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...ic [[Back Muscles|back muscles]]). The ES is made of three subgroups, with the group divisions occurring by location. ...muscles, which spinalis belong to, are the most powerful extensors of the spine.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone. ...with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury.

Vertebra prominens is the name of the seventh cervical vertebra. ...nous process that protrudes posteriorly toward the [[skin]] at the back of the [[Cervical Anatomy|neck]].

The ribs are the bony framework of the thoracic cavity. ...he main structure of the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] cage protecting the thoracic organs, however their main function is to aid [[Breathing Pattern Disorders

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}})</div> ...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it

...ecular with a thin outer layer of compact bone. Similar to the first rib, the 11th and 12th ribs are considered atypical ribs due to their anatomical ...e:First rib.jpg|388x388px|right|frameless]]When compared to a typical rib, the first rib is

...re distinct in shape and function from vertebrae found in other regions of the vertebral column. ...possess articular facets on their sides for articulation with the heads of the ribs.

...skull- canine]]The Roof of the cranium is made up of frontal and parietal bones. The Floor is made up of sphenoid bone.

...ntly under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work!!</div> This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region.

...Karatas|Gülcan Karatas]][[User:Sefora Bakkioui|Sefora Bakkiouias]] part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...bone. It is a congenital overdevelopment of transverse process of cervical spine vertebra<ref>Fliegel BE, Menezes RG. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB ...ith no connection<ref name=":0" />, fully formed bony rib or a thin strand of tissue fibre. They vary in size and shape.

...png|alt=Overview of the scapula bone - anterior view|300x300px|Overview of the scapula bone - anterior view|thumb]] ...apula]. 2021 Available from: <nowiki>https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/arm-bones/scapula.html</nowiki>. (accessed August 16 2023).</ref>.

...may also have other skeletal abnormalities, such as short stature, curved spine, or malformed pelvis. ...nd features of CCD can vary widely among affected individuals, even within the same family.

...nd [[Movement Dysfunction|movement]], this can result in marked alteration of function.</div> ...altered connective tissue biology and a decrease in effective maintenance of tissue homeostasis<ref name=":1" />.

...Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</ref> Those differences emerge from the functions that each breed was originally developed.<ref>Zink C, Schlehr MR. ...ta G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs. Animals] 2021, 11, 813.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. Surfing is enjoyed by many people around the world. Surfing involves dynamic moves on an unstable surface needing good b

...il 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anatomy:The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005</ref><br> It is made up of 7 vertebrae. The first 2, C1 and C2, are highly specialized and are given unique names: atla

...ition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...ertebrae posteriorly and and help with twisting and turning motions of the spine. <ref name=":0">Brennan D. Facet arthrosis: What is it and what causes it?

...ae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s attach the muscles to the spinal column. ...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

There are a number of common [[Posture|postural]] changes that can affect an individual's functio In older adults, the following postural features are commonly observed:<ref name=":0">Banfi M. I

...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...n of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> '''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':'''

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphn ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...and can be described as an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine that is associated with aging<ref name="Jang et al." /> ...curvature of the thoracic spine is normal and present due to the shape of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs,

...on. It is best used in combination with other specific tests. A synonym is the Vorlauf test. ...s of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donn ...hermoplastics are used, which facilitates new designs and more comfort for the user.

..."> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Chelsea Mclene|Chelsea Mclene]] based on the course by '''Equine anatomy''' refers to the gross and microscopic anatomy of horses and other equids (donkeys, and zebras).

...Davis|Shannon Davis]], and [[User:Kristen Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contribu ...ssing of the nerve roots where they leave the spinal cord or it can damage the spinal cord itself.<ref name="Mayo" />&nbsp;These conditions are referred t

...iology of Complex Patient Problems|Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] ...ancoast tumors. European Surgery: ACA Acta Chirurgica Austriaca [serial on the Internet]. (2010, Oct), [cited April 4, 2012]; 42(5): 214-219. Available fr

...s, diagnose and manage an equine patient. To do this, a good understanding of equine anatomy is essential. Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...ake|Cassidy Lake]] and [[User:Kristen Templin|Kristen Templin]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP P [[File:Thoracic grade 2 T6 PA mobilisations.png|right|frameless]]

== Definition of Posture == ...urology, anatomical and physiological profiles: overview and current state of art. Acta Biomed. 2017 Apr 28;88(1):11-16. doi: 10.23750/abm.v88i1.5309. PM

...publication/11070935_Aetiology_of_Rib_Stress_Fractures_in_Rowers Aetiology of rib stress fractures in rowers]. Sports Med 2002; 32 (13): 819-36</ref> ...ess fractures in elite rowers: the promise of ultrasound?. British journal of sports medicine. 2017 Jul 1;51(14):1093-7.</ref>

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Kris ...w. It can adapt to the demands, or lack of demands, that are placed on it. The major load on bone comes from muscle forces. When muscle pull is altered du

...ues.<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Assessment and Management of the Equine Spine Presentation. Plus , 2021.</ref> ...s a concern about his / her own riding, especially when there is a history of trauma or pathology (e.g. back surgery / pelvic fracture)

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

...lnick|Jacob Melnick]], &amp; [[User:Tyler Shultz|Tyler Shultz]] as part of the[[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> [[File:Neck Pain Diagram.png|alt=|thumb|Pain in the neck.]]

...hVoEQ The contribution of early‐life and midlife risk factors.] Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2008 Jun;56(6):1098-105</ref>. ...it is widely agreed that it comprises the freedom from chronic disease and the ability to operate well in old age, both physically and cognitively<ref nam

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Demol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...cord and/or the nerve roots and affect the function of the spinal cord or the nerve, which may cause symptoms associated with [[Cervical Radiculopathy|ce

...rs. Neurosurgical focus. 2008 Aug 1;25(2):E19.</ref>, especially where the bones are osteoporotic. However, if there is compromise neurological compromise k ...reatmentOtherTreatment</ref>.This video below shows the difference between the KP and VP.

...improves immunity. Sleeping postures have a positive or negative effect on the body. == Classification of Sleeping Posture ==

...in Locati|Erin Locati]], and [[User:Melissa Osti|Melissa Osti]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...majority of these fractures occur without spinal cord injury. 20 to 40% of the fractures are associated with neurological injuries.

Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It is most often diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence. ...iosis is actually a more complex, three-dimensional problem which involves the following planes:

...owledge to the various structures around the elbow as well as distant from the elbow that can contribute to a person's symptoms. ...individualised to the specific problems and contributing factors found in the assessment.

...0–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> Pain is not always a bad thing! Pain is the body's way to receive messages that there is a threat or something is wrong

...]] occur in the setting of either severe trauma or pathologic weakening of the bone, see image R L4 compression fracture. * [[Osteoporosis]] is the underlying cause of many lumbar fractures, especially in postmenopausal women.

...rd]] and they control body movements and transmit signals from the body to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain.]] ...gions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as a group, produce a lordotic curve<ref name=":0">Waxenb

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Daisy Meffan|Daisy Meffan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...y collapses. When this occurs in the paediatric population and because the bones are still developing, this may have severe consequences. A vertebral fractu

...iology of Complex Patient Problems|Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems Project]] ...lis, MD. Achondroplasia and cervical laminoplasty Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 11:417-420. http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2009.4.SPINE09164 (acce

...allows for significant movement, but this is at the expense of stability. The shoulder is, therefore, susceptible to dysfunction and instability. ...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...[[flexibility]], all of which significantly improve one's overall quality of life. Nevertheless, it is important to note that engaging in exercise also ...tnessed a 43 percent increase during this period.”<ref>Brad W. The Anatomy of Sports Injuries. Second Edition. Chichester, 2013</ref>

...e muscles, as well as the bones, ligaments, and nerve and blood supply for the head and jaw. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...of the bony bridges that connect the upper with the lower facet joints of the vertebra. ...ing the second most likely to be affected. The higher levels of the lumbar spine are rarely affected. (15 LOE: 4)

== Anatomy of the Forelimb == ...ed.<ref name=":0">Hinkle FD, Johnson SA, KT, Selberg, MF Barrett. A review of normal radiographical variants commonly mistaken for pathological findings

...ust be both flexible (to adapt to ground forces) and very rigid (to propel the body forwards). They must also be able to transform quickly between these t ...compartment, the deep posterior compartment, the lateral compartment, and the anterior compartment.

...Editor '''- [[User:Tarina van der Stockt|Tarina van der Stockt]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/sasha-chelin/ Sash ...based on functional assessment and palpation skills. This page will cover the following: functional assessment, ROM, palpation, special tests and neurolo

...hristine McDonagh,]] [[User:Juliet Underwood|Juliet Underwood]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> == The Sacroiliac Joint ==

...ime%20from%20ovulation,variability%20of%20time%20of%20ovulation. '''Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation'''.] Human Reprod * The [[pelvis]] is the region found between the trunk and lower limbs.

...e shoulder allows for a large range of motion due to the spheroid shape of the glenohumeral joint but this (i.e. a large ball in a small socket) renders i ...medial border of scapula 14. inferior angle of scapula 15. lateral border of scapula 16. scapula|alt=Shoulder]]

[[File:Sagittal section of the rotator cuff muscles Primal.png|thumb|500x500px]] ...the scapula and connect to the head of the humerus, forming a cuff around the glenohumeral (GH) joint.

...lift, pull, and push heavy objects, as well as to perform daily activities of living, such as brushing one’s hair and teeth and carrying grocery bags.< </ref>|thumb]]The anatomic structures involved in the winged scapula are:

...humerus, first published by Codman in the 1930s. <ref name="p4">Codman EA: The Shoulder,Boston: G.Miller &amp Company,1934</ref> ...hcart CW: Movements of the shoulder girdle involved in those of the arm on the trunk. J Anat Physiol 1884; 18:209-218.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. ...om the left] represents a faulty posture that differs from the good one by the following:

...lated pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> ...is one of the few conditions that will cause “screaming or crying” pain in the dog

The locomotor system is also known as the musculoskeletal system. * It is made up of the skeleton, [[Muscle Cells (Myocyte)|skeletal muscles]], [[Ligament|ligaments

...in the majority of people after the fifth decade of life.<ref name=":2" /> The image on R shows a neck affected by Spondylosis. ...niation, osteophyte formation, vertebral body degeneration, compression of the spinal cord, or cervical spondylotic myelopathy<ref>Xiong W, Li F, Guan H.

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tracy-prowse/ Trac ...econdary schools]. Front Public Health. 2020;8:527442.</ref> large numbers of children and teenagers still participate in organised sports.<ref>Safe Kids

...of the chest that contains the sternum and the cartilage connecting it to the [[ribs]]. ...edical news today [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320185 Causes of sternal pain] Available from:https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/3201

...e McCoy|Mary-Kate McCoy]], [[User:Heather Lampe|Heather Lampe]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evide ...Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2017 Jul;47(7):A1-83.</ref>.

...t. Sacroiliac joint syndrome is a significant source of pain in 15% to 30% of people with mechanical [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]]. ...ction is a condition caused by abnormal motion or slight mispositioning of the SI joint.

...;12(1):1189.</ref> This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the foot. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

== Types of Sports for Athletes with Disabilities == ...pic Games is an international sporting event for people with disabilities. The following are sports in which paralympians compete:

...important to have a functional knowledge of the underlying biomechanics of the shoulder complex. ...oordinated motion. weakness of any muscle change normal kinematic chain of the joint.

...2010 Jul; 69(5):425-32 :4: 2C</ref><ref name="p3" /> It is a diverse group of inflammatory arthritides that share certain genetic predisposing factors an The brief video outlines these conditions

...ation.  It is well-established that through [[Neuroplasticity|plasticity]] of existing cells our nervous systems can adapt to situations not previously e The Nervous System has three specific functions:

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Hele ...tifica.com/view/journals/eor/6/8/2058-5241.6.200138.xml Current management of trimalleolar ankle fractures.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 Aug 10;6(8):692-703

...Complex Patient Problems|from Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] ...an incomplete neural tube, resulting in a bony defect at the distal end of the tube."&nbsp;<ref name="Neuro" /><ref>Copp AJ, Adzick NS, Chitty LS, Fletche

...ivities or professional and recreational sports. This article will discuss the ankle joint and its osseous, soft tissue, neural and vascular components, a ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...2015 Nov;22(4):175-81. 30. '''Level of Evidence: 2B.''' </ref> These types of fractures are [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Insufficiency_Fracture insuffic == Classification of Vertebral Fractures ==

...ditorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:User Name|Tom Fleet]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...leeming, Diane Lee, and Thomas Myers, that anatomy slings are a large part of these systems and our ability to generate efficient dynamic movement.

...al folds, with or without leg pain (sciatica). The most important symptoms of low back pain are pain and disability.. ...logy.<ref>Koes BW, Van Tulder MW. Clinical Review, Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. BMJ 2006;332:1430</ref> Those specific pathologies can be de

...nea alba with abnormal widening of the gap between the two medial sides of the rectus [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominis muscle]] (increased inter-recti distan ...[Pubic Symphysis Dysfunction|pubic symphysis]], and widest at the level of the umbilicus).<ref name=":22">Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dia

...ynda Bend|Lynda Bend]] and [[User:Hin Ying Chan|Hin Ying Chan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...oni-Rosario B, Harrast MA. Lumbar spine. In: Krabak BJ, Brooks A, editors. The Youth Athlete. Elsevier; 2023. p. 353–67.</ref>. Young athletes' most com

...y of Complex Patient Problems|Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] ...ease with a poor prognosis. Most individuals die within 1 to 3 years after the diagnosis is made.<ref name="Differential text" />

...torbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Diana Yang|Diana Yang]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}})

...x Patient Problems|&nbsp;from Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] [[File:Osteoprosis of Spine.jpg|right|frameless]]

...name=":19">Stace R. and Gwilym S. « Whiplash associated disorder: a review of current pain concepts. » Bone &amp; Joint 360, vol. 4, nr. 1. 2015. </ref The short video below sums up WAD nicely

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/victoria-reboredo/ ...s in diagnostics and therapeutics]. J Dent Educ. 2008;72(8):930-47. </ref> The translation motion generates more movement.<ref name=":1" />

...07 Sep 25;21(7):50-.</ref> In essence, it is the extent to which a part of the body can be moved around a joint or a fixed point. ...part of patient assessment.<ref name=":0">Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</div> ...iopsoas and spinal extensors) that connect the dorsal and ventral sides of the body <ref>Sahu, P. and Phansopkar, P. (2021) Screening for lower cross synd

[[File:LSS1.jpg|right|<ref>Bhave A. Modern Techniques in Spine Surgery. JP Medical Ltd; 2014 Nov 30.</ref>]] ...agnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (update). The Spine Journal. 2013 Jul 1;13(7):734-43.</ref>

...y]],[[User:Zak Jackson|Zak Jackson]] and [[User:Adam Auckland]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association]. Journal of orthopaedics and sports physical therapy. 42(4), pp. 57</ref>

...Original Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt ...can be used to enhance sports performance and reduce injury. A wide range of techniques are used such as computer simulations, measurements and mathemat

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Rachael Lowe|Rachael Lowe]] and The [[Open Physio]] project. ...ess.<ref name="Goodman">Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. 3rd ed. St.Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2009. p788 – 799

...body and the changes it produces in body motion.<ref name=":0" /> In terms of this, there are skeletal, muscular and neurological considerations we need ...the areas where biomechanics is applied, to either support the performance of athletes or solve issues in sport or [[Therapeutic Exercise|exercise]]:&nbs

...This page discusses some of the more common types of forelimb lameness in the canine patient. ...outside the joint.<ref name=":7">Marcellin-Little DJ, Levine D, Canapp SO. The Canine Shoulder: Selected Disorders and Their Management with Physical Ther