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[[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]] ...:Cervical Spine - Ligaments]] [[Category:Ligaments]] [[Category:Cervical Spine]]

...on in front with the rectus capitis anterior muscles, behind with the alar ligaments. ...aedics]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Anatomy]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Ligaments]]

| [[Image:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|thumb|200px|Anterior Longintudinal Ligament - Late ...ref name=":0">http://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/subject.php?pn=anatomy-ligaments-17</ref>

[[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]] ...ull. It lies as a fibrous cord in the triangular interval between the alar ligaments.

...rticles/PMC6116888/pdf/cureus-0010-00000002893.pdf Duplication of the Alar Ligaments: A Case Report.] Cureus. 2018 Jun 29;10(6).</ref> with the alar ligament on ...:Ligaments]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Ligaments]] [[Category:Cervical Spine]]

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|thumb|419x419px|supraspinous ligament ...hat connects together the apices of the spinous processes from the seventh cervical vertebra to 3rd or 4th lumbar vertebrae. From vertebra C7 to the skull liga

[[Category:Cervical Spine]] [[Category:Ligaments]]

...three synovial joints and constitutes the most mobile articulation of the spine<ref>Magee, D. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. Elsevier</ref>. &nbsp;The mi == Ligaments ==

...a ligament complex called Altantoaxial Ligament Complex (Axis). These four ligaments extend from the Atlas to the Axis: *Lateral Ligaments (2)

<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">[[Image:Ligaments of the hand dorsal aspect Primal.png|200px|center]]<br> Ligaments of the Hand Dorsal Aspect

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|right|frameless|492x492px]] [[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone.

...trachea)<ref name=":0">Lang, J., 1993. ''Clinical anatomy of the cervical spine''. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of ...o, D., Lee, S. and Kim, I., 2013. ''Surgical Anatomy and Techniques to the Spine E-Book''. Elsevier Health Sciences.</ref>

..., Tubbs RS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5769988/ “False” ligaments: a review of anatomy, potential function, and pathology]. Cureus. 2017 Nov; It is a very strong, primary stabiliser for the upper cervical spine - the odontoid process will generally fracture before the [[ligament]] will

...gov/pubmed/15371718 The nuchal ligament restrains cervical spine flexion]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Sep 15;29(18):E388-93.</ref>. [[Category:Cervical Spine - Anatomy]]

[[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]] [[Image:Tectorial membrane.png|thumb|right]] Strong broad structure which covers the [[Odontoid process]] and it's ligaments.

...uscles, ligaments, and sometimes also the bones and nerves of the cervical spine. ...severe pain.<ref>Anderson C, Yeung E, Tong T, et al. A narrative review on cervical interventions in adults with chronic whiplashassociated disorder. BMJ Open

== Ligaments &amp; Joint Capsule == ...s rather roomy and relaxed and the joint possesses no individual accessory ligaments. &nbsp;Stability is provided by:<br>

...then places the index fingers between the occiput and spinous process of [[Cervical Anatomy|C2]], so the index fingers are over the neural arch of the C1 verte ...p.com/ptj/article/93/12/1686/2735395 Diagnostic accuracy of upper cervical spine instability tests: a systematic review.] Physical therapy. 2013 Dec 1;93(12

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it === Types of Spondylosis in spine ===

In the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] and thoracic regions it has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, bu ...al attaching to the vertebral bodies and vertebral discs and tightens with cervical flexion.

...sess the integrity of the [[Alar ligaments|alar ligaments]] and thus upper cervical stability.<br> ...Spine. 1987;12:183–189.</ref> to result from tension generated in the alar ligaments.<br>

...https://www.physioadvisor.com.au/health/anatomy/ligaments/ligaments-of-the-spine/ (accessed 29 March 2019). </ref> The ligaments are narrow and elongated in the thoracic region, broader, thicker, and quad

...vertebra) also known as epistropheus forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra (the [[Atlas]]), which carries the head, rotates.<ref>Axis (anatom ...flattened where it articulates with the transverse ligament.<ref>Cervical Spine Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/194

...lateral facet joints transfer loads and guide and constrain motions in the spine due to their geometry and mechanical function<ref>Nicolas V. Jaumard, Willi ...a above. The superior facet of the inferior vertebra is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inf

...oid peg) is a protuberance (process or projection) of the [[Axis]] (second cervical vertebra). It exhibits a slight constriction or neck, where it joins the ma ...ide a rough impression for the attachment of the [[Alar ligaments]]; these ligaments connect the process to the occipital bone.

* Extension of the spine when acting bilaterally * Ipsilateral lateral flexion of the spine when acting unilaterally

...nature<ref>Nikolai Bogduk. Clinical and Radiological Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine 5th Edition.Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier. Feb 2012.</ref><ref name=":0" ...racolumbar Fascia|thoracolumbar fascia]] by the supraspinous, interspinous ligaments to ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspin

...region (see [[Cranial Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

=== Joints and Ligaments of the Skull === == Canine Spine ==

* '''Mobility''' of the cervical spine. ...ature of the spine, while also increasing the pressure on vertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles.

...MC4836940/ Management of typical and atypical Hangman's fractures.] Global spine journal. 2016 May;6(03):248-56.</ref> ...nal weakened by the foramen transversarium on each side. There is no other cervical bony injury with a Hangman’s fracture.<ref name=":0">T.G. Williams. Hangm

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]] == Cervical Spine Structure ==

=== Ligaments and Joint Capsule === The AC joint capsule and ligaments surrounding the joint work together to provide stability and to keep the cl

The SC Joint capsule is fairly strong but is dependent on the ligaments for the majority of its support. ...AT, Neto AF. Assessment of the function and resistance of sternoclavicular ligaments: A biomechanical study in cadavers. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery &

== Osteology, Ligaments and Fascia == | [[Image:Pelvis ligaments anterior view.png|center|200px]]

'''Os odontoideum''' (OO) is a rare anomaly of the second cervical vertebrae characterised by a separation of a portion of the [[odontoid proc ...bility. This increased atlantoaxial translation potentially leads to upper cervical cord or vertebral artery impingement<ref name="Mintken" />.

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Ligaments of the pelvis anterior aspect Primal.png|right|frameless|399x399px]]

...ion (whilst paddling) increases the demands on the structures of the upper spine and associated soft tissues. ...nsion in the thoracic, increasing the demands of extension on the cervical spine.

...tebrae.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical vertebra.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical Vertebra side view.png|thumb|right]] ...Clinical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anato

...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...tched on their superior and inferior surfaces, in the articulated thoracic spine, these notches form the intervertebral foramina for the passage of the thor

...ven vertebrae as well as articulations with the occiput and upper thoracic spine, each with different axes of movement which can combine in a multitude of w Movements of the cervical spine are 1) constrained by the [[Anatomy cervical|anatomy]] of motion segments and longer connective structures that span mul

...on multifidus intermediate layer Primal.png|thumb|Figure 1. Muscles of the cervical region.]] ...he]] (CGH) is a chronic secondary headache that originates in the cervical spine.<ref>Fernandez M, Moore C, Tan J, Lian D, Nguyen J, Bacon A et al. Spinal m

...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy � ...surfaces, the thickness of the cartilage, the orientation of the fibres of ligaments and capsule, the direction of pull of muscles and tendons, facilitate free

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...west border of the first lumbar vertebra. It is enlarged at two sites, the cervical and lumbar region.

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...erextension of the upper cervical vertebrae and forward translation of the cervical vertebrae.<ref name=":3">Koseki T, Kakizaki F, Hayashi S, Nishida N, Itoh M ...well as compression of the cervical vertebrae—the uppermost portion of the spine that supports the head and protects the spinal cord.

...[[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]] or [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical myelopathy]]. ...[[Cervical Spondylosis|spondylosis]] (degenerative changes in the cervical spine) but can also be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and in

[[File:Cervical vertebra.png|right|frameless]] ...d to as [[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical spinal myelopathy]] respectively.

...bove, it is continuous with a similar investing layer on the back of the [[Cervical Anatomy|neck]]—the nuchal fascia. <ref name=":0">Willard FH, Vleeming A, ..., [[spasticity]] and increased tone in the lower thoracic spine and lumbar spine / paraspinal regions causing severe [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]<nowiki/>s. <re