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...ic [[Back Muscles|back muscles]]). The ES is made of three subgroups, with the group divisions occurring by location. ...muscles, which spinalis belong to, are the most powerful extensors of the spine.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

...highest vertebra&nbsp;resulting in degenerative joint changes and forming the uncovertbral joints. Formed between [[Uncinate Process|uncinate processes]] below, and the uncus above.

...a '''[[Joint Classification|pivot]]''' [[Joint Classification|joint]] and the lateral joints are '''[[Joint Classification|plane]]''' [[Joint Classificat The '''median atlantoaxial joint''' is the articulation of the: . &nbsp;

Vertebra prominens is the name of the seventh cervical vertebra. ...rocess that protrudes posteriorly toward the [[skin]] at the back of the [[Cervical Anatomy|neck]].

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}})</div> ...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it

...s, which serve as attachment points for muscles. The axis articulates with the atlas via its superior articular facets, which are convex and face upward a ...flattened where it articulates with the transverse ligament.<ref>Cervical Spine Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/194

...uscles, ligaments, and sometimes also the bones and nerves of the cervical spine. ...severe pain.<ref>Anderson C, Yeung E, Tong T, et al. A narrative review on cervical interventions in adults with chronic whiplashassociated disorder. BMJ Open

...aterally. It articulates with the [[Occipital Bone|Occiput]] above and C2 (the [[Axis]]) below. The anterior arch forms about one-fifth of the ring.

.../www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541001/#_NBK541001_pubdet_ Anatomy, Thorax, Cervical Rib].[updated 2020 Aug 22]. In:StatPearls[Internet].Treasure Island(FL): st ...ith no connection<ref name=":0" />, fully formed bony rib or a thin strand of tissue fibre. They vary in size and shape.

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|right|frameless|492x492px]] [[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone.

...an also result in [[Spinal Stenosis|spinal stenosis]], neurologic deficit, cervical spinal deformity and instability. Patients can be polysyndromic in their pr Image 1: [[X-Rays|X-ray]] showing fused cervical vertebrae as seen in Klippel–Feil syndrome

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...also appropriate subjective and objective markers along with understanding the need for continuous reassessment. <ref name=":1">Stuart Porter, Lynne Gaske

...skull- canine]]The Roof of the cranium is made up of frontal and parietal bones. The Floor is made up of sphenoid bone.

...tebrae.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical vertebra.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical Vertebra side view.png|thumb|right]] ...il 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anatomy:The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005</ref><br>

...zations]] that are applied Antero- cranially along the treatment planes of the joints selected. ...en all other means would be painful. The patient is always seated which is the most convenient starting position. This is much more acceptable than prone

...MC4836940/ Management of typical and atypical Hangman's fractures.] Global spine journal. 2016 May;6(03):248-56.</ref> ...n’s fracture.<ref name=":0">T.G. Williams. Hangman’s Fracture. The journal of bone and Joint surgery, pp. 82-89</ref><ref name=":1" />

...re distinct in shape and function from vertebrae found in other regions of the vertebral column. ...possess articular facets on their sides for articulation with the heads of the ribs.

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. Surfing is enjoyed by many people around the world. Surfing involves dynamic moves on an unstable surface needing good b

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Demol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...[[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]] or [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical myelopathy]].

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphn ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...k. Another reason for surgery are spurs that irritate a nerve root19. With the operation, specialists can remove these spurs. ...locked nerve (=decompression) and the fusion is necessary to stabilize the cervical segment.

...Davis|Shannon Davis]], and [[User:Kristen Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contribu [[File:Cervical vertebra.png|right|frameless]]

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> ...hree separate bones yet to be fused: ilium, ischium and pubis connected by the tri-radiate cartilage.

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

...nd [[Movement Dysfunction|movement]], this can result in marked alteration of function.</div> ...altered connective tissue biology and a decrease in effective maintenance of tissue homeostasis<ref name=":1" />.

== Definition of Posture == ...urology, anatomical and physiological profiles: overview and current state of art. Acta Biomed. 2017 Apr 28;88(1):11-16. doi: 10.23750/abm.v88i1.5309. PM

...ition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...ertebrae posteriorly and and help with twisting and turning motions of the spine. <ref name=":0">Brennan D. Facet arthrosis: What is it and what causes it?

...ntly under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work!!</div> This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region.

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donn ...hermoplastics are used, which facilitates new designs and more comfort for the user.

== The Pelvic Floor - Overview and Function == ...e pelvic cavity above from the perineal region below. This cavity encloses the pelvic viscera - bladder, intestines, and uterus(in females).<ref>Bharucha

There are a number of common [[Posture|postural]] changes that can affect an individual's functio In older adults, the following postural features are commonly observed:<ref name=":0">Banfi M. I

...Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</ref> Those differences emerge from the functions that each breed was originally developed.<ref>Zink C, Schlehr MR. ...ta G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs. Animals] 2021, 11, 813.</ref>

...dfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00016480500416793 A case of osteochondroma of the atlas causing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.] Acta Oto-Laryngologica 200 ...oth solitary and multiple osteochondroma. This happens in approximately 1% of solitay osteochondroma cases<ref name="Merck" /><ref name="roa" /><ref name

...y of Complex Patient Problems|from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] ...iographs.<ref name="p1">Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist-3rd Edition. St. Louis: W.B. Saunders Co.; 2009.</ref><b

..."> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Chelsea Mclene|Chelsea Mclene]] based on the course by '''Equine anatomy''' refers to the gross and microscopic anatomy of horses and other equids (donkeys, and zebras).

...[[flexibility]], all of which significantly improve one's overall quality of life. Nevertheless, it is important to note that engaging in exercise also ...tnessed a 43 percent increase during this period.”<ref>Brad W. The Anatomy of Sports Injuries. Second Edition. Chichester, 2013</ref>

...n of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> '''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':'''

...Karatas|Gülcan Karatas]][[User:Sefora Bakkioui|Sefora Bakkiouias]] part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...iology of Complex Patient Problems|Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] ...ancoast tumors. European Surgery: ACA Acta Chirurgica Austriaca [serial on the Internet]. (2010, Oct), [cited April 4, 2012]; 42(5): 214-219. Available fr

...ae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s attach the muscles to the spinal column. ...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...e McCoy|Mary-Kate McCoy]], [[User:Heather Lampe|Heather Lampe]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evide ...Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2017 Jul;47(7):A1-83.</ref>.

...lnick|Jacob Melnick]], &amp; [[User:Tyler Shultz|Tyler Shultz]] as part of the[[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> [[File:Neck Pain Diagram.png|alt=|thumb|Pain in the neck.]]

...improves immunity. Sleeping postures have a positive or negative effect on the body. == Classification of Sleeping Posture ==

...|Catherine Stanislas]], [[User:Emily Westwood|Emily Westwood]], as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...sive cervical movement causing impingement on the spinal cord, with a risk of severe neurological damage if untreated.<ref name=":1" />

...e muscles, as well as the bones, ligaments, and nerve and blood supply for the head and jaw. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...in the majority of people after the fifth decade of life.<ref name=":2" /> The image on R shows a neck affected by Spondylosis. ....nih.gov/pubmed/25674751 Tetraplegia after thyroidectomy in a patient with cervical spondylosis: a case report and literature review.] Medicine (Baltimore) 2

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Daisy Meffan|Daisy Meffan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...y collapses. When this occurs in the paediatric population and because the bones are still developing, this may have severe consequences. A vertebral fractu

...0–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> Pain is not always a bad thing! Pain is the body's way to receive messages that there is a threat or something is wrong

...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...iques in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.] The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2010 Jan 1;33(4):353-70.</ref><br> ...vels are C4 - C7. Half of the patients have physiotherapy, with an average of 3 times a week.<ref>. Enquête 1995 sur le devenir des tétraplégiques par

...lated pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> ...is one of the few conditions that will cause “screaming or crying” pain in the dog

...ake|Cassidy Lake]] and [[User:Kristen Templin|Kristen Templin]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP P ...ansfer between the upper and lower body and for rotational movement within the body.

Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It is most often diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence. ...iosis is actually a more complex, three-dimensional problem which involves the following planes:

...iology of Complex Patient Problems|Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems Project]] ...lis, MD. Achondroplasia and cervical laminoplasty Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 11:417-420. http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2009.4.SPINE09164 (acce

...nwerckx|Matthias Steenwerckx]], [[User:Wout Theys|Wout Theys]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...ft tissues where adjacent spinous processes in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] rub against each other.<ref name=":4">Radiopedia. Basstrup Syndrome. Avai

[[File:Sagittal section of the rotator cuff muscles Primal.png|thumb|500x500px]] ...the scapula and connect to the head of the humerus, forming a cuff around the glenohumeral (GH) joint.

...owledge to the various structures around the elbow as well as distant from the elbow that can contribute to a person's symptoms. ...individualised to the specific problems and contributing factors found in the assessment.

...joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. ...isease process (its prevalence increasing with age) and is a common source of disability with significant economic impact.

...rd]] and they control body movements and transmit signals from the body to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain.]] ...gions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as a group, produce a lordotic curve<ref name=":0">Waxenb

...Editor '''- [[User:Tarina van der Stockt|Tarina van der Stockt]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/sasha-chelin/ Sash ...based on functional assessment and palpation skills. This page will cover the following: functional assessment, ROM, palpation, special tests and neurolo

== Types of Sports for Athletes with Disabilities == ...pic Games is an international sporting event for people with disabilities. The following are sports in which paralympians compete:

...ust be both flexible (to adapt to ground forces) and very rigid (to propel the body forwards). They must also be able to transform quickly between these t ...compartment, the deep posterior compartment, the lateral compartment, and the anterior compartment.

...ventions, particularly physiotherapy, in infancy and childhood can improve the physical performance and function in individuals with CP. == Effects of CP in Adulthood ==

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/victoria-reboredo/ ...ctional disorders of the temporomandibular joints: Internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint]. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2018;34(4):223-30. </ref>

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}})</div> ...endomyosis) or to enhance activity (hypertendomyosis) in a muscle or group of muscles.

...Complex Patient Problems|from Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] ...of radiation therapy employed depends on the disease and the specific type of cancer being treated.

...allows for significant movement, but this is at the expense of stability. The shoulder is, therefore, susceptible to dysfunction and instability. ...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...inatus rupture at the musculotendinous junction in a young woman.] Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 2014;15(3):231-4.</ref> ...nd keeps it in place. These muscles help to lift and rotate the arm. Visit the [[shoulder]] for more detailed information.

...y of Complex Patient Problems|Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] Cushing’s syndrome is a general term for increased secretion of cortisol by the [[Adrenal Glands|adrenal]] cortex.

...2010 Jul; 69(5):425-32 :4: 2C</ref><ref name="p3" /> It is a diverse group of inflammatory arthritides that share certain genetic predisposing factors an The brief video outlines these conditions

...name=":19">Stace R. and Gwilym S. « Whiplash associated disorder: a review of current pain concepts. » Bone &amp; Joint 360, vol. 4, nr. 1. 2015. </ref The short video below sums up WAD nicely

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro ...tion.<ref name=":0" /> Swallowing actions (such as sucking, swallowing and the breathing / swallowing sequence) continue to develop after birth as babies

...in Locati|Erin Locati]], and [[User:Melissa Osti|Melissa Osti]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...majority of these fractures occur without spinal cord injury. 20 to 40% of the fractures are associated with neurological injuries.

...ime%20from%20ovulation,variability%20of%20time%20of%20ovulation. '''Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation'''.] Human Reprod * The [[pelvis]] is the region found between the trunk and lower limbs.

...;12(1):1189.</ref> This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the foot. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...auma-Informed Care|Trauma]] to the face and head can be caused by a number of events: explosions, gunshot, road traffic accidents (RTAs), falling masonry ....google.com/books?id=u5o3illp9CUC&pg=RA1-PA935&dq=facial+trauma Management of soft tissue trauma and auricular trauma]. In Bailey BJ, Johnson JT, Newland

...early life."<ref name=":0" /> IASP also argues that "[a]ctivity induced in the nociceptor and [[Nociception|nociceptive]] pathways by a noxious stimulus i ...including:<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Benefits of Physical Activity. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basi

...rheumdis/48/9/743.full.pdf Primary osteoarthritis of the elbow.] Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1989 Sep 1;48(9):743-7.</ref> ...y shaped, there are strong collateral ligaments and muscles are grouped at the sides so not to impede movement.

...of the bony bridges that connect the upper with the lower facet joints of the vertebra. ...ing the second most likely to be affected. The higher levels of the lumbar spine are rarely affected. (15 LOE: 4)

...of the chest that contains the sternum and the cartilage connecting it to the [[ribs]]. ...edical news today [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320185 Causes of sternal pain] Available from:https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/3201

...lift, pull, and push heavy objects, as well as to perform daily activities of living, such as brushing one’s hair and teeth and carrying grocery bags.< </ref>|thumb]]The anatomic structures involved in the winged scapula are:

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/victoria-reboredo/ ...s in diagnostics and therapeutics]. J Dent Educ. 2008;72(8):930-47. </ref> The translation motion generates more movement.<ref name=":1" />

== Anatomy of the Forelimb == ...ed.<ref name=":0">Hinkle FD, Johnson SA, KT, Selberg, MF Barrett. A review of normal radiographical variants commonly mistaken for pathological findings

...ng and treating patients. This article discusses the general principles of the muscle length assessment. == Structure of Muscles ==

...ation.  It is well-established that through [[Neuroplasticity|plasticity]] of existing cells our nervous systems can adapt to situations not previously e The Nervous System has three specific functions:

...ivities or professional and recreational sports. This article will discuss the ankle joint and its osseous, soft tissue, neural and vascular components, a ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...humerus, first published by Codman in the 1930s. <ref name="p4">Codman EA: The Shoulder,Boston: G.Miller &amp Company,1934</ref> ...hcart CW: Movements of the shoulder girdle involved in those of the arm on the trunk. J Anat Physiol 1884; 18:209-218.</ref>

...Complex Patient Problems|from Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] ...an incomplete neural tube, resulting in a bony defect at the distal end of the tube."&nbsp;<ref name="Neuro" /><ref>Copp AJ, Adzick NS, Chitty LS, Fletche

...Original Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt ....<ref name=":5" /> Apart from the clinical history, clinical reasoning and the physical examination are essential to make a diagnosis.

.../pii/S1836955321000965 Physiotherapy management of Down syndrome.] Journal of physiotherapy. 2021;67(4):243–251.</ref> ...n with Down syndrome. Mental Retardation. 2005 Jun;43(3):196-212.</ref> In the postnatal period, diagnosis is also indicated by physical features such as

...ry to an eccentric overload of the common extensor tendon at the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon. <ref>Buchanan BK, Varacallo M ...condylar region of the distal [[humerus]]. In many cases, the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis brevis is involved.

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</div> ...iopsoas and spinal extensors) that connect the dorsal and ventral sides of the body <ref>Sahu, P. and Phansopkar, P. (2021) Screening for lower cross synd

...f the Elbow|elbow anatomy]] and the subjective and objective assessment of the elbow. ...history.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>'''L: location of symptoms and level of functional impairment'''

...ynda Bend|Lynda Bend]] and [[User:Hin Ying Chan|Hin Ying Chan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...oni-Rosario B, Harrast MA. Lumbar spine. In: Krabak BJ, Brooks A, editors. The Youth Athlete. Elsevier; 2023. p. 353–67.</ref>. Young athletes' most com

[[File:LSS1.jpg|right|<ref>Bhave A. Modern Techniques in Spine Surgery. JP Medical Ltd; 2014 Nov 30.</ref>]] ...agnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (update). The Spine Journal. 2013 Jul 1;13(7):734-43.</ref>

...body and the changes it produces in body motion.<ref name=":0" /> In terms of this, there are skeletal, muscular and neurological considerations we need ...the areas where biomechanics is applied, to either support the performance of athletes or solve issues in sport or [[Therapeutic Exercise|exercise]]:&nbs

..."> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Chelsea Mclene|Chelsea Mclene]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ ...wed on the [[Anatomy of the Equine Hind Limb]] page. This page will cover the following hind limb conditions:

...r|Lisa De Pelsemaeker]], [[User:Arnaud Jacquet|Arnaud Jacquet]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...displaced from its normal position in the center of the glenoid fossa and the joint surfaces no longer touch each other.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Rachael Lowe|Rachael Lowe]] and The [[Open Physio]] project. ...ess.<ref name="Goodman">Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. 3rd ed. St.Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2009. p788 – 799

...This page discusses some of the more common types of forelimb lameness in the canine patient. ...outside the joint.<ref name=":7">Marcellin-Little DJ, Levine D, Canapp SO. The Canine Shoulder: Selected Disorders and Their Management with Physical Ther