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...nical Practice Guidelines|neck]], [[Lumbar Anatomy|back,]] or [[shoulder]] pain.<ref>Ghan GM, Babu VS. Immediate effect of cervico-thoracic mobilization on ...be defined as a form of manual therapy that is used in an effort to reduce pain and improve range of motion<ref>Di Fabio RP . Efficacy of manual therapy. P

The deep neck flexors (or prevertebral [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical muscles]]) are the equivalent of the [[Core Muscles|core]] for the ...hey prevertebral layer of the cervical [[fascia]], encloses [[Spinal cord anatomy|vertebral]] column, longus colli and longus capitis muscles.<ref name=":0"

# Intermediate: attached to the posterior [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]] ...:0">Modes RJ, Fahrioglu SL. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539746/ Anatomy, Back]. StatPearls [Internet]. 2021 Mar 27. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.

...teal-muscles Gluteal Muscles] Available: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteal-muscles<nowiki/>(accessed 11.1.2022)</ref>. Image 1: Rotating image of the anatomy of muscles of the gluteal region. The Maximus (yellow), medius (blue) and m

...(SOR) on craniovertebral angle, cervical range of motion and chronic neck pain in medical students with upper cross syndrome at the end of 6 weeks: A comp == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...r positioning in testing and strengthening the supraspinatus. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1996 Jun 1;28(6):661-4.</ref> ==Relevant anatomy==

[[File:Back pain image.jpg|right]] ...t, depression, anxiety, pain-related disability and pain intensity]. Eur J Pain [Internet]. 2022 June 12 [cited 2023 May 22]. 26:1611–1635</ref>.

.../articles/PMC3445210/ Influence of the hip on patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review]. Sports health. 2011 Sep;3(5):455-65.Availab ...al Knee-Based Strengthening More Effective in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?] A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of S

...tive surgery. 2005 May 1;115(6):1752-8.</ref><ref name=":2">Yu M, Wang SM. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Occipital Nerves. [Updated 2022 Oct 31]. In: StatPearls [In ...SR. Neuralgias of the head: occipital neuralgia. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2016 Apr 1;31(4):479-88.</ref>]]

...cles]].<ref name=":0">Moore KL. Dalley AF. Agur AMR. Clinically Orientated Anatomy. 7^th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014. ...Capitis Muscle Syndrome Available: https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/pain/maxillofacial/splenius-capitis-muscle-syndrome (accessed 3.2.2022)</ref>

...:0">Keith, L., Arthur, F. and Anne, M. (n.d.). ''Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy''. 7th ed.</ref> ...n green) - lateral view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/levator-scapulae-muscle </ref>

Image: Four [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] lobes:frontal lobe(red); parietal lobe(orange); temporal lobe(green *[[File:Basal ganglia anatomy.jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]]The cerebrum is the largest part of the brai

...ly throughout the [[lumbar]], [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] regions. It lies in the groove to the side of the vertebral colu ...r Musculature Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/lumbar-musculature-anatomy-and-function/ (accessed 5.3.2022)</ref>

...a review of mechanisms and clinical presentation.] Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2019;27.</ref> == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...st’. It is found that up to 32-73% of youth athletes are affected by wrist pain from overuse injuries<ref name=":1" />, and 15% of which involves the grow == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...nd femoral nerves.<ref name=":1">Farrell C, Shamrock AG, Black AC, Kiel J. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Medial Meniscus. InStatPearls [Internet] 2023 == Anatomy and Attachment ==

...S">Travell JG, Simons DG, Simons LS (1998). Travell and Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual, Volume 1: Upper Half of Body (2n ...Jan 1;117(1):24-31.</ref><ref>Agur AMR, Dalley AF (2012). Grant's Atlas of Anatomy (13th ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref>

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == .../pii/S1058274607005009</nowiki></ref>[[File:Quad space.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Anatomy of the Quadrilateral Space ]]

...t was originated in ''Vedic'' time and is used as a modality in Ayurveda (Science of Life), the comprehensive, natural health care system.<ref name=":0">Shar == How is the human body viewed in Vedic Science? ==

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...ernal intercostals in their function<ref>https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/intercostal-muscles</ref>.

...abductors. Hip abduction strengthening exercises help to prevent and treat pain in the hips and knees<ref>Healthline The Benefits and Effectiveness of Hip ...post-menopausal women with greater trochanteric pain syndrome]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2017 Jan 1;20:e72.Available: https://www.researchgat

The [[hip]] hinge is a movement where the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]] and [[pelvis]] stay in a relatively ...o [[Lifting|lift]] from the ground while dealing with [[Low Back Pain|back pain.]]

...symptoms that often present together without identifying the cause of the pain and dysfunction, as is the case with other syndromes such as chronic fatigu == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...iling facts for contemporary management of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain]. Br J Sports Med. 2022 Nov;56(22):1262-5. </ref> * [[Pelvic Floor Anatomy|Pelvic Floor]]

== Anatomy == ...study of the proximal origin of hamstring muscles]. Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 2012 Sep 1;17(5):614-8.</ref>

...s of the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] or the central canal of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. They account for ~5% of all neuroepithelial neoplasms, ~10% ==Clinically Relevant Anatomy==

== Anatomy of Cycle == ...se injury in cycling. It is also known as cyclist's knee or patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS).

...me=":1">Gowda SN, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556078 Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Levator Ani Muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Mar == Anatomy ==

[[File:Pain experience.png|thumb|Pain experience]] ...related to sensitivity of peripheral pain receptors and variability in CNS pain processing. Reasons for this include:

...o not leave the pelvic cavity.<ref>Drake RL. Vogl AW. Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 20 # Cancers can invade the sacral plexus causing pain radiating pain syndromes similar to sciatic nerve lesions.<ref>Grisold W. Grisold A. Loche

...n) - anterolateral view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/transversus-abdominis-muscle</ref> ...t of the Transversus Abdominis in the Prevention and Treatment of Low Back Pain.] HSS Journal®. 2019 Oct 1;15(3):214-20.</ref>

...communis ).<ref>A.J. Larner; A Dictionary of Neurological Signs; Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 12-Nov-2010; page 369</ref> == Anatomy ==

# It is often prescribed for patients with back pain , and increases the activities of trunk stabilization muscles such as the [ ...bridging / pelvic bridging reveals the movement comprises of&nbsp;: [[Hip Anatomy|Hip]] Extension; [[Lumbar]] extension; and Posterior [[Pelvic Tilt|Pelvic t

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...scos, Diego F. Lemos, and Leonard E. Swischuk. Comprehensive Review of the Anatomy, Function, and Imaging of the Popliteus and Associated Pathologic Condition

...":1">Jeno SH, Schindler GS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534842/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh adductor magnus muscles.]Available: http == Anatomy ==

...e on thoracic shape and respiratory function]. Journal of physical therapy science. 2019;31(1):63-8. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=li ...d compressive forces through the neck joints and increased muscle tension, pain is the common outcome. Some of the types of problems associated with FHP ar

...of sports medicine and science. TD Fahey (Ed). Internet society for sports science: <nowiki>http://sportsci</nowiki>. org. 7th March. 1998 Mar.</ref> and stra == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...of this test, some studies have indicated a positive result as denoted by pain, some by weakness, and some by both<ref name=":0">Sgroi M, Loitsch T, Reich ...) activity compared with the [[Empty Can Test]], but that it provoked less pain. Their findings showed no significant difference in supraspinatus muscle ac

...vel to the scalp and the superior nuchal line<ref name=":0">Yu M, Wang SM. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Occipital Nerves. [Updated 2021 Nov 5]. In: StatPearls [Int ...tal neuralgia is a type of headache characterized by a paroxysmal stabbing pain in the posterior area of the scalp.

...avi SL, Wright AA, Hegedus EJ, Bleakley CM. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987717304243 Biotensegrity and myofascial chains: A global ...e body to move as a unit.  They can, however, also cause [[Myofascial Pain|pain]] and structural weakness.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, by understanding myofasci

...n, a Comprehensive Review: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019 Mar 11;23(3):23. doi: 10.1007/s11916-019-0757-1. PMID: 3 ...efinitions and physiology of back pain, referred pain, and radicular pain. PAIN 147 (2009) 17–19</ref>

...n accumulation of these ions—acidosis—causing exhaustion and intramuscular pain<ref>The fee dictionary [https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/la ...he body of elite endurance athletes Available: https://theconversation.com/science-of-champion-runners-inside-the-body-of-elite-endurance-athletes-146639<nowi

Sexual desire/interest, arousal, orgasm, and sexual pain are the four main categories of sexual dysfunction. ...ue)<ref>Hatzimouratidis K, Hatzichristou D. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743609515314892 Sexual dysfunctions: classifications and defi

...=":0">Flynn W, Vickerton P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551649/ Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Abdominal Wall.] Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go ...al wall (anterior view) image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/anterior-abdominal-wall</ref>

...0">Bonnel FT, Toullec E, Mabit C, Tourné Y. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877056810000794?via%3Dihub Chronic ankle instability: biomech ...an anterior talofibular ligament in relation to ankle sprains.] Journal of anatomy. 2002 May;200(5):457-65.</ref>

* It is a channel for the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] transmitting stimuli (sensory) from the head and body to the ...nd reflexes, letting you respond appropriately to situations like that<ref>Science trends The function of the midbrain Available from:https://sciencetrends.co

== Description<ref>Palastanga N & Soames R ''Anatomy and Human Movement, Structure and Function.'' 6th ed. China: Elsevier(Chur ...eroneal nerve (L4,5,S1,2)<ref name=":0">Ellis H ''Clinical Anatomy,Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors.'' 11th ed. Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell

...S, Cook J. [https://www.bodyinmind.org/wp-content/uploads/Rio2013.pdf The pain of tendinopathy: physiological or pathophysiological?]. Sports medicine. 20 ...TB, Pizzari T, Kinsella R, Hope D, Cook JL. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521694219300233?casa_token=y5irK5QLRAgAAAAA:C8IDouQjejbc5zvP6

...sitis]] (inflammation of a bursa) is one of the leading causes of shoulder pain. It can lead to lost workdays and, in some cases, even disability. ...erity, but may include swelling, excessive warmth at the site, tenderness, pain and/or fever.

...on, which would not seem appropriate for all patient suffering from tendon pain. So this has led to further research and theories.&nbsp;<ref name="(Maufful ...thy’. Cook and Purdum have proposed a new strategy when approaching tendon pain, and this is called the tendon continuum. They propose there are 3 stages t

...ion to approximate the teeth<ref name=":0">Basit H, Tariq MA, Siccardi MA. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Mastication Muscles. StatPearls [Internet], 2020. Available ...muscles of mastication image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-muscles-of-mastication</ref>

...y innervated fat pad beneath it, stimulating mechanoreceptors that lead to pain perception.<ref name=":0" /> Females are twice as likely to develop ITBS th ...t in compression forces that exceed tissue tolerance and progress into the pain associated with iliotibial band syndrome.

...e plank exercises on core muscle activity. Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science. 2016;5(1):29-33.</ref> ...h Isometric Contraction of Ankle Muscles in Subjects With Chronic Low Back Pain. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.May 2019. 1064-8011

...uated on the medial side.<ref name="lap">Laprade, R. F., et al., 2007. The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery [online]. ...l ligament of the knee and its significance in joint stability. Journal of Anatomy and Embryology [online]. 121(2), pp. 198-204. [viewed 12 September 2016]. A

...cbi.nlm.nih.gov/16244008/ Sacroiliac joint pain: a comprehensive review of anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005 Nov 1;101(5):1440- ...c joint: anatomy, function, biomechanics, sexual dimorphism, and causes of pain]. International journal of spine surgery. 2020 Feb 1;14(s1):S3-13.</ref>

...needs assistance with movement from an external force because of weakness, pain, or changes in muscle tone ...t 2009 Jan 1 (pp. 538-577). Mosby. Available:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323046794100280 (accessed 25.10.2021)</ref> Usually perfor

...for the Study of Pain. IASP Terminology. Available from: https://www.iasp-pain.org/Education/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1698. [Accessed 19 July 2020]</ref><b Pain is always '''subjective''' and everyone learns the use of this word through

== Cyclist's Knee - Relevant Anatomy == ...reer. A systematic review and various studies report the incidence of knee pain ranging from 36% to 62%<ref name=":2">Bini R, Hume PA, Croft JL. [https://w

[[File:BrainstemAnatomy.png|thumb|400x400px|Brainstem Anatomy]] ...pinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]].<ref>''[https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-brainstem Brainstem]''. Kenhub. </ref>

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == Please see the page "[[Pelvic Floor Anatomy]]," for further details regarding anatomy.

...effect on another.<ref name=":0">Howell, D, Gait Deviation Associated with Pain Syndromes in the Lower Leg and Foot. Gait Analysis. Plus. 2022</ref> == Anatomy Review ==

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]] * Symptoms of spinal instability may include neck or back pain, nerve pain and muscle spasms<ref name=":2">Beazell, J. R., Mullins, M., & Grindstaff,

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...houlder distally down the arm or proximally into the neck. The duration of pain is almost always self-limiting, lasting 1 to 2 weeks but on rare occasions

== Back Pain in AIS == ...le, H., Poitras, B., Duhaime, M., Rivard, C. and Le Blanc, R. Dorso-lumbal pain and idiopathic scoliosis in adolescence. ''Annales de Chirurgie''. 1996;50

Cuboid syndrome is an easily misdiagnosed source of lateral midfoot pain, and is believed to arise from a subtle disruption of the arthrokinematics == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...me=":2">Wang CS, Sakai M, Khurram A, Lee K. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468548821000370#fig2 Facial nerve palsy in children: a case s == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

The [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]] is a synovial joint with articulation between the femoral head ...rticles/PMC2717375/pdf/11999_2009_Article_927.pdf The Classic: On Rest and Pain: Lecture XIV.] Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Sep;467(9):2208-14. </ref>A join

...ebra.<ref>Miyuki Hirai P, Thomson O P, 2016 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1360859216301000 T4 syndrome – A distinct theoretical co ....com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031940605660774 The T4 Syndrome: Some Basic Science Aspects], Physiotherapy, 1997, Volume 83, Issue 4, P:186-189,</ref>&nbsp;

...go sustained amounts of pressure and compression which can cause numbness, pain and weakness eg [[cyclist's palsy]], [[Cyclist's Neck|cyclist's neck]]<ref> == Anatomy of Cycling ==

...c joint: anatomy, function, biomechanics, sexual dimorphism, and causes of pain.] International journal of spine surgery. 2020 Feb 1;14(s1):S3-13.</ref> ...s provide resistance to shear loads.<ref name=":1">Zlomislic V, Garfin SR. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Sacroiliac Joint. Techniques in Orthopaedics. 2019

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiolog ...horacic spine anatomy] Available from:https://eorthopod.com/thoracic-spine-anatomy/ (last accessed 12.4.2020)</ref>

...nd types of pointe shoes. Examples include:<ref name=":3">Green-Smerdon M. Anatomy of the Pointe Shoe Course. Plus. 2022.</ref> [[File:Anatomy of a Pointe Shoe.jpg|frameless|406x406px|alt=|right]]The main parts of a po

...to the reduction of subjective somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, and pain, but it can result in objective clinical improvement too. The nocebo respon ...ertain stimulus, the patient is more likely to describe similar amounts of pain when they experience the same stimulus. Because they observed the other per

...ew will provide clues to causative factors of the patient's patellofemoral pain. ...rogramme. Muscle Length Assessment and Treatment Related to Patellofemoral Pain. Physioplus. 2022.</ref>

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == • Arm pain worse than neck pain

...e=":1">Gold M, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470555/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Hip Joint]. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nl ...earing occur, and is thinner posteroinferiorly.<ref>Glenister R, Sharma S. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, hip. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52

...w, read this page: [[Shoe Analysis - Basic Anatomy of a Running Shoe|Basic Anatomy of a Running Shoe]] ...arts of the shoe - [[Shoe Analysis - Basic Anatomy of a Running Shoe|Basic Anatomy of a Running Shoe]]

* Both situations can give rise to knee pain. == Knee Anatomy ==

...horough assessment in order to identify pain or loss of function caused by pain, injury, disorders or disability.[[File:Gallop.jpg|thumb]] <ref name=":1" / * Good understanding of the anatomy, functional anatomy, and biomechanics of the horse

...ted behavioural approach for the targeted management of disabling low back pain. Physical therapy. 2018 May 1;98(5):408-23.</ref></blockquote>This page dis ...e from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/the-science-of-sleep-understanding-what-happens-when-you-sleep (accessed 17/01/2022).</

...lysis|synovial fluid]]. It appears for example at a junction of a [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]] on the [[bone]]. The iliopsoas bursa separates the muscle or tendo ...f> The iliopsoas bursitis is one of the causes related to anterior [[hip]] pain.

...1994. (level of evidence 1A)</ref>. However the usual presentation is back pain (over 90% of patients) and possibly fever (under 20% of patients). Patients *Pain on heelstrike, impactation and percussion

...bmj.com/content/36/4/239.long Achilles tendinopathy: some aspects of basic science and clinical management]. (Review). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 200 ...ng JHC, Guo Q, Li B. [https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.lib.uwaterloo.ca/science/article/pii/S089411301100086X?via%3Dihub Tendon Biomechanics and Mechanobio

...ics is a '''science-based discipline'''. It brings together knowledge from anatomy and physiology, psychology, engineering and statistics and ensures that the ...earn/neck-pain/ neck] and [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Low_Back_Pain back pain], and [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Carpal_Tunnel_Syndrome carpal tunnel sy

...35px|<ref>https://greenbayacupuncture.co/2017/05/17/metatarsalgia-forefoot-pain/</ref>|right|frameless]] ...angeal joints. This is often seen in clinical practice, the deformity and pain can deteriorate gait function and decrease quality of life<ref name=":5">Pa

...back pain.<ref name=":0">Will JS, Bury DC, Miller JA. Mechanical low back pain. American family physician. 2018 Oct 1;98(7):421-8.</ref> ...o T. What is the source of chronic low back pain and does age play a role? Pain medicine. 2011 Feb 1;12(2):224-33.</ref>

...ncurred, compensation can occur further up the kinetic chain, resulting in pain and injury. == The “Ideal” Anatomy for a Ballet Foot ==

...ique]] (VMO) of the [[Quadriceps Muscle|quadriceps]] led to patellofemoral pain. However, early research often used fixed cadavers rather than live subject ...up and down the kinetic chain for a more holistic cause of patellofemoral pain.

...450px]]Lung [[Oncology|cancer]] refers to tumors originating in the [[Lung Anatomy|lung]] parenchyma or within bronchi. It is: * Peripheral lesions may result in pleuritic chest pain.

* [[Hallux Valgus#Clinically Relevant Anatomy|Clinically Relevant Anatomy]] * pain management

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == Involved anatomy of this disorder includes the [[Elbow|radial head]] or the central and/or l

...www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/5/1275/pdf Associated risk factors with low back pain in white-collar workers—A cross-sectional study]. Journal of Clinical Med ...1186/s12891-019-2826-3 Psychosocial areas of worklife and chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.] BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(

...lekseeva, A. ''et al.'' The fifth cranial nerve in headaches. ''J Headache Pain'' 21, 65 (2020).</ref> ...rigeminal tract convey impulses concerned with thermal, tactile sense, and pain from the face, forehead, and mucous membranes of the nose and mouth<ref nam

...single leg standing tests for clinical assessment of chronic plantar heel pain syndrome: static stance, half-squat and heel rise]. Physiotherapy. 2017 Jun ...ols for PHPS <ref name=":0">Bernice Saban 2021. Assessment of Plantar Heel Pain - A Literature Review. Plus Course. 2021</ref>

...nts with a 7/9 score on the [[Beighton score|Beighton Scale]]<ref>Alter M. Science of Flexibility. Sheridan books 2004 (third edition); page 89</ref> which sh Ms E's main complaint is pain on the top of both feet when going up onto pointe, doing a rollover and in

...ly impact the [[Quality of Life|quality of life (QOL)]] by increasing back pain and the risk of [[falls]].<ref name=":5">Conder R, Zamani R, Akrami M. [htt ...Importance of Therapeutic Exercise]:... [Internet]. ResearchGate. Bentham Science Publishers; 2015 [cited 2022 Jan 23].</ref><ref name=":18">Forczek W, Ivane

== Basic Anatomy of a Tendon == ...ture of the tendon connective tissue. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 2000; 10: 312-320.</ref><ref name="Wagett et al 2006" />

...anatomy, biomechanics and physiology of the TMJ are discussed in detail [[Anatomy of the Temperomandibular Joint|here]] and [[Physiology and Biomechanics of == Causes of Facial Pain ==

...l neuralgia or tailbone pain, is the term used to describe the symptoms of pain that occur in the region of the coccyx.<ref name=":0">Patel R, Appannagari ...iduals, management can be difficult due to the complex nature of coccygeal pain.<ref name=":3" />

...technique with therapeutic intent..."<ref name="Lederman">Lederman E. The Science and Practice of Manual therapy. 2nd ed. Elsevier: London. (2005)</ref>. </b *'''Injuring Movement - '''Making the pain/symptoms 'come on' by moving the joint in a particular direction during the