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...ent condition (HPC) (Was there trauma or was it insidious onset? Mechanism of Injury?)<br> ...n? (Is pain in a dermatomal region - pain in the knee can be referred from the back)

...smosis in adults: a pictorial essay with a multimodality approach. Journal of anatomy. 2010 Dec 1;217(6):633-45.</ref> with slightly movement allowed. ...of injury, and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and intervention. Journal of Orthopaedic&amp;Sports Physical Therapy. 2006 Jun;36(6):372-84.</ref>.&nbsp

...Publishing.</ref> The medial meniscus is located on the medial portion of the tibial plateau. ...and-relevant-anatomical-relations-ACL-anterior Q320.jpeg|frame|<ref>Review of Meniscus Anatomy and Biomechanics - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Avai

...rea of tenderness to the distal semimembranosus tendon or its insertion on the medial proximal tibia.<ref name=":0" /> ...bursa under the tendon to smooth the movement of the tendons. It is often the bursa that will be ignited by excessive friction.

...pivot shift test in acute and chronic knee injuries]. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 1986;14:88-91.fckLRhttp://ajs.sagepub.com/content/14/1/88.s ...ically, the anterior translation if less than 6mm. If it is more than 6mm, the test is considered positive.

...en you walk, loss of range of movement and a feeling of instability in the knee. The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for [http://www.physio-pedi

...[[fibula]] of the leg and the [[talus]] of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. See the page for [[Ankle Joint|ankle joint]] for more information. ...of the strongest load-bearing structures known to mankind.<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Foot. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/

...f the femoral shaft are uncommon and mostly occur at the proximal third of the femur<ref>Boden BP, Speer KP. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl ...[[Femur]] is the longest bone in the body and extends from the hip to the knee.

...cCarthy|Sinead McCarthy]], [[User:Conor Mc Hugh|Conor McHugh]] (as part of the [[User:RCSI]] student project). ...ml [last accessed 28/5/9]</ref>. The test is performed in conjunction with the Apley's distraction test.

..., prognostic indicators and outcome following surgical management. Journal of Trauma Management and Outcomes. 2007; 1:2</ref> ...b|300px|Type 1 Floating knee (Blake & McBryde classification)]] <ref name="knee" />

...sup>(A2)</sup><ref name="2 (B)">Jakob RP., Staubli HU., Deland JT. Grading the pivot shift, objective tests with implications for treatment. VOL 69-B, No. ...natomy [[Image:Heleen fig1.jpg|right|350x250px|anatomical structure of the knee joint, fig 1]] ==

...iginal Editors ''' - [[User:Gaëlle Vertriest|Gaëlle Vertriest]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...ive Physical Examination for Instability of the Knee. The American journal of sports medicine. 2008 Mar 1;36(3):577-94.</ref>.

The three [[Joint Classification|joints]] in the body (Histologically) are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. '''Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body (see image 1)'''. These joints are termed diarthroses, meaning they ar

...iece of bone with it on injury). The image shows an example of a sprain of the ankle. == Grades of Injury ==

...represents an hourglass or bowtie shape. The ACL is a key structure in the knee joint, as it resists anterior tibial translation and internal rotational lo ...ilage and mineralized fibrocartilage<ref>Wheeless, C,R. Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics. [http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/anatomy_of_acl http://ww

[[File:Cruciate Ligaments.png|thumb|Cruciate ligaments]] ...B). The size of the femoral attachment of the ALB is nearly twice the size of its tibial attachment<ref name=":0">Logterman SL, Wydra FB, Frank RM. [http

'''Original Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and ...nced Clubfoot Treatment Provider Courses] - Participant Manual. University of Oxford: Africa Clubfoot Training Project, 2017.</ref>

...thritis.’, International Journal of Rheumatic Disease 2011, 145-151 (Level of evidence: 1A)</ref>: *Increase range of motion

...ert Pierce]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]] ...al anatomy: Defining the popliteal hiatus, popliteomeniscal fascicles, and the lateral meniscotibial ligament. Am J Sports Med [Internet]. 2019;47(8):1797

...n and Scientific Validity of Common Tests for Ankle Examination]. Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation. 2020 Jul 8:100072.</ref>. '''Patient position:''' in a seated position, with knee hanging in 90 degrees, ankle relaxed.

[[File:Foot ligaments.png|alt=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_ligament#/media/File:Gray354. ...eolus. The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament can be considered as part of the medial ligament complex.

...t (anterior and posterior views)|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the knee joint (anterior and posterior views)]] ...l joint, which mainly allows for flexion and extension (and a small degree of medial and lateral rotation). <ref name=":0">Chaurasia BD. [https://www.pdf

...d the 'long head' (superficial) and the 'short head' (deep). It is part of the [[hamstrings]].<ref name="anatomytv">Primal Pictures. Available from:http:/ *Long head: ischial tuberosity<ref name="Netter">Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Philadelphia: Elsevier,2014</ref>

...h Thrust aka Posterior Shear)|posterior pelvic pain provocation test]] and the active straight leg raise test (ASLR) when a patient presents with lumbopel ...aard AL, Hammudoghlu D, Stoeckart R, Snijders CJ, Mens JM. The function of the long dorsal sacroiliac ligament: its implication for understanding low back

...practical%20guide%20to%20management.&f=false The multiple ligament injured knee: A practical guide to management.] New York: Springer Science, 2004.</ref> The [[Knee|knee joint]] is made up of articulations of the [[Femur|distal femur]], [[Tibia|proximal tibia]] and [[patella]].<ref name=

...es. This ligament is integral maintaining flexibility and stability in the knee. ...ament ([[Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction|ACL]]). This type of injury is most common in

...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560847/ Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Knee Injuries]. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Aug 4.</ref> ...www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11046165 Lateral stabilizing structures of the knee: functional anatomy and injuries assessed with MR imaging.] Radiographics.

...cuss the anatomy of the knee joint in detail and provide some examples of knee joint pathology. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...diagnostic aid in diseases of the knee. A preliminary report. The Journal of bone and joint surgery]. British volume. 1987 Mar;69(2):288-93.</ref> ...eliefs about the meaning of crepitus in patellofemoral pain and the impact of these beliefs on their behaviour: a qualitative study]. Musculoskeletal Sci

...with McMurray’s test and joint line tenderness]. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2004 Nov 1;20(9):951-8.</ref><br> [[File:Ligaments of the knee joint superior aspect Primal.png|300x300px|alt=|thumb]]

...iginal Editors ''' - [[User:Sofie Van Cutsem|Sofie Van Cutsem]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...e joint]. British journal of sports medicine.1998; ''32''(1): 73-74. Level of evidence: 5</ref>

== Basic Structure of the Foot and Ankle == ...the lower leg and foot. The osseous components of the ankle joint include the distal [[tibia]], distal [[fibula]], and [[talus]].

...ted by congenital or acquired [[Foot Pain|foot]] deformities. If the cause of deformity is not treated, this could lead to impaired body statics. These f ...their foot, causing the shoe to become crooked and bend outwardly. This is the most common foot deformity.<ref name=":3" />

...al interventions—a systematic review and meta-analysis.] ''British Journal of Sports Medicine'', ''56''(9), pp.521-530.</ref> ...urface of the [[Femur|femur]], which are the main articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral joint.<ref name="p1">Medscape. Drugs and Diseases. Patellofe

...islocation occurs through the disruption of 2 separate bony articulations: the talonavicular and talocalcaneal joints.<ref>Horning J, DiPreta J. Subtalar ...associated fractures: Case report and review of literature.] World Journal of Orthopedics. 2015 Apr 18;6(3):374.</ref>.

...hammed Zia|Abdullah Mohammed Zia]]<nowiki/> as part of [[The University of Waterloo Clinical Biomechanics Project]] == '''Introduction to Knee Osteoarthritis''' ==

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Hardik Bhatt|Hardik Bhatt]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...[[flexor hallucis longus]]) which is mono-articular and does not influence the ankle joint.

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ...Perret D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941578/ Posterior knee pain.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):3-10.

...reasoning the various differential diagnoses and isolating the exact cause of symptoms. == Brief Anatomy of the [[Knee]] ==

...[https://physio-pedia.com/Anterior_Cruciate_Ligament_(ACL) ACL], comprised of two bundles:<ref>Logterman SL, Wydra FB, Frank RM. Posterior Cruciate Ligam # Anterolateral: tight when the knee is in flexion

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-sme ...a beautiful work of art."<ref name=":3">Green-Smerdon M. Basic Anatomy of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot course. Plus , 2022.</ref>

...direction. Maximum shear stresses act on the surface parallel to the plane of applied strength. ...uscle on the lumbar vertebrae also creates an increasing shear strength on the vertebrae.<ref>Tarun Goswami. Human musculoskeletal biomechanics / monograp

...hindlimb bones varies due to the significant variation in size for breeds of dogs.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:The canine pelvic limb - caudal view.jpeg|center|thumb|alt=|607x607px|The canine pelvic limb]]

...should be considered when tenderness is found over the posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle. ...ee joint from one point to another whereas the fabella redirects forces on the flexor side

...n of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> '''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':'''

...s, diagnose and manage an equine patient. To do this, a good understanding of equine anatomy is essential. Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...nd [[Movement Dysfunction|movement]], this can result in marked alteration of function.</div> ...altered connective tissue biology and a decrease in effective maintenance of tissue homeostasis<ref name=":1" />.

...foot and ankle anatomy is necessary for the proper diagnosis and treatment of injuries. ...s of the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot. Each part of the foot is composed of several bones.

...good understanding of the anatomy of the [[Neurone|nerves]] and vessels of the foot and ankle. [[Morton's Neuroma|Morton's neuroma]], Baxter neuropathy or ...bial Nerve|Tibial nerve]] originates at L5, S1 and S2 levels together with the common peroneal (fibular ) nerve.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Daniel Alcorn|Daniel Alcorn]] as part of the [[The Jackson Clinics Residency Project]] [[Image:Knee ligaments.png|right|251x251px|Knee Anatomy|frameless]]

...a comprehensive and systematic physical examination of the moving parts of the body. ...king, there are two patterns of range of motion used in the interpretation of joint motion:

...forms part of the PCL complex but current surgical procedures do not take the meniscofemoral ligament into account<ref name=":0" />. ...physical therapy. 2018 Aug;13(4):737.</ref> but they can also occur during knee hyperextension<ref name=":0" />. These injuries typically occur during mot

...tella]] is a meaningful clinical measure. Such a measure is referred to as the Quadriceps angle or Q angle. ...he [[patella]]) and a line from the center of the patella to the center of the tibial tubercle.

.../2/e6.full Propagation of stress fracture of the patella.] British journal of sports medicine 2005;39(2):e6.</ref><ref>Sweetnam R. [https://pmj.bmj.com/c ...with the aim to increase the moment arm of the quadriceps muscle and thus, knee extensive capacity. <ref name=":14" />

...rough an unrestricted, pain-free range of motion. It involves the capacity of these structures to stretch, lengthen, and contract without limitations, al ...t, including muscles, ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, and skin. A lack of stretching, especially when combined with activity, can lead to fatigue-ind

...69(2):183-191.</ref>. In fact, there is evidence to prove that the opinion of running causing osteoarthritis is not correct.<ref name=":0">Plack Leigh-An ...ce symptoms such as joint line tenderness, reduced [[Range of Motion|range of motion]], crepitus with movement, joint effusion, and/or joint space defor

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Lennert De Henau|Lennert De Henau]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...a disk) meniscus, also called the popping knee syndrome, is a variation on the normal meniscus.

...eres in limiting hip rotation: a cadaveric study. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2014 Sep 1;30(9):1085-91.</ref> ...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4544517/ Understanding the ligamentum teres of the hip: a histological study.] Acta Ortopédica Brasileira. 2015 Jan;23:29-33.

...bula]] [[bone]]<nowiki/>s. Together, the three borders (listed below) form the ankle mortise. ...alleolus (bony prominence on the lower fibula) forms the lateral border of the ankle joint

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!! If you would like to get involve ...be used in patient's with fixed platar flexion deformity to increased base of support and improve balance.

...rior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction|reconstructions]] as well as [[knee]] extensor, [[Ankle and Foot|ankle]] ligament, and [[shoulder]] and [[Hip A ...[[proprioception]] as well as encourage the ingrowth of native tissue into the synthetic ligament.

...compared to PF OA. However, PF OA contributes to a significant proportion of patients symptoms and functional impairments and should be addressed. [[Pat ...no specific diagnostic criteria to diagnose PF OA formally. A combination of clinical signs and symptoms as well as radiographic information from X-rays

...patient's disability in range of movement, stability and reducing the risk of documented complications.<ref name="one">Vidyadhara S, Tibial Plateau Fract <br>The fractures are classified according to the Schatzker classification system. It divides tibial plateau fractures into s

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. This page discusses the Maitland technique of mobilisation.

...ginal Editor''' - [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on course of [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...also to reduce the work of the body, the energy expenditure, in order for the body to move effortlessly, seamlessly as much as possible". ''Rina Pandya''

...c]] tubercle medially to ASIS laterally and forming the superior border of the femoral triangle. ...andmark, behind the external iliac artery continues as the femoral artery. The inguinal ligament has three extensions; lacunar, pectineal, and reflected p

...arthroscopic and physical findings in posterolateral rotatory instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc (2010) 18:123–129</ref> ...n G. Acute and chronic management of posterolateral corner injuries of the knee [corrected] [published erratum appears in ORTHOPEDICS 2008 Jul;31(7):725].

...commonly referred to as SIJ) is the joint connection between the spine and the pelvis. ...101(5):1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis]].

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Dorien Scheirs|Dorien Scheirs]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi [[Image:Knee ligaments.png|right|350px]]

'''Original Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [[Clubfoot Content Development Project|ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Devel ...anced Clubfoot Treatment Provider Courses - Participant Manual. University of Oxford: Africa Clubfoot Training Project, 2017.</ref>

...t E. The history of biomechanics in total hip arthroplasty. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2017 Aug;51(4):359-67.</ref> ...ip_Clinical_perspective Evolution of the Koch model of the biomechanics of the hip: a clinical perspective.] J Orthop Sci. 2002;7(6):724-30. </ref>

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Hele ...iotherapy management can aid in a faster recovery. A good understanding of the structures, functional anatomy, and etiologic factors in syndesmosis ankle

....&nbsp;<ref name="p6">Karandikar N, Vargas OO. Kinetic chains: a review of the concept and its clinical applications. PM and R. 2011 Aug 31;3(8):739-45.</ ...by movement at one joint produced or affected movement at another joint in the kinetic link. <ref name="p9">Ellenbecker TS, Davies GJ. Closed kinetic chai

.../ref>&nbsp;<ref>Lan Chen et al. Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: current treatment concepts, Current reviews in musculoskeletal Medicine, S [[File:Knee-joint.jpg|right|frameless]]

...nt; the totality of movement a joint is capable of doing. Range of motion of a [[Joint Classification|joint]] is gauged during passive ROM (assisted) '' ...s Range of Motion? Available:https://www.verywellhealth.com/overview-range-of-motion-2696650<nowiki/>(accessed 20.11.2022)</ref>

...): 799-804 (C)</ref> In most cases, flexion deformities occur bilaterally. The deformity is either temporary or permanent. ...MmasQiM|300}}<ref>OrthoMed Pain &amp; Sports Medicine. Flexion Contracture KNEE. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqifMmasQiM [last accessed

...pine in the lower back to the lower pelvis. Some of these fibers extend to the femur bone, or thighbone.<ref>Iliacus Muscle Origin, Function & Anatomy | B ..., lateral aspect of sacrum, ventral sacroiliac ligament, and lower portion of iliolumbar ligament

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-sme ...hese positions and the demands incurred, compensation can occur further up the kinetic chain, resulting in pain and injury.

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/claire-robertson// ...ely referrals are made when necessary. If there has been any trauma to the knee, it is necessary to make sure that all relevant investigations have been ca

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Alesha Walker|Alesha Walker]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...the windlass mechanism: a biomechanical link to clinical practice. Journal of athletic training. 2004 Jan 1;39(1):77.</ref>.

...ary|Hilary Zachary]] and [[User:James Passmore|James Passmore]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...ef>&nbsp;Rupture injuries also commonly present with concomitant fractures of either malleolus (lateral being more common) or proximal fibular spiral fra

...&nbsp;anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. ...scle from the lower part of the tibia to the transverse or cruciate crural ligaments or deep fascia.<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM 2004 Gray’s A

'''Original Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and ...f extensive scarring, residual pain and inadequate correction as seen with the other procedures such as bandages by Hippocrates and plaster casts by Kite

[[File:Synovial Joints.jpg|right|frameless]]The synovial membrane is soft and thin membrane yet has various significant rol ...ly has its own specific functions but also interacts with other tissues in the joint both structurally and functionally<ref name=":3">Musculoskeletal Key

...as opposed to prosthetic hip) is inherently stable and needs a huge amount of force to cause dislocation, such as in a motor vehicle accidents.<ref name= # Posterior dislocation (most common ~85%). Caused by combined forces of: hip flexion, adduction, and internal rotation.

...l discuss the anatomy of the hip joint in detail and provide some examples of hip joint pathology. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...7th March. 1998 Mar.</ref> and straining or rupture of the muscles around the ankle (e.g. [[Calf Strain|calf]], [[Peroneal Tendinopathy|peroneii]], [[Tib ...att, D. , Treatment Of Pott’s Fracture, department of traumatic surgery of the New York postgraduate hospital, New YorkfckLR</ref>.

...ies.<ref name=":1">Joseph TN, Mroczek KJ. Decision making in the treatment of hallux valgus. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2007;65(1):19-23. </ref> This article [[File:Foot inferior.png|thumb|Plantar surface of the foot]]

...cuboid, cuboid fault syndrome, and lateral plantar neuritis.'''Because of the nature and inconsistent terminology associated with this injury, cuboid syn ...P, Hamilton WG. Cuboid subluxation in ballet dancers. The american journal of sports medicine. 1992 Mar;20(2):169-75.</ref>

...lar methods of electrotherapy and the evidence to support it in the use of knee conditons specifically.&nbsp; ...evidence to support this theory, and almost all of the literature supports the magnetic field effect.

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Hele ...About 20% of these injuries. are not diagnosed in time or at the point of the injury.<ref name=":7" /> A subtle, but unstable injury may receive conserv

...ivities or professional and recreational sports. This article will discuss the ankle joint and its osseous, soft tissue, neural and vascular components, a ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

.... [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18560194 The interrater reliability of 4 clinical tests used to assess individuals with musculoskeletal hip pain]. ...s is designed for stability and weight-bearing – rather than a large range of movement.

...oft tissue injuries have classically been managed through various acronyms the most well known being [[RICE]] and [[POLICE Principle|POLICE]]. ...hritis|NSAID]]<nowiki/>s in an acute injury can actually be detrimental to the recovery and healing process.<ref name=":1">Dubois B, Esculier J

...ntractures. Research and Training Center on Independent Living, University of Kansas. (1996). Contractures. Lawrence, KS. Available from<nowiki/>https:// ...ert RD. [https://www.nature.com/articles/sc201225 Incidence and predictors of contracture after spinal cord injury—a prospective cohort study.] Spinal

...ving way), and impaired balance responses for more than 6 months following the initial injury<ref>Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, editor. Manual therapy for m .... Seven years follow‐up after ankle inversion trauma. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2002 Jun;12(3):129-35.</ref>.

...iginal Editors ''' - [[User:Annelies Beckers|Annelies Beckers]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...e study of conservative care utilizing ART and rehabilitation’, Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 2006 September, volume 50, num. 3, pp. 1

...;12(1):1189.</ref> This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the foot. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

..."> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Chelsea Mclene|Chelsea Mclene]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ ...wed on the [[Anatomy of the Equine Hind Limb]] page. This page will cover the following hind limb conditions:

...n x-rays or just on MRI findings. These things have to come together (with the objective assessment)". ''Helene Simpson'' </blockquote> [[File:Sesamoid Bone.png|thumb|Sesamoid Bone in the distal end of the first metatarsal ]]