumenfeld">Blumenfeld, H. Neuroexam.com - Romberg test. www.neuroexam.com/neuroexam/content.php?p=37 (accessed 31 Dec 2013).</ref><ref name="Zelczak">Zelczak TA. Neurologic examination. www.pacificu.edu/optometry/ce/courses/15840/neuroexampg3.cfm (accessed 31 Dec 2013).</ref>.<br>Legend of picture 1: [http://www.pacificu.edu/optometry/ce/courses/15840/neuroexampg3.cfm http://www.pacificu.edu/optometry/ce/courses/15840/neuroexampg3.cfm] Figure 1  


<span id="1358974803209S" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>Obviously the Romberg test is positive when the tested person is not able to maintain balance with their eyes closed. Losing balance can be determined by an increased body sway, placing one foot in the direction of the fall or even falling.  
<span id="1358974803209S" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>Obviously the Romberg test is positive when the tested person is not able to maintain balance with their eyes closed. Losing balance can be determined by an increased body sway, placing one foot in the direction of the fall or even falling.  
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<br>  


*'''The sharpened or tandem Romberg test'''
=== The sharpened or tandem Romberg test ===


The sharpened or tandem Romberg test is a variation of the original test. The implementation is mostly the same. For this second test, the patient has to place his feet in heel-to-toe position, with one foot directly in front of the other, like we sit on a tandem ([[Picture 2]]). Same routine as with the normal Romberg test&nbsp;:we execute the test first with eyes open and then with eyes closed. The patient crosses his arms over his chest, and the open palm of the hand lies on the opposite shoulder. The person also divides his weight over both his feet and holds his chin parallel with the floor. [1,2]<br>Some persons with obesities, and also older persons may not be able to stand in this position for more than 10 seconds. For these persons the Romberg test doesn’t show much about problems with proprioception or the [[Vestibulo spinal|vestibulospinal system]]. [0]<br>
The sharpened or tandem Romberg test is a variation of the original test. The implementation is mostly the same. For this second test, the patient has to place his feet in heel-to-toe position, with one foot directly in front of the other, like we sit on a tandem ([[Picture 2]]). Same routine as with the normal Romberg test: we execute the test first with eyes open and then with eyes closed. The patient crosses his arms over his chest, and the open palm of the hand lies on the opposite shoulder. The person also divides his weight over both his feet and holds his chin parallel with the floor<ref name="Johnson" /><ref name="Black" />. <br>Some persons with obesities, and also older persons may not be able to stand in this position for more than 10 seconds. For these persons the Romberg test doesn’t show much about problems with proprioception or the [[Vestibulo spinal|vestibulospinal system]]<ref name="Goebel" />.<br>  


Legend of picture 2: [http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ge1-05-falls-dizziness-and-syncope/deck/3222585 http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ge1-05-falls-dizziness-and-syncope/deck/3222585]&nbsp;  
Legend of picture 2: [http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ge1-05-falls-dizziness-and-syncope/deck/3222585 http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ge1-05-falls-dizziness-and-syncope/deck/3222585]&nbsp;  
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<br>  
<br>  


[[Picture 1]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Romberg.jpg|243x257px]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Picture 2]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Romberg 2.jpg|369x224px]]
[[Picture 1]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Romberg.jpg|243x257px]] [[Picture 2]] [[Image:Romberg 2.jpg|369x224px]]  


== <br>[[Experiences]] ==
== Experiences<br>  ==


Although a patient with an acute peripheral [[Vestibular lesion|vestibular lesion is]] usually inclined to move towards the side of the problem. It has been shown that chronic vestibular damage (at least partial compensation) does not produce defects in the standard Romberg test. Also a person with proprioceptive problems, accessory to[[Tabes dorsalis|tabes dorsalis couldn]]’t stand with the eyes closed and feed together. [0]<br>Many believe that the sharpened Romberg test is a better indicator of vestibular impairment than the normal Romberg test. The sharpened Romberg test results give an objective measure of postural stability. This can help to quantify [[Ataxia|ataxia]]. [0]<br>Subject, sex, and age did not have a statistically significant difference for normal subjects between the ages of 20 and 49 years, only the Romberg sharpened test with eyes open provided a significant difference (p&lt; 0.05) between men and women. They also encountered greater instability in subjects less than 20 and more than 50 years of age. When comparing a young and an old cohort, there is a significant difference in performance.  
Although a patient with an acute peripheral [[Vestibular lesion|vestibular lesion]] is usually inclined to move towards the side of the problem. It has been shown that chronic vestibular damage (at least partial compensation) does not produce defects in the standard Romberg test. Also a person with proprioceptive problems, accessory to tabes dorsalis couldn’t stand with the eyes closed and feet together<ref name="Goebel" />.<br>Many believe that the sharpened Romberg test is a better indicator of vestibular impairment than the normal Romberg test. The sharpened Romberg test results give an objective measure of postural stability. This can help to quantify [[Ataxia|ataxia]]<ref name="Goebel" />.<br>Subject, sex, and age did not have a statistically significant difference for normal subjects between the ages of 20 and 49 years, only the Romberg sharpened test with eyes open provided a significant difference (p&lt; 0.05) between men and women. They also encountered greater instability in subjects less than 20 and more than 50 years of age. When comparing a young and an old cohort, there is a significant difference in performance.  


== <br>[[Significance]] ==
== Significance<br>  ==


Increasing difficulty of the tandem Romberg test for patients was not helpful because it also made the tests more difficult to perform for controls with no symptoms of vestibular disease. It will also be harder to evaluate the test results.By decreasing performance times on the modified on the modified Romberg, there was a concomitant rise in the risk of falling. [2,5,4]
Increasing difficulty of the tandem Romberg test for patients was not helpful because it also made the tests more difficult to perform for controls with no symptoms of vestibular disease. It will also be harder to evaluate the test results.By decreasing performance times on the modified on the modified Romberg, there was a concomitant rise in the risk of falling<ref name="Black" /><ref name="Longridge">Longridge NS. Clinical romberg testing does not detect vestibular disease. Otol Neurotol. 2010 Jul;31(5):803-6.</ref><ref name="Agrawal">Agrawal Y. The modified Romberg balance test: normative data in US adults. Otol  Neurotol, 2011 Oct,32(8):1309–1311.</ref>.&nbsp;


== <br>[[Key research]] ==
== Key research<br>  ==


Book: Joel A. Goebel, Practical Management of the Dizzy Patient, 2008<br>Article: F. Owen Black, Normal Subject Postural Sway during the Romberg Test, Americal Journal of OtoJaryngology, 1982,&nbsp; 3, 309-318<br>  
Book: Joel A. Goebel, Practical Management of the Dizzy Patient, 2008<br>Article: F. Owen Black, Normal Subject Postural Sway during the Romberg Test, Americal Journal of OtoJaryngology, 1982,&nbsp; 3, 309-318<br>  


== [[References]]  ==
== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) ==
 
<div class="researchbox">
<rss>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=1b9VCa6FcviUoZBfZoZjbiwIBskG39bOd2gVaQEy3b2roEcQ5o|charset=UTF­8|short|max=10</rss>
</div>  
Books:<br>[0] Joel A. Goebel, Practical Management of the Dizzy Patient, 2008 5f
== References<br> ==
 
Articles: <br>[1] Brian G. Johnson, The Sharpened Romberg Test for Assessing Ataxia in Mild Acute&nbsp;&nbsp; Mountain Sickness, Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine (WEM) journal, 2005 (2a)<br>[2] F. Owen Black, Normal Subject Postural Sway during the Romberg Test, Americal Journal of OtoJaryngology, 1982,&nbsp; 3, 309-318 (2b)<br>[3] I.I. Diamantopoulos, Short-term learning effects of practice during the performance of&nbsp;&nbsp; the tandem Romberg test, clinical otolaryngology, 2003, 28, 308-313 (2b)<br>[4] Yuri Agrawal, The modified Romberg balance test: normative data in US adults, Otol&nbsp; Neurotol, 2011 October, 32(8), 1309–1311 (2a)<br>[5] Longridge NS, Clinical romberg testing does not detect vestibular disease, Otol Neurotol. 2010 Jul;31(5):803-6. (2b)<br>  
 
Sites: <br>[6]&nbsp; Neuroexam- Romberg Test


[7] Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde - [http://www.ntvg.nl/publicatie/kwantificering-en-evaluatie-van-5-neurologische-evenwichtstests-bij-proefpersonen-en-pati/volledig/print http://www.ntvg.nl/publicatie/kwantificering-en-evaluatie-van-5-neurologische-evenwichtstests-bij-proefpersonen-en-pati/volledig/print]
<references /><br>


Visual:<br>[8] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBQNwvWgREU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBQNwvWgREU]<br>[9] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NS6XtWFbqjc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NS6XtWFbqjc]<br>[10] [http://www.pacificu.edu/optometry/ce/courses/15840/neuroexampg3.cfm http://www.pacificu.edu/optometry/ce/courses/15840/neuroexampg3.cfm]<br>
[[Category:Assessment]] [[Category:Neurology]] [[Category:Special_Tests]]

Revision as of 23:10, 31 December 2013


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Purpose
[edit | edit source]

The Romberg test is used to demonstrate the effects of posterior column disease upon human upright postural control. Posterior column disease contains a selectively damage by tabes dorsalis neurosyphilis. Physiotherapists use the Romberg test for testing proprioception influences.

The Romberg test has been used with little changes for the clinical assessment of patients with disequilibrium or ataxia from sensory and motor disorders.

A patient who has a problem with proprioception can still maintain balance by using vestibular function and vision. In the Romberg test, the patient is stood up and asked to close his eyes. A loss of balance is interpreted as a positive Romberg sign.

Epidemiology/Etiology
[edit | edit source]

The Romberg test was first described in 1846 and was originally described for tabes dorsalis. Before we can use the Romberg test, it is necessary to test other aspects of the balance when we have to deal with people with ataxia or disequilibrium. Often proprioception influences are not the first problems these people are facing. Sometimes it is more simple. It is obvious we have to make sure that we don’t use the Romberg test before other aspects are tested. If we execute the test, it is possible that we make the wrong conclusion and that the test is false positive[1][2].

Technique
[edit | edit source]

The normal Romberg test[edit | edit source]

The test is performed as follows. The patient has to remove his shoes and stand with his two feet together (Picture 1). The arms are held next to the body or crossed in front of the body. It is easier to hold the arms extended. The clinician first observes with eyes open and subsequently with eyes closed. The patient tries to maintain his balance. It is essential that the observer stands close to the patient to prevent the potential injury if the patient falls. Note that it is also important when patients close their eyes, they can’t orientate themselves by light, sense or sound, this could influence the test result and cause a false positive result. The only way to score a Romberg test is to count the seconds a patient can stand with the eyes closed. In literature there are no other options for scoring a Romberg test found. To make the Romberg test a little more difficult, the observer has the possibility to disturb the balance of the tested person. In that way is more difficult to maintain balance. An important issue for the observer is that they do not exaggerate. A Romberg test can also be used as follow-up for people with balance and/or proprioception deficits by comparing several tests with each other. When we notice a patient is able to stand for longer periods of time with the eyes closed, this patient’s balance and proprioception deficits are decreased[1][3][2][4].


There are three sensory systems provide input to the cerebellum to maintain truncal stability when our eyes are open. These are vision, proprioception, and vestibular sense. Only two of the tree systems are needed to maintain balance. When visual input is removed and instability can be brought out. If there is a more severe proprioceptive or vestibular lesion, or if there is a midline cerebellar lesion causing truncal instability, the patient will be unable to maintain this position, even when their eyes are open. Note that instability can also be seen with lesions in other parts of the nervous system such as the upper or lower motor neurons or the basal ganglia[5][6].
Legend of picture 1: http://www.pacificu.edu/optometry/ce/courses/15840/neuroexampg3.cfm Figure 1

Obviously the Romberg test is positive when the tested person is not able to maintain balance with their eyes closed. Losing balance can be determined by an increased body sway, placing one foot in the direction of the fall or even falling.


Film: Noroexam.com - Romberg Test [6]
Film: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBQNwvWgREU [9]


The sharpened or tandem Romberg test[edit | edit source]

The sharpened or tandem Romberg test is a variation of the original test. The implementation is mostly the same. For this second test, the patient has to place his feet in heel-to-toe position, with one foot directly in front of the other, like we sit on a tandem (Picture 2). Same routine as with the normal Romberg test: we execute the test first with eyes open and then with eyes closed. The patient crosses his arms over his chest, and the open palm of the hand lies on the opposite shoulder. The person also divides his weight over both his feet and holds his chin parallel with the floor[3][2].
Some persons with obesities, and also older persons may not be able to stand in this position for more than 10 seconds. For these persons the Romberg test doesn’t show much about problems with proprioception or the vestibulospinal system[1].

Legend of picture 2: http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ge1-05-falls-dizziness-and-syncope/deck/3222585 

Film: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NS6XtWFbqjc [10]



Picture 1     Romberg.jpg Picture 2 Romberg 2.jpg

Experiences
[edit | edit source]

Although a patient with an acute peripheral vestibular lesion is usually inclined to move towards the side of the problem. It has been shown that chronic vestibular damage (at least partial compensation) does not produce defects in the standard Romberg test. Also a person with proprioceptive problems, accessory to tabes dorsalis couldn’t stand with the eyes closed and feet together[1].
Many believe that the sharpened Romberg test is a better indicator of vestibular impairment than the normal Romberg test. The sharpened Romberg test results give an objective measure of postural stability. This can help to quantify ataxia[1].
Subject, sex, and age did not have a statistically significant difference for normal subjects between the ages of 20 and 49 years, only the Romberg sharpened test with eyes open provided a significant difference (p< 0.05) between men and women. They also encountered greater instability in subjects less than 20 and more than 50 years of age. When comparing a young and an old cohort, there is a significant difference in performance.

Significance
[edit | edit source]

Increasing difficulty of the tandem Romberg test for patients was not helpful because it also made the tests more difficult to perform for controls with no symptoms of vestibular disease. It will also be harder to evaluate the test results.By decreasing performance times on the modified on the modified Romberg, there was a concomitant rise in the risk of falling[2][7][8]. 

Key research
[edit | edit source]

Book: Joel A. Goebel, Practical Management of the Dizzy Patient, 2008
Article: F. Owen Black, Normal Subject Postural Sway during the Romberg Test, Americal Journal of OtoJaryngology, 1982,  3, 309-318

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]


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References
[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Goebel JA. Practical management of the dizzy patient. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp;amp;amp;amp; Wilkins, 2008.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Black FO, et al. Normal subject postural sway during the Romberg test. Am J Otolaryngol. 1982 Sep-Oct;3(5):309-18.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Johnson BG, et al. The sharpened Romberg test for assessing ataxia in mild acute mountain sickness. Wilderness Environ Med. 2005 Summer;16(2):62-6.
  4. ↑ Brinkman DMC, et al. Kwantificering en evaluatie van 5 neurologische evenwichtstests bij proefpersonen en patiënten. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1996;140:2176-80.
  5. ↑ Blumenfeld, H. Neuroexam.com - Romberg test. www.neuroexam.com/neuroexam/content.php?p=37 (accessed 31 Dec 2013).
  6. ↑ Zelczak TA. Neurologic examination. www.pacificu.edu/optometry/ce/courses/15840/neuroexampg3.cfm (accessed 31 Dec 2013).
  7. ↑ Longridge NS. Clinical romberg testing does not detect vestibular disease. Otol Neurotol. 2010 Jul;31(5):803-6.
  8. ↑ Agrawal Y. The modified Romberg balance test: normative data in US adults. Otol Neurotol, 2011 Oct,32(8):1309–1311.


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