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[[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]] ...:Cervical Spine - Ligaments]] [[Category:Ligaments]] [[Category:Cervical Spine]]

...on in front with the rectus capitis anterior muscles, behind with the alar ligaments. ...aedics]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Anatomy]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Ligaments]]

| [[Image:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|thumb|200px|Anterior Longintudinal Ligament - Late ...ref name=":0">http://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/subject.php?pn=anatomy-ligaments-17</ref>

[[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]] ...ull. It lies as a fibrous cord in the triangular interval between the alar ligaments.

...rticles/PMC6116888/pdf/cureus-0010-00000002893.pdf Duplication of the Alar Ligaments: A Case Report.] Cureus. 2018 Jun 29;10(6).</ref> with the alar ligament on ...:Ligaments]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Ligaments]] [[Category:Cervical Spine]]

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|thumb|419x419px|supraspinous ligament ...hat connects together the apices of the spinous processes from the seventh cervical vertebra to 3rd or 4th lumbar vertebrae. From vertebra C7 to the skull liga

[[Category:Cervical Spine]] [[Category:Ligaments]]

...three synovial joints and constitutes the most mobile articulation of the spine<ref>Magee, D. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. Elsevier</ref>. &nbsp;The mi == Ligaments ==

...a ligament complex called Altantoaxial Ligament Complex (Axis). These four ligaments extend from the Atlas to the Axis: *Lateral Ligaments (2)

<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">[[Image:Ligaments of the hand dorsal aspect Primal.png|200px|center]]<br> Ligaments of the Hand Dorsal Aspect

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|right|frameless|492x492px]] [[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone.

...trachea)<ref name=":0">Lang, J., 1993. ''Clinical anatomy of the cervical spine''. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of ...o, D., Lee, S. and Kim, I., 2013. ''Surgical Anatomy and Techniques to the Spine E-Book''. Elsevier Health Sciences.</ref>

..., Tubbs RS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5769988/ “False” ligaments: a review of anatomy, potential function, and pathology]. Cureus. 2017 Nov; It is a very strong, primary stabiliser for the upper cervical spine - the odontoid process will generally fracture before the [[ligament]] will

...gov/pubmed/15371718 The nuchal ligament restrains cervical spine flexion]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Sep 15;29(18):E388-93.</ref>. [[Category:Cervical Spine - Anatomy]]

[[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]] [[Image:Tectorial membrane.png|thumb|right]] Strong broad structure which covers the [[Odontoid process]] and it's ligaments.

...uscles, ligaments, and sometimes also the bones and nerves of the cervical spine. ...severe pain.<ref>Anderson C, Yeung E, Tong T, et al. A narrative review on cervical interventions in adults with chronic whiplashassociated disorder. BMJ Open

== Ligaments &amp; Joint Capsule == ...s rather roomy and relaxed and the joint possesses no individual accessory ligaments. &nbsp;Stability is provided by:<br>

...then places the index fingers between the occiput and spinous process of [[Cervical Anatomy|C2]], so the index fingers are over the neural arch of the C1 verte ...p.com/ptj/article/93/12/1686/2735395 Diagnostic accuracy of upper cervical spine instability tests: a systematic review.] Physical therapy. 2013 Dec 1;93(12

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it === Types of Spondylosis in spine ===

In the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] and thoracic regions it has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, bu ...al attaching to the vertebral bodies and vertebral discs and tightens with cervical flexion.

...sess the integrity of the [[Alar ligaments|alar ligaments]] and thus upper cervical stability.<br> ...Spine. 1987;12:183–189.</ref> to result from tension generated in the alar ligaments.<br>

...https://www.physioadvisor.com.au/health/anatomy/ligaments/ligaments-of-the-spine/ (accessed 29 March 2019). </ref> The ligaments are narrow and elongated in the thoracic region, broader, thicker, and quad

...vertebra) also known as epistropheus forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra (the [[Atlas]]), which carries the head, rotates.<ref>Axis (anatom ...flattened where it articulates with the transverse ligament.<ref>Cervical Spine Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/194

...lateral facet joints transfer loads and guide and constrain motions in the spine due to their geometry and mechanical function<ref>Nicolas V. Jaumard, Willi ...a above. The superior facet of the inferior vertebra is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inf

...oid peg) is a protuberance (process or projection) of the [[Axis]] (second cervical vertebra). It exhibits a slight constriction or neck, where it joins the ma ...ide a rough impression for the attachment of the [[Alar ligaments]]; these ligaments connect the process to the occipital bone.

* Extension of the spine when acting bilaterally * Ipsilateral lateral flexion of the spine when acting unilaterally

...nature<ref>Nikolai Bogduk. Clinical and Radiological Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine 5th Edition.Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier. Feb 2012.</ref><ref name=":0" ...racolumbar Fascia|thoracolumbar fascia]] by the supraspinous, interspinous ligaments to ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspin

...region (see [[Cranial Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

=== Joints and Ligaments of the Skull === == Canine Spine ==

* '''Mobility''' of the cervical spine. ...ature of the spine, while also increasing the pressure on vertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles.

...MC4836940/ Management of typical and atypical Hangman's fractures.] Global spine journal. 2016 May;6(03):248-56.</ref> ...nal weakened by the foramen transversarium on each side. There is no other cervical bony injury with a Hangman’s fracture.<ref name=":0">T.G. Williams. Hangm

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]] == Cervical Spine Structure ==

=== Ligaments and Joint Capsule === The AC joint capsule and ligaments surrounding the joint work together to provide stability and to keep the cl

The SC Joint capsule is fairly strong but is dependent on the ligaments for the majority of its support. ...AT, Neto AF. Assessment of the function and resistance of sternoclavicular ligaments: A biomechanical study in cadavers. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery &

== Osteology, Ligaments and Fascia == | [[Image:Pelvis ligaments anterior view.png|center|200px]]

'''Os odontoideum''' (OO) is a rare anomaly of the second cervical vertebrae characterised by a separation of a portion of the [[odontoid proc ...bility. This increased atlantoaxial translation potentially leads to upper cervical cord or vertebral artery impingement<ref name="Mintken" />.

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Ligaments of the pelvis anterior aspect Primal.png|right|frameless|399x399px]]

...ion (whilst paddling) increases the demands on the structures of the upper spine and associated soft tissues. ...nsion in the thoracic, increasing the demands of extension on the cervical spine.

...tebrae.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical vertebra.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical Vertebra side view.png|thumb|right]] ...Clinical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anato

...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...tched on their superior and inferior surfaces, in the articulated thoracic spine, these notches form the intervertebral foramina for the passage of the thor

...ven vertebrae as well as articulations with the occiput and upper thoracic spine, each with different axes of movement which can combine in a multitude of w Movements of the cervical spine are 1) constrained by the [[Anatomy cervical|anatomy]] of motion segments and longer connective structures that span mul

...on multifidus intermediate layer Primal.png|thumb|Figure 1. Muscles of the cervical region.]] ...he]] (CGH) is a chronic secondary headache that originates in the cervical spine.<ref>Fernandez M, Moore C, Tan J, Lian D, Nguyen J, Bacon A et al. Spinal m

...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy � ...surfaces, the thickness of the cartilage, the orientation of the fibres of ligaments and capsule, the direction of pull of muscles and tendons, facilitate free

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...west border of the first lumbar vertebra. It is enlarged at two sites, the cervical and lumbar region.

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...erextension of the upper cervical vertebrae and forward translation of the cervical vertebrae.<ref name=":3">Koseki T, Kakizaki F, Hayashi S, Nishida N, Itoh M ...well as compression of the cervical vertebrae—the uppermost portion of the spine that supports the head and protects the spinal cord.

...[[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]] or [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical myelopathy]]. ...[[Cervical Spondylosis|spondylosis]] (degenerative changes in the cervical spine) but can also be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and in

[[File:Cervical vertebra.png|right|frameless]] ...d to as [[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical spinal myelopathy]] respectively.

...bove, it is continuous with a similar investing layer on the back of the [[Cervical Anatomy|neck]]—the nuchal fascia. <ref name=":0">Willard FH, Vleeming A, ..., [[spasticity]] and increased tone in the lower thoracic spine and lumbar spine / paraspinal regions causing severe [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]<nowiki/>s. <re

...uch as injury, disease, wear and tear, or poor biomechanics can stress the spine and lead to this type of pain. However, pinpointing the exact source of dis ...at: <nowiki>https://www.umms.org/ummc/health-services/orthopedics/services/spine/patient-guides/anatomy-function</nowiki>.</ref>

...Joints|synovial joints]] decreases and the [[cartilage]] becomes thinner. Ligaments also tend to shorten and lose some [[Stretching|flexibility]], making joint ...in the body start to decline after about age 25. These declines can cause ligaments tendons bones and cartilage to become less flexible and more brittle over t

...osis is an external aid that is used to correct and support the spine. The spine is a complex anatomical structure and is key to our function. It is not pos * Maintains alignment of spine

[[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> ...><ref name="Rao 2002">Rao R (2002). Neck pain, cervical radiculopathy, and cervical myelopathy. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 84A(10):1872-1881.</ref>.

# Radial collateral ligaments and thenar muscles ...n this line include: rounded shoulders / [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphotic spine]] (i.e. office workers) with hypomobility, neck pain and [[Headache|headach

...fferences with adults along with the inherent elasticity of the paediatric spine.<ref>Parent S, Mac-Thiong JM, Roy-Beaudry M, Sosa JF, Labelle H. Spinal cor # Only about 2% to 5% being spine injuries <ref>Cirak B, Ziegfeld S, Knight VM, Chang D, Avellino AM, Paidas

...ih.gov/33290371/ Association Between Text Neck and Neck Pain in Adults]. ''Spine (Phila Pa 1976)''. 2021;46(9):571-578. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003854</re ...the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|thumb|Cervical spine]]

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]] ...t can no longer support the weight of the body through that segment of the spine.

...pril 2001. (LoE:4)</ref> While no tools exists for the assessment of upper cervical ligamentous instability, an approach that takes into account risk factors, ...tube.com/watch?v=k6hUT1kBoEc&feature=youtu.be|width}}<ref>Dpt Orthopeadics Cervical Instability Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6hUT1kBoEc&fea

...tability from the AC joint capsule (AC ligaments) and the coracoclavicular ligaments; its dynamic stability comes from the [[deltoid]] and [[Trapezium|trapezius ...f Test|Scarf]] tests elicits pain. Including a [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] and [[Neurological Assessment|neurologic exam]] helps rule out referred p

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...ertebrae posteriorly and and help with twisting and turning motions of the spine. <ref name=":0">Brennan D. Facet arthrosis: What is it and what causes it?

...ical region intermediate muscles Primal.png|thumb|Figure 1. Muscles of the cervical region from Primal Pictures.]] ...ache (CGH) is a chronic secondary headache that originates in the cervical spine.<ref name=":3">Fernandez M, Moore C, Tan J, Lian D, Nguyen J, Bacon A et al

...column. There are 23 discs in the human spine: 6 in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lu ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...tic AAI. <ref name=":0" /> Symptomatic AAI occurs as a result of excessive cervical movement causing impingement on the spinal cord, with a risk of severe neur [[File:Cervical Vertebrae.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Cervical Vertebrae C1-C7 <ref>'The Vertebral Column'. ''Lumen Learning.'' [online].

This page introduces the Anatomy of Equine Spine and Head. ...pairs of ribs, out of a total of 18.<ref name=":1">Van der Walt A. Equine Spine and Head Presentation. Plus , 2021.</ref>

...idence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses may be affected: peripatellar ligaments, [[Achilles Tendon|Achilles tendon]] insertion, plantar fascia, [[Shoulder| ...">Giles LGF, Singer KP, Vol.3: Clinical anatomy and management of cervical spine pain. Butterworth Heinemann, 2001, second edition, p.103-104</ref><ref nam

* Glenohumeral ligaments are thickenings of the joint capsule, not true ligaments * There are no other ligaments

...ournals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0145561320946644 Dysphagia precipitated by cervical lordosis in the aged]. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020:145561320946644.</ref> ...influenced by the thickness of osteophytes, cervical mobility, and cranio-cervical alignment<ref>Nishimura H, Endo K, Aihara T, Murata K, Suzuki H, Matsuoka Y

...rbers throughout the spinal column to cushion the bones as the body moves. Ligaments hold the vertebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal c ...vical Anatomy|cervical]], thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as

=== Cervical spine === ...lack K., Singh S. [https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.233025121 Pediatric cervical spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma]. Radiographics. 2003 May;23(3):539-6

...ghout the spinal column to cushion the bones as the body moves. [[Ligament|Ligaments]] hold the vertebrae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s atta ...ertebrae and abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...are aligned in a neutral position, this reduces the pressure on bones and ligaments. Sleeping on the back can relieve allergies or stuffy nasal congestion.<ref ...on provides the least support to the back and puts greater pressure on the spine, which could lead to pain. It delays recovery for patients who have a histo

...Cervical osteoarthritis can also be referred to as [[Cervical Spondylosis|cervical spondylosis]].<br> ...MRI of the Cervical Spine showing degenerative changes.jpg|center|Cervical spine MRI showing degenerative disc disease, osteophytes, and osteoarthritis of C

...stem, which comprises the muscles, bones, joints, and related tissues like ligaments and tendons. Here is a concise explanation of the constituents that constit == Cervical nerve stretch syndrome ==

== Ligaments == ...igament|ligaments]] of the TMJ can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments.<ref name=":1" />

...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column. ...weight of the of the axial skeleton as compared to the thoracic and sacral spine.

...tlanto-occipital joint|atlanto-occipital]] and [[Atlanto-axial joint|upper cervical joints]] and perceived in one or more regions of the head and/or face.<ref ...headache type that is hypothesized to originate due to nociception in the cervical area. <ref name="IHS">Headache Classification Subcommittee of the Internati

...acic vertebrae and rib cage, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. == Thoracic Spine Structure ==

[[File:Elbow Ligaments.png|thumb]] === Ligaments and Capsule ===

...is. <ref name=":1">Binder AI. [https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39127.608299.80 Cervical spondylosis and neck pain.] BMJ. 2007 Mar 8;334(7592):527-31.</ref> Common ...neck pain in Australian office workers: a 1-year longitudinal study.] Eur Spine J. 2009 Oct;18(10):1532-40.</ref>

...lated pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> * Severe cervical pain is one of the few conditions that will cause “screaming or crying”

...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> ...shape and is larger than in the thoracic vertebrae but smaller than in the cervical vertebrae.

...icobrachalgia) is a term that describes pain and stiffness of the cervical spine with symptoms in the shoulder girdle and upper extremity<ref>DeStefano LA. ...ich there is no known and proven cause. If a patient can be proven to have cervical radiculopathy or thoracic outlet syndrome, then the specific and objectivel

[[File:Compressive myeolopathy C6C7.png|thumb|Cervical myelopathy C6-C7]] ...ssion of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] at the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] level of the spinal column resulting in [[spasticity]], hyperreflexia, pa

...he costotransverse and [[Costovertebral Joints|costovertebral joints]] and ligaments <ref name=":0">B A Young, H E Gill, R S Wainner, T W Flynn. [https://schola ...or costotransverse ligaments, identified on the fifth to tenth ribs. These ligaments limit movement in the costotransverse joint to a minimal gliding movement.

*The perceived threat may be associated with injury to the muscles, ligaments, discs, nerves, or joints, but most neck pain is non-specific meaning there ...prognostic factors for neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD).. Spine 2008;33(4S):S83-92.</ref><ref name="Sterling 2006">Sterling M, Jull G, Kena

The spine is wonderfully designed to allow movement. It is also designed to help abso ...in the thoracic region which is your upper back; 5 vertebrae in the lumbar spine; and 5 sacral vertebrae and 4 coccyx which are located below that.

** The [[lumbar]] group originates from the two crura and the arcuate ligaments, which are in turn inserted into L1 and L2, and sometimes L3 as well.<ref n ...up of very strong [[Aponeurosis|aponeurotic]] tendinous ligaments - these ligaments do not have any bony attachments.<ref name=":3" />[[File:Henry Vandyke Cart

...an be difficult to fit their saddles as they tend to ”run out” of thoracic spine. |There is increased stress on the medial carpal collateral ligaments, outward rotation of the cannon bone, fetlock and foot

...t: <nowiki>https://www.jeremysmithmd.com/cervicogenic-headache-orthopaedic-spine-surgeon-orange-irvine-ca.html</nowiki> ...ts, contact sport injuries causing neck injury, and falls leading to upper cervical structural damage. <ref name=":1">Page P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc

...rced by the superior/inferior capsular ligaments with the coracoclavicular ligaments (trapezoid and conoid) also important structures for stability of the joint ...ontrols horizontal stability in the anterior­posterior plane whilst the CC ligaments serve to control vertical stability. The conoid part of this ligament attac

...e [[Facet Joints|facet joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. * 55% of facet syndrome cases occur in [[Cervical Vertebrae|cervical vertebrae]], and 31% in [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar]].<ref name="p4">Varlotta

...ruk et al. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of cervical osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Rheumato ...joints: analysis of the management of 108 cases, journal of neurosurgery: spine, Jun 2010 / Vol. 12 / No. 6 / Pages 592-601 (level of evidence 2B)</ref><re

...terized by involvement of both synovium and entheses (sites where tendons, ligaments or joint capsules attach to the bone) leading to spinal and oligoarticul ...ovokes to pain, stiffness and fatigue in back, legs and arms as in joints, ligaments and tendons.<ref name="p6">Rudwaleit M .Et al. The Assessment of SpondyloAr

...lus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and the apophyseal joints of the spine.<ref name="p1" /> ...the inflammation can lead to new bone formation of the spine, causing the spine to fuse in a fixed position often creating a forward stooped posture.<ref n

...ringer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-10-39 Pain in the lumbar, thoracic or cervical regions: do age and gender matter? A population-based study of 34,902 Danis ...ditional information on thoracic spine musculature is available [[Thoracic Spine Major Muscles|here]].

...xtremity movements. The dynamic relationship between the shoulder muscles, ligaments and bony articulations allows for significant movement, but this is at the ...res of the shoulder complex, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...es of the Neck Prior to Musculoskeletal Intervention: International IFOMPT Cervical Framework. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2023; 53(1) : == Anatomy of Cervical Spine ==

...'Keeffe, M., O'Sullivan, K., Lewis, J., & McCreesh, K. (2016). Is thoracic spine posture associated with shoulder pain, range of motion and function? A syst ...vements.<ref>Dunk, N. M., Callaghan, J. P., & McGill, S. M. (2005). Lumbar spine movement patterns during prolonged sitting differentiate low back pain deve

...nd eye movements. This page discusses these muscles, as well as the bones, ligaments, and nerve and blood supply for the head and jaw. ...both temporal bones, the sphenoid bone, two parietal bones, and the upper cervical vertebra (i.e. the atlas).