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| [[Image:Atlanto-occipital joint anterior.png|thumb|Anterior Longintudinal Ligament - AP view ...":0">http://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/subject.php?pn=anatomy-ligaments-17</ref>

[[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone. ...with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury.

It is thicker and broader in the lumbar than in the thoracic region, it merges to thoracolumbar fascia.<ref name=":0" /> ...uscle. Between the spinous processes it is continuous with the interspinal ligaments.The middle fibers of the supraspinous ligament blend with the dorsal layer

...k articular capsule. This thin capsule is reinforced and strengthened by 3 ligaments: ...ons: a comprehensive review with application to approaches to the thoracic spine]. Cureus. 2016 Nov 11;8(11).</ref>

...eir corresponding [[Thoracic Vertebrae|thoracic vertebrae]], enclosing the thoracic cage from the posterior side.[[File:Gray312.png|Costovertebral articulation There are two types of [[Ligament|ligaments]]:

In the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] and thoracic regions it has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, but in the [[Lumb ...a serrated edge<ref>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/posterior-longitudinal-ligament</ref>.

...oney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stability-and-lumbopelvic-pain/9780443101786 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain 2nd Edition] . Ph ...ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous complex)<ref name=":0" />

...d intrinsic [[Back Muscles|back muscles]] of the thoracolumbar region. The thoracic nerves also supply some of the areas of skin over the abdomen and axilla. ...s://www.marylandbackandneckpaindoctors.com/symptoms-of-thoracic-spine-nerve-damage/ (accessed 7,2,2022)</ref>.

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> <div class="flex-row row">

...https://www.physioadvisor.com.au/health/anatomy/ligaments/ligaments-of-the-spine/ (accessed 29 March 2019). </ref> The ligaments are narrow and elongated in the thoracic region, broader, thicker, and quadrilateral in form in the lumbar region, a

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>:

...lateral facet joints transfer loads and guide and constrain motions in the spine due to their geometry and mechanical function<ref>Nicolas V. Jaumard, Willi ...superior facet of the inferior vertebra is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inferior facet o

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it ...023, July 12. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249036-overview]</ref>. Although some people experience no symptoms, others may fee

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|600x600px]] ...ge P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563667?dopt=Abstract Thoracic spine pain in the general population: prevalence, incidence and associated factor

...trachea)<ref name=":0">Lang, J., 1993. ''Clinical anatomy of the cervical spine''. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of ...Lee, S. and Kim, I., 2013. ''Surgical Anatomy and Techniques to the Spine E-Book''. Elsevier Health Sciences.</ref>

=== Joints and Ligaments of the Skull === Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" />

...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...e thoracic vertebrae are medium sized and heart shaped. They are all weight-bearing and generally increase in size from superiorly to inferiorly with an

...capula]. 2021 Available from: <nowiki>https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/arm-bones/scapula.html</nowiki>. (accessed August 16 2023).</ref>. The main part of the scapula, the body, consists of a somewhat triangular-shaped flat blade, with an inferiorly pointing apex, referred to as the infe

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

Span the whole length of the vertebral column, being most developed in the thoracic region. It consists of 2 part long and short rotatores. ...alis] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transversospinalis-muscle-group?lang=us<nowiki/>(accessed 30.1.2022)</ref>

...s injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> The SC Joint capsule is fairly strong but is dependent on the ligaments for the majority of its support.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...e review.] Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2020 Oct 1;24(4):423-31.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Wendy_Walker Wendy Walker] ...thoracolumbar fascia?Available: https://askinglot.com/what-is-thoracolumbar-fascia<nowiki/>(accessed 14.2.2022)</ref>

...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref> ...inal Nerves Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/spinal-nerves-anatomy-4682599<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical therapy. 2018 Jan 1;98(1):40-62.</ref>. ...ational Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2007 Jan 1;13(2):215-23.</ref>. This emphasizes the need for workplace interventions to reduce an

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...a good rehabilitation program incorporating stretches, strengthening and co-ordination and postural training. ...ion (whilst paddling) increases the demands on the structures of the upper spine and associated soft tissues.

....gov/pmc/articles/PMC8301671/ Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study]. Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</re ...o L, Angileri V, Morabito S, Cassata G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dog

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column.

...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems. ...n JF. [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/2/e053999 Prospective, population-based study of occupational movements and postures of the neck as risk facto

== Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue == # Age-associated alterations in matrix molecule cross-linking

...acic vertebrae and rib cage, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

[[File:Chris-benson-yx-iJFybOBQ-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]] ...ture (FHP) is a poor habitual neck posture. It often co-exists with [[Upper-Crossed Syndrome|Upper Crossed Syndrome]]

...ghout the spinal column to cushion the bones as the body moves. [[Ligament|Ligaments]] hold the vertebrae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s atta ...ertebrae and abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...workup, and solutions. Current sports medicine reports. 2006 Nov 1;5(6):289-92.</ref> * Running<ref>Morton DP, Aune T. Runner’s stitch and the thoracic spine. British journal of sports medicine. 2004 Apr 1;38(2):240-.</ref>

...ginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...ate neural circuits for many of our [[reflexes]]. Some reflexes eg the knee-jerk are built into the nervous system and bypass the brain, while others ca

...ebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal column. Thirty-one pairs of nerves are rooted to the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] an ...ral regions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as a group, produce a lordotic curve<ref name=":0

...ei=33D_Y-b6G8K1ywTR2b-ACw&scisig=AAGBfm0_NiE12NAJ6fxWp2LhTVd1yZ0_wA Canine Thoracic Costovertebral and Costotransverse Joints:] Three Case Reports of Dysfuncti ...rscapular pain], university of johannesburg, 2015 </ref> Together with the thoracic cage, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints provide stability.<ref

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...nal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-made device.<ref name=":0" />

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] This page introduces the Anatomy of Equine Spine and Head.

[[File:Normal-sacro-iliac-joints-ct.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ed Clinical Tests of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA ...pg|thumb|Figure 1. Thoracic kyphosis. ]][[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Increased thoracic kyphosis]] (see Figure 1)

...uxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in childre ...y. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015; 26(1); 109-132.

...man spine: 6 in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...idence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses may be affected: peripatellar ligaments, [[Achilles Tendon|Achilles tendon]] insertion, plantar fascia, [[Shoulder|

...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> === <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Vertebral Foramen</span> ===

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/facet-arthropathy-treatment-190440</ref> [[File:Facet Joints Anatomy.jpeg|thumb|200x200px]]

...ical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anatom ...ly specialized and are given unique names: atlas and axis, respectively. C3-C7 are more classic vertebrae, having a body, pedicles, laminae, spinous pro

[[File:Bianca-jordan-IPjWtxPJUQc-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...n normal subjects. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1980 May 1;134(5):979-83.</ref>

...sten Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...ine stenosis.] Available from: https://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/spinal-stenosis#1 (last accessed 10.4.2019)</ref> This can lead to squeezing or com

[[File:Scoliosis-01.jpg|right|frameless]] ...s an observable deformity. Scoliosis is defined by the [[Cobb's angle]] of spine curvature in the coronal plane and is often accompanied by vertebral rotati

...ow joint. Physiotherapists have a functional knowledge of the complicated 3-joint elbow complex as well as its associated anatomy. They can apply this k ...with the person's symptoms. This assessment will help them develop a multi-modal treatment approach that is individualised to the specific problems and

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> ...ll of these conditions must be considered when assessing patients who have thoracic pain.

...ven vertebrae as well as articulations with the occiput and upper thoracic spine, each with different axes of movement which can combine in a multitude of w Movements of the cervical spine are 1) constrained by the [[Anatomy cervical|anatomy]] of motion segments a

...emic review]. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2017;3(7):141-148. Accessed 18 July 2019.</ref> ...2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.text-neck.com/definition-of-text-neck.html</nowiki> [Last accessed: 7/12/2022]</ref>

[[File:Shoulder-annotated-x-rays-2.jpeg|center|thumb|426x426px|1. anatomical neck of humerus 2. greater tuber ...en mobility and stability.] Journal of biomechanics. 2007 Jan 1;40(10):2119-29.</ref>

...tps://www.smn.scot.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Vertebral-fractures-in-children.pdf [Accessed 11/3/2023].  </ref> === Cervical spine ===

...4 Mar 15]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleeping-positions</nowiki> ...rticles/PMC6609073/ Identifying relationships between sleep posture and non-specific spinal symptoms in adults: A scoping review.] BMJ Open. 2019 Jun 28

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...ct and when to refer. Cleveland clinic journal of medicine 2007; 74(7): 473-482. (level of evidence 4)</ref>&nbsp;An acromioclavicular dislocation is a

...tability from the AC joint capsule (AC ligaments) and the coracoclavicular ligaments; its dynamic stability comes from the [[deltoid]] and [[Trapezium|trapezius ...microtrauma pattern implicated in DCO. This repetitive loading causes micro-trauma to the subchondral bone of the distal clavicular head, resulting in s

[[File:Bianca-jordan-IPjWtxPJUQc-unsplash.jpg|thumb|282x282px]] ...dra SL, Fessler RG, Liu JC. Maximizing the potential of minimally invasive spine surgery in complex spinal disorders. Neurosurgical focus. 2008 Aug 1;25(2):

...xtremity movements. The dynamic relationship between the shoulder muscles, ligaments and bony articulations allows for significant movement, but this is at the ...res of the shoulder complex, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...ed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/victoria-reboredo/ Victoria Reboredo]<br> ...e innovations in diagnostics and therapeutics]. J Dent Educ. 2008;72(8):930-47. </ref> The translation motion generates more movement.<ref name=":1" />

...uchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017 Feb 18;389(10070):736-747. </ref> ...Miller JA. Mechanical Low Back Pain. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Oct 1;98(7):421-428.</ref> However, it is essential to be able to identify patients who fall

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...lumbar spinal stability. This task is accomplished through increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), minimising displacement of the abdominal contents

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/sasha-chelin/ Sasha Chelin] ...sment for the Equine Athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2016;32(1):31-47.</ref> Rather, they approach the assessment from a functional perspective

[[File:Indian-yogi-yogi-madhav-P SxnJhID1s-unsplash (1).jpg|right|frameless]] ...ostures on head/neck posture and muscle activity. Manual Therapy, 15(1), 54-60</ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] <br> ...ournal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2004 Jan 1;12(1):49-54.

...lishing. Available from:https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/7-faces-of-neck-pain [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref> ...ce workers: a 1-year longitudinal study.] Eur Spine J. 2009 Oct;18(10):1532-40.</ref>

...ia R.K. et al., Spondyloarthropathies. Am Fam Physician, 2004, 69 (12):2853-2860 Level of Evidence 5</ref>&nbsp;Level 5 ...lus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and the apophyseal joints of the spine.<ref name="p1" />

...nal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ansi-van-der-walt/ Ansi van der Walt] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...lack+of+knowledge+about+the+functional+aspects+of+the+equine+thoracolumbar+spine+and+pathogenesis+of+back+problems.&source=bl&ots=cAVFEBX9CU&sig=ACfU3U2mopm

...emol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...[[Cervical Spondylosis|spondylosis]] (degenerative changes in the cervical spine) but can also be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and in

...both the [[posture]] and gait pattern of pregnant women different from non-pregnant subjects.<ref name=":3">Forczek W;Staszkiewicz R. [http://www.actab ...cco ICN. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2217/whe.12.59?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Static and Dyna

...p of the skeleton, [[Muscle Cells (Myocyte)|skeletal muscles]], [[Ligament|ligaments]], [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s, joints, [[cartilage]] and other con ...n older women wih age-related hyperkyphosis. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. , 27, 1161-1164.</ref>

...roiliac joint. Part 1: Clinical anatomical aspects. Spine 1990a; 15(2): 130-132</ref> .... 1998; 3(1): 12-20</ref>.&nbsp; This normally occurs during increased load-bearing situations e.g. standing and sitting, to increase stability<ref name

...lobal Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> ...an interpret pain and desensitize the response It can be sensitized or over-reactive by our emotions, events that occur in our lives that may increase f

...current concepts review in conservative and surgical treatment]. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal. 2013; 3(2): 80–90. </ref> These individuals often ha ...drome: pictorial essay]. Radiol Bras. 2019;52(4):262-267. doi: 10.1590/0100-3984.2017.0226. </ref> maybe necessary. [[Scapula|See physiopedia page on th

...ical Therapy. Journal of Orthopadic Sports Physical Therapy. 2007;37(6):290-302.</ref>. In 2012, Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines were publish ...ican Physical Therapy Association. J Orhtop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(4):A1-A57</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...rasound Imaging in Neuromuscular Disorders.] J Neuromuscul Dis. 2018;5(1):1-10</ref>

...arises from the [[Atlanto-occipital joint|atlanto-occipital]] and [[Atlanto-axial joint|upper cervical joints]] and perceived in one or more regions of The [http://www.ihs-headache.org/ International Headache Society] (IHS) has validated cervicogen

...lated pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> ...be due to pathologies outside of the spine, such as brain tumours and mid-thoracic pathology

...emple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...ation.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2017 Jul;47(7):A1-83.</ref>.

...ity of the shoulder. ''J Arthroscopy and Related Surgery.'' 2008;24(9):1061-1073.</ref> ...unding '''passive structures''' ([[Shoulder|the labrum, joint capsule, and ligaments]]) as well as the '''active structures''' (the muscles and associated tendo

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ication of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref>

...ry investigation. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2018;27:14-22. </ref>. WMSDs are: ...ps://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/health-strategies/musculoskeletal-disorders/index.html</nowiki></ref>.

...icobrachalgia) is a term that describes pain and stiffness of the cervical spine with symptoms in the shoulder girdle and upper extremity<ref>DeStefano LA. ...eth H. "The Cervicobrachial Syndrome." Annuals of Surgery 111 5 (1940): 727-742.</ref>.

[[Image:Ossification Spine.jpg|Flowing Ossification|right|314x314px]] ...nical features and pathogenic mechanisms. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9(12):741-750.</ref><ref name="Bombak" />.

...o the skin and breasts. The full gestation period is 39-40 weeks, and a pre-term birth is classed as delivery before 37 weeks gestation, although there .... In WB Saunders Women's Health: a textbook for Physiotherapists. 2004 pp56-72.</ref>.

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Jess_Bell Jess Bell] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Cont ...thological findings in horses. Equine Veterinary Education. 2020;32(12):664-72.</ref>

...Braun J., Sieper J., Spondyloarthritides., Z Rheumatol. 2010 Jul; 69(5):425-32 :4: 2C</ref><ref name="p3" /> It is a diverse group of inflammatory arthr ...articular peripheral arthritis, principally in genetically predisposed (HLA-B27+) individuals.

...ing the second most likely to be affected. The higher levels of the lumbar spine are rarely affected. (15 LOE: 4) ...a blanket term used by physicians to describe general deterioration of the spine. This defect can be asymptomatic or associated with significant back pain (

[[File:Scapulohumeral rhythm-1-.png|thumb|274x274px| ...rdle involved in those of the arm on the trunk. J Anat Physiol 1884; 18:209-218.</ref>

Axial spondyloarthritis is a seronegative [[spondyloarthritis]] of the spine and pelvis. The term axial spondyloarthritis has only been used since 2009 ...673616315914 Axial spondyloarthritis]. The Lancet. 2017 Jul 1;390(10089):73-84.</ref>

...nd [[User:Joseph So|Joseph So]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...lation of the medial clavicle. The anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments originate on the anterior and posterior ends of the clavicle, respectively,

...so comes with a slight downside, namely an elevated vulnerability to sports-related injuries. ...stem, which comprises the muscles, bones, joints, and related tissues like ligaments and tendons. Here is a concise explanation of the constituents that constit

[[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|right|frameless|691x691px]] ...ls]] and age-related bony changes<ref name=":0">Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439316/ Trauma

...]] (SI joint). It is usually caused by abnormal motion (i.e. hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome i ...ac Joint Syndrome. Pain Physician. Vol. 4, N° 2, p 143-152, 2001. ISSN 1533-3159</ref>

...ramework. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2023; 53(1) : 1-51 https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2022.11147</ref>. == Anatomy of Cervical Spine ==

[[Image:Pregnant cross-section.jpg|right|505x505px]] ...atment of pelvic girdle pain]. European Spine Journal Jun 2008; 17(6) : 794-819.</ref> “''Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) generally arises in relation to pre

[[File:Compressive myeolopathy C6C7.png|thumb|Cervical myelopathy C6-C7]] ...(Eds). Spinal disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2008.</ref>

[[File:Thoracic manip.JPG|right|frameless]] ...] on the thoracic spine may improve patient’s symptoms when suffering from thoracic and/or referred pain.

...udo, A., Gómez-Lozano, S., de Baranda, P.S., Vargas-Macías, A. and Santonja-Medina, F. (2021) Sagittal Integral Morphotype of Female Classical Ballet Da ...de la and Guillén, P. (2015) Overuse Injuries in Professional Ballet Injury-Based Differences Among Ballet Disciplines. ''The Orthopaedic Journal of Spo

...ith report of cases.] The American Journal of Surgery. 1941 Oct 1;54(1):326-38.</ref> * Slipping-rib-cartilage syndrome

...e=":5">Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis an ...rcise programs on kyphosis and lordosis angle: A systematic review and meta-analysis.] PloS one. 2019 Apr 29;14(4):e0216180. Available from: https://www

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...of trimalleolar ankle fractures.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 Aug 10;6(8):692-703.</ref>

[[File:Shoulder subscapularis.jpg|link=https://www.physio-pedia.com/File:Shoulder%20subscapularis.jpg|thumb|Lift off test: [[Subscapul ...for patient with shoulder pain]. Archives of physiotherapy. 2018 Dec;8(1):1-1. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5975572/<nowiki/>

'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Kudzanayi_Ronald_Muzenda Kudzanayi Ronald Muzenda] and [[User ...gical classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011; 34: 535-546</ref>{{#ev:vimeo|65471467|300}}

...f bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Joints|synovial]], and sub-muscular. ...omplex range of motion as a function of age. Foot Ankle. 1993 May;14(4):215-22.</ref>

...departments (2006–2016). Emergency Medicine Journal. 2020 Nov 1;37(11):696-9.</ref> ...um image]]The sternum is a flat bone located in the centre of the anterior thoracic wall.

...nd eye movements. This page discusses these muscles, as well as the bones, ligaments, and nerve and blood supply for the head and jaw. ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

...Flexion Syndrome. Physical Therapy 35(4) pp. 336-351</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span> ...lysis of selected systems. Phys Ther. 78 pp. 708-737</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

About 90% of all patients with low back pain will have non-specific low back pain, which, in essence, is a diagnosis based on exclusion *[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Spondylolisthesis Spondylolisthesis]

...other disorders that have generalized joint hypermobility, such as [[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]], [[Rheumatoid Arthritis]], [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus] ...xity (Hypermobility) in Fourteen-Year-Old Children From the UK:A Population-Based Evaluation.2011(Level of Evidence: 2B)</ref>, more common in Asian, Af

...BP) or [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pregnancy_Related_Pelvic_Pain pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP)]. The last two patterns can occur separate ...cy-related low back pain]. Journal of nurse-midwifery. 1998 Sep 1;43(5):331-40.</ref><br>

...pathophysiologic mechanisms (SISTIM). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011; 12:1-12. </ref><ref name=":6">Cools AM, Michener LA. Shoulder Pain: Can One Labe ...shoulder: shoulder impingement syndrome. Open Orthop J Sept 2013, 6(7): 347-51</ref>

...he limbs merely amplify movement that originates in the musculature of the spine and trunk. It has since been proposed and developed from this, by the likes ...ised of only one type of tissue; they are comprised of muscles, fascia and ligaments all working together to create stability and mobility. Is critical to under

...rticle_5290.pdf Randomised controlled trial for evaluation of an ultrasound-guided palpation intervention for palpation skill training.] Sci Rep. 2022 J ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...e Burdeaux|Katherine Burdeaux]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...tion. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2002 Oct;32(10):497-509.</ref>

...ated Disorders: redefining" whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20:1S-73S.</ref><ref name=":19" /> The prognosis of WAD is unknown and unpredicta ...jury. A comparative study. » J Bone Joint Surg Br., vol. 86, nr. 7, p. 1032-4, 2004.</ref>. Causes of pain can be any of these tissues, with the strain

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] A herniated disc in the spine is a condition during which a nucleus pulposus is displaced from interverte

...:Harrison Chipchase|Harrison Chipchase]] as part of the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Nottingham_University_Spinal_Rehabilitation_Project| Nottingham Un ...inflammatory, sero-negative arthritic condition that typically affects the spine and the sacroilliac (SI) joints. Common clinical presentations of this dise

...University Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...habilitation guidelines. British Journal of Sports Medicine, (2008) 42, 165-171</ref><br>

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCW-cB5jr7w Archery][[Image:Archery.jpg|thumb|right|Archery]] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdhsFBgMjSY Cross-country Skiing]

...="Micheli and Wood 1995">El-Sayed A, Cervoni-Rosario B, Harrast MA. Lumbar spine. In: Krabak BJ, Brooks A, editors. The Youth Athlete. Elsevier; 2023. p. 35 * Spine tumors.

...uis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref> [[Weight bearing|Weight-bearing]] is a primary function of the foot and ankle - each structure has a * assisting with push-off during the [[Gait Cycle|gait cycle]]

...anding of red flags for back pain.] Musculoskeletal care. 2015 Mar;13(1):42-50.</ref> ...ionals.] Journal of health services research & policy. 2006 Oct 1;11(4):240-7.</ref>Therefore, there is a need to ensure that physiotherapists have a go

...ndrome in asymptomatic individuals. ''J Med Pharm Allied Sci'', 10(6), 3894-3898.</ref>. ...Crossed Syndrome''. Physiopedia, [online]. Available at https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Lower_Crossed_Syndrome&oldid=323323 [Accessed: 18

...erico, et al. "Non-specific low back pain." The Lancet 379.9814 (2012): 482-491. Level of evidence 1A</ref> ...d subchronic low back trouble. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 Mar 15;20(6):722-8.Level of evidence 3C</ref>

...=":1">Reese NB, Bandy WD. Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing-E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016 Mar 31.</ref> ROM is the arc of motion ...ture or connective tissues, such as [[Tendon Anatomy|tendons,]] [[Ligament|ligaments]] and the [[Capsule Constrained Mechanism|joint capsule]], that surround th

...ropean guidelines for prevention in low back pain: November 2004. European Spine Journal. 2006 Mar;15(Suppl 2):s136.</ref> # Sub-acute is anything persisting between 6-12 weeks.

...e Executive.https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/qid/quality-and-patient-safety-documents/abbreviations.pdf. NHO Abbreviations booklet.Available from: (acc |Anterior superior iliac spine

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt] ...w. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2021 Feb;31(2):246-64.</ref>

[[File:LSS1.jpg|right|<ref>Bhave A. Modern Techniques in Spine Surgery. JP Medical Ltd; 2014 Nov 30.</ref>]] ...ve lumbar spinal stenosis (update). The Spine Journal. 2013 Jul 1;13(7):734-43.</ref>

...illiams|Christy Williams]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...enohumeral]] (GH) joint range of motion with spontaneous complete or nearly-complete recovery over a varied period of time.

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt]<br> ...vities.<ref name=":1">Brukner P. Clinical sports medicine: Injuries. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Limited; 2017.</ref> Mechanics is a branch of

...>Brukner P. Brukner and Khan's Clinical Sports Medicine. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref> ...name="Basic Biomechanics">Hall SJ. Basic Biomechanics. Boston, MA:: McGraw-Hill; 2007.</ref>&nbsp;''<u>Example</u>'' - Muscles create a torque to rotat

...Rehabilitation, Second Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2018. p294-332.</ref> This page discusses some of the more common types of forelimb lam ...sical Therapy. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 2007;22(4):171-82.</ref>

...ploaded by [[User:Shaimaa Eldib|Shaimaa Eldib]] for the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Decision_Making_Aids Physical Therapy Knowledge Broker Project]<br ....ubc.ca/physical-therapy-knowledge-broker/resisted-exercise-initiative-rexi-2/?utm_source=Physiopedia&utm_medium=Link+in+text&utm_id=Physiopedia+Toolkit