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...arm and hand.<ref>https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-radius-and-the-ulna</ref> The ulna is a long bone larger proximally than distally.

[[File:Radius whole body.png|thumb|Radius in relation to the whole body]] ...l forearm when in the anatomical position. The radius bone is smaller than the [[ulna]] and has an upper end, a lower end, and a shaft.

...aped bone with a hook-like process that can be found in the medial side of the wrist.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF. ''Clinically Oriented Anatomy.'' ...shape with a distinct bony process called hook of hamate that extends from the palmar surface.<ref name=":0" />

...to the wrist area. It is a superficial muscle that becomes very visible as the wrist comes into flexion. ...dyle of the humerus, passes obliquely downwards to the lateral side of the forearm.

...direction. Maximum shear stresses act on the surface parallel to the plane of applied strength. == Effect on bones ==

[[File:Hand and wrist bones II.JPG|thumb]] ...MCP joint being measured is at 0° of extension.<ref name=":1">Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry, 4e | F.A. Davis PT Collection | McGraw

...>Atanelov Z, Bentley TP. Greenstick fracture.</ref>Usually happens in long bones such as radius, ulna, femur, tibia, humerus. Green stick fractures are unst ...jury''' is fall on the outstretched hand(FOOSH). It can also occur because of trauma such as road traffic accident, sports injuries or even a non acciden

...eaney RP. Skeletal renewal and metabolic bone disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 1969 Jan 23;280(4):193-202.</ref>. ...rom the median nerve anywhere from 1.5 to 7.5 cm (mean = 5.2 cm) distal to the intercondylar line<ref name=":0" />.

...n-It is passive skilled manual therapy techniques applied on the joints of the body. * One “tool” in the therapist “toolbox”

...terminates at the[[Cubital Fossa| cubital fossa]] where it bifurcates into the ulnar artery and a smaller radial artery.<ref name=":0">https://www.kenh .... <ref name=":2">Richard M. M; Zachary G.Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Forearm Radial Artery. InStatPearls [Internet] August 15, 2020. StatPearls Publishi

...utterworth-Heinemann, 1999</ref>, allowing the hand to explore and control the environment and objects. .../SaudiMedJ-41-938.pdf Time of appearance of ossification centres in carpal bones: A radiological retrospective study on Saudi children]. Saudi Medical Journ

...he hand. It is located at the level of the carpal bones and best seen when the thumb is abducted. ...d snuff (ground tobacco) before inhaling via the nose – hence it was given the name ‘snuffbox’.<ref name=":0">http://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/ar

...le discusses the key anatomical structures of the elbow complex, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and vascular sup ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...Dzikowska M, Klimek-Piotrowska W, Mazur M, Kuniewicz M, Bonczar T. Anatomy of Guyon's canal-a systematic review. Folia Medica Cracoviensia. 2014;54(2).</ ...a MÁ, Navarro-Zarza JE, Villaseñor-Ovies P, Kalish RA. Clinical anatomy of the hand. Reumatologia clinica. 2012 Dec 1;8:25-32.</ref>

...nnrikus W et al.  Pediatric Monteggia Fractures: A Multicenter Examination of Treatment Strategy and Early Clinical and Radiographic Results. J Pediatr O ...rm<ref name=":2">Tang P, Failla JM, Contesti LA. The radioulnar joints and forearm axis: surgeons' perspective. J Hand Ther. 1999 Apr-Jun;12(2):75-84. PMID: 1

...hesis. It aims to create a stable, pain-free joint with a functional range of movement when conservative treatments have failed. ...of the wrist and usually lasts for about 10 to 15 years. Implant survival of 90-100% at five years are mostly reported using newer second generation and

...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...orkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-36801-1_49-1#citeas Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Wrist and Hand]. In: Doral M., Karlsson J. (eds) Sports Injuries. Springer, * The upper limb has sacrificed locomotor function and stability for mobility, de

...al Editors ''' - [[User:Alexander Ghyssels|Alexander Ghyssels]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...terminology of compartment syndrome and Volkmann's ischemic contracture of the upper extremity. Hand clinics. 1998 Aug;14(3):331.</ref><ref name="p2">Clov

...le of the [[Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles Of The Hand|thenar]] eminence of the hand. ...rnals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.4137/CMAMD.S8443 ilateral congenital absence of flexor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis brevis muscles with bilateral

[[File:Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand PIL.png|thumb|Palmar Interosseous Muscle-Hand]] ...and assists in flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the interphalangeal joints.<ref name=":0">Valenzuela M, Bordoni B. [https://eu

...h to reach the upper extremity from the neck<ref name=":0">TeachMeAnatomy. The Axilla Region. Available from: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/areas ...nown as cervicoaxillary margin, axillary inlet) region of entrance/exit of the axillary neurovascular bundle

...ttp://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shannon_Petersen Shannon Petersen] part of the </span>[[Des Moines University Student Project]]<span style="line-height: 1 ...ing with regard to thrust manipulation of the upper extremity. The purpose of this literature review was to help clinicians identify upper extremity path

...aft (diaphysis) and two extremities (epiphysis). It is the longest bone of the upper extremity. ...py. Understanding the intricacies of the humerus, the long bone that forms the upper arm, is paramount for physiotherapists seeking to optimize patient ca

...Kunselman]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]] ...articulations form the radioulnar and radiocarpal joints at the elbow and the wrist, respectively.

...stri|William Silvestri]] and [[User:Jamie Keller|Jamie Keller]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP P ...ated in the wrist]. These eight bones are arranged into two rows with four bones in each.

...Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</ref> Those differences emerge from the functions that each breed was originally developed.<ref>Zink C, Schlehr MR. ...ta G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs. Animals] 2021, 11, 813.</ref>

...Mosby; 1999.</ref>, support, or immobilize an injured or inflamed part of the body.<ref name=":1">Althoff AD, Reeves RA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/b ...sting for idiopathic clubfoot in infants: a prospective randomized trial]. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2020 Oct 3;102(10):1399-404.</ref>

...rom:https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123849533/encyclopedia-of-food-and-health [accessed 12/9/2023]</ref> ...larger holes as well as thin cortical walls, which can increase their risk of [[Insufficiency Fracture|fracturing]]. This is why bone density is importa

...zations]] that are applied Antero- cranially along the treatment planes of the joints selected. ...en all other means would be painful. The patient is always seated which is the most convenient starting position. This is much more acceptable than prone

...terminants of aponeurosis shape change during muscle contraction]. Journal of biomechanics. 2016 Jun 14;49(9):1812-7. Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.n ...rast, are tough and rope-like. An aponeurosis is made primarily of bundles of [[collagen]] fibers distributed in regular parallel patterns, which makes a

...bsorption amount is subtracted from the total absorption, the remainder is the bone mineral density. ...and more accurate than a regular X-ray. It involves an extremely low level of radiation.

...tracture of the elbow is not related to forearm rotation.<ref>Sojbjerg JO. The stiff elbow: How I do it. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1996 Jan 1;67(6): The elbow is more prone to stiffness because<ref>Magee DJ. Orthopedic physical

...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

Hand [[Fracture|fractures]] are common in the general population with relative propensity seen in contact-sport athletes [[File:Types of metacarpal fractures.jpg|right|frameless]]

...es in athletes: Evaluation and management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic surgeons, nov.-dec. 2001, vol. 9, n°: 6, 389-400. Evidence lev ...the ligaments, with no or mild joint instability.<br>3. A complete rupture of a ligament with severe joint instability.

...=":0">Lichtman DM, Wroten ES. Understanding Midcarpal Instability. Journal of Hand Surgery [AM]. 2006; 31A:491–498</ref><br><br> ..., [[capitate]], and [[hamate]]. Ligaments connect these bones, stabilising the joint.

...ttar AY, Al-Khishali TJ, Al Bayati MM, Hameed BM. The outcome of treatment of Kienbock's disease stage III by excisional arthroplasty and palmaris longus ...smitted through the TFCC and subsequently to the [[ulna]], and 35% through the radio-lunate articulation<ref name=":0">Nasr LA, Koay J. Kienbock Disease.2

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tracy-prowse/ Trac ...econdary schools]. Front Public Health. 2020;8:527442.</ref> large numbers of children and teenagers still participate in organised sports.<ref>Safe Kids

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio|Open Physio]] project. Amputation is defined as surgical removal or loss of body part such as arms or limbs in part or full. It is usually distinguishe

...primates, it is the combination of such which makes up for the uniqueness of our dexterity<ref name=":0" />.  This page outlines the thenar and hypothenar muscles of the hand.

...es, severely limiting a person’s ability to adequately complete activities of daily living. ...don rupture and inflammation, leading to further weakness and deformity in the hand.

[[File:The Brachial Artery.jpeg|thumb|Relation of distal end of arm with brachial artery and median nerve.]] ...pe which gets more flattered as it descends down to meet the distal end of the humerus.<ref name=":2" />

...of Physical Therapy Students at Texas State University - San Marcos|Doctor of Physical Therapy Students at Texas State University - San Marcos]] ...E, Inagaki H. Ulnocarpal impaction syndrome restricts even midcarpal range of motion. Hand Surg Jul 2005 10(1): 23-27.</ref>&nbsp;

...ref name="Hart" />&nbsp;In addition, these injuries occur predominantly in the younger population because their bodies are still in development.<ref name= (Photos Courtesy of The Radiology Assistant)

...s. Distal Radius Fractures [Internet]. Rosemont Illinois: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2013 [cited 2017 Oct 19]. Available from: http://orth (Level of Evidence = 5)

...fracture-1 (last accessed 2.4.2020)</ref> Fractures can occur in a variety of methods: ...normal bone subjected to acute overwhelming force, usually in the setting of trauma

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...aus Falck Larsen et al.; Analysis of Carpal Instability: I. Description of the Scheme; J Hand Surg 1995;20A:757-764</ref>

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Demol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...cord and/or the nerve roots and affect the function of the spinal cord or the nerve, which may cause symptoms associated with [[Cervical Radiculopathy|ce

...me=":0">H. Kirk Watson, et al.; 1988; Examination of the scaphoid; Journal of Hand Surgery, volume: 13A, 657-60. evidence level: F .... Easterling, et al.; 1994; Scaphoid Shift in the Uninjured Wrist; Journal of Hand Surgery, volume: 19A, 604-606 evidence level: C</ref><br>

...l discuss the anatomy of the hip joint in detail and provide some examples of hip joint pathology. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...utors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} - [[User:Emma Guettard|Emma Guettard]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...the distal radius is the location of the fracture, not the carpal bones of the wrist.<ref>http://www.handandwristinstitute.com/colles-fracture/</ref>

...allows for significant movement, but this is at the expense of stability. The shoulder is, therefore, susceptible to dysfunction and instability. ...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...Original Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt ....<ref name=":5" /> Apart from the clinical history, clinical reasoning and the physical examination are essential to make a diagnosis.

...e an issue, one study reporting that 31% of cyclists experienced some form of overuse hand pain<ref>Schwellnus, Martin & Derman, Wayne. (2014). [https:// ...lnar side of the hand; the thumb side of the hand. This occurs as a result of:

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. ...m/biomedgerontology/article/58/2/M146/593573 The aging hand]. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2003 Feb 1;

...f the Elbow|elbow anatomy]] and the subjective and objective assessment of the elbow. ...history.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>'''L: location of symptoms and level of functional impairment'''

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphn ...spective, population-based study of occupational movements and postures of the neck as risk factors for cervical disc herniation]. BMJ open. 2022 Feb 1;12

...ry to an eccentric overload of the common extensor tendon at the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon. <ref>Buchanan BK, Varacallo M ...condylar region of the distal [[humerus]]. In many cases, the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis brevis is involved.

...owledge to the various structures around the elbow as well as distant from the elbow that can contribute to a person's symptoms. ...individualised to the specific problems and contributing factors found in the assessment.

...ists Overuse Injuries in Professional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: ht ...yclist to rock their pelvis side to side to get sufficient power at bottom of stroke. Putting stress on low back muscles.

...rheumdis/48/9/743.full.pdf Primary osteoarthritis of the elbow.] Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1989 Sep 1;48(9):743-7.</ref> ...y shaped, there are strong collateral ligaments and muscles are grouped at the sides so not to impede movement.

...inatus rupture at the musculotendinous junction in a young woman.] Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 2014;15(3):231-4.</ref> ...nd keeps it in place. These muscles help to lift and rotate the arm. Visit the [[shoulder]] for more detailed information.

...agility, and balance along with mental control. It is a popular sport with the explosion in climbing gyms, bouldering venues and, bolted sports routes. ..., treatments, and prevention is important to diagnose, manage, and counsel the rock-climbing athlete.

...iagnosed until adulthood, results when a boy is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome. ...tosterone. The effects of Klinefelter syndrome vary, and not everyone has the same signs and symptoms.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/loren-szmiga/ Loren ...taff are at-risk occupations. Activities that involve excessive engagement of wrist flexion or prolonged wrist movements can lead to median nerve injury.

== Types of Sports for Athletes with Disabilities == ...pic Games is an international sporting event for people with disabilities. The following are sports in which paralympians compete:

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project. ...altogether. (eg. crawling)<ref name="Piper">Piper MC. Motor Assessment of the Developing Infant. WB Saunders Company; 1994.</ref>

...body and the changes it produces in body motion.<ref name=":0" /> In terms of this, there are skeletal, muscular and neurological considerations we need ...the areas where biomechanics is applied, to either support the performance of athletes or solve issues in sport or [[Therapeutic Exercise|exercise]]:&nbs

..."> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Chelsea Mclene|Chelsea Mclene]] based on the course by ...nding of the front limb, so that they are able to determine if referral to the veterinarian is necessary and to identify any compensatory dysfunction that

...07 Sep 25;21(7):50-.</ref> In essence, it is the extent to which a part of the body can be moved around a joint or a fixed point. ...part of patient assessment.<ref name=":0">Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...injuries can affect the proximal, middle, or distal phalanx. In most cases of phalanx fractures, effective realignment can be achieved through non-surgic ...ges of the hand (left hand) - animation01.gif|thumb|229x229px|Phalanges of the hand]]

...ng and treating patients. This article discusses the general principles of the muscle length assessment. == Structure of Muscles ==

...ake|Cassidy Lake]] and [[User:Kristen Templin|Kristen Templin]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP P ...ansfer between the upper and lower body and for rotational movement within the body.

...nlm.nih.gov/28641734/ Acute proximal humeral fractures in adults]. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2017 Apr 1;30(2):158-66.</ref> [[File:X-ray of fracture of proximal humerus.jpeg|center|thumb]]

...Complex Patient Problems|from Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] ...an incomplete neural tube, resulting in a bony defect at the distal end of the tube."&nbsp;<ref name="Neuro" /><ref>Copp AJ, Adzick NS, Chitty LS, Fletche

...with lepromatous leprosy .PNG|thumb|Erythematous papules seen in the face of patient with lepromatous leprosy ]] ...ow-growing bacterium now known as ''Mycobacterium leprae'' as the cause of the illness.<ref name=":3">World Health Orgaization. Leprosy ( hansen's disease

...in Locati|Erin Locati]], and [[User:Melissa Osti|Melissa Osti]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...majority of these fractures occur without spinal cord injury. 20 to 40% of the fractures are associated with neurological injuries.

...f tendinopathy is not a homogenous entity because of the diverse nature of the factors involved and hence, different treatment interventions are required, ...The rotator cuff muscles include:&nbsp;<ref name="Een">Gray,H. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1918; Bartleby.com, 2000</ref>