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...y fixed and rotating your lower extremity. It is a twisting motion of your lower trunk area. ...arms in the opposite direction.<ref>[http://morphopedics.wikidot.com/lumbar-rotation#:~:text=Lumbar%20rotation%20can%20be%20preformed,of%20your%20lower%

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 0-2 - Patient is in side lying ('gravity minimal' position)

[[File:Leg Lowering Test.gif|right|frameless]] ...ength Test] Available: https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/abdominal-strength.htm (accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>

...[[Gracilis|gracillis]]. These muscles primarily function to move the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's central axis. Additionally, the Pectineus mu ...clelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ (ac

...ngthen the [[Gluteal Muscles|gluteal]] and [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal]] muscles to avoid from the pain getting worse. <ref name=":0">Dydyk AM, Sapra A. Wil ...on exercises is an exercise technique that aims to correct posture, relax muscles, increase endurance, stretch and increase lordosis.<ref name=":0" />

...]] (ES) group (the intermediate layer of the intrinsic [[Back Muscles|back muscles]]). The ES is made of three subgroups, with the group divisions occurring b The erector spinae muscles, which spinalis belong to, are the most powerful extensors of the spine.<re

...muscles which predominantly act to flex the knee. Hamstrings consist of 3 muscles; ...InSeminars in musculoskeletal radiology 2010 Jun (Vol. 14, No. 02, pp. 131-161). © Thieme Medical Publishers.</ref>

[[File:250px-Iliostalis.png|thumb|400x400px|Iliocostalis]] ...ia Erector Spinae Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/erector-spinae-group?lang=us (accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>.

[[File:Superficial muscles of the knee posterior aspect Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the knee (posterior)]] == Muscles Involved ==

...finally resting with the leg in the horizontal position, aimed to improve leg and feet circulation. Finally, the patient lies flat with his leg rested in a horizontal position and covered with a warm blanket for about 5

...ome (greek: myo=muscle, tome = a section, volume) is defined as a group of muscles which is innervated by single spinal nerve root. Myotome testing is an ess ...ssessment (4th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 467–566. ISBN 978-1-4160-3109-3. </ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Leana_Louw Leana Louw] There are two bones in the lower leg - the [[tibia]] and fibula. The fibula plays a key role in muscle attachme

...//bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1660-8<nowiki/>(accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>. ...htm SLS] Available:https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/squat-single-leg.htm (accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>.

...achieve it. Below are generally accepted values for muscle length for some muscles as measured in degrees:<ref name=":0">Izraelski J. Assessment and treatment |Pectoralis Major - Sternal Portion Lower Fibres

...my and basic approach. Ultrasonography. 2017 Apr; 36(2):120. </ref>.[[File:Leg veins.png|thumb|375x375px]] ...vein: where does reflux go? Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2013 Jun; 12(2):123-8.

...is 1 of 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. The other muscles in the anterior compartment include: [[Tibialis Anterior|tibialis anterior] ...orium longus. Available from:https://www.anatomynext.com/extensor-digitorum-longus/ (24july 2019)</ref>

...A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535427/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Foot Peroneus Brevis Muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 May 19. St It is one of the three ankle everters known as the fibularis muscles (Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis and [[Peroneus Tertius|Fibularis Tertiu

...is often conducted using a stopwatch and a 50 cm-long metal beam with a non-slip surface. ...ight, body weight, gender, and test conditions. Perform an appropriate warm-up.

...ol of the lower limb are likely to result in altered positioning and weight-bearing in the foot. *[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Diabetic_Neuropathy Diabetic Neuropathy]

...view of its anatomy and pathology.] Skeletal radiology. 2019 Sep;48(9):1329-44.</ref> [[File:148px-Gray439-Musculus peroneus longus.png|frame]]

...nch which joins the [[Sural Nerve|sural]] nerve in the middle third of the leg. ...In addition it supplies the skin over the lateral lower two-thirds of the leg and the whole of the dorsum of the foot except for the area between the 1st

...nd deep peroneal nerves.] J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;65(5):798-9. </ref> ...medial and lateral. It provides motor and sensory innervation to the foot muscles.

..., Function & Anatomy | Body Maps www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/iliacus-muscle/male#1 (accessed 17 June 2018)</ref> === Anatomy<ref>Iliacus - UW Radiology https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/iliacus/ (accessed 18 june 2018)

...ese muscles are vital for allowing free movement of the spine.[[Image:250px-Iliostalis.png|Iliocostalis lumborum bottom R, iliocostalis dorsi at centre| ...sterior|serratus posterior inferior]] muscle. Iliocostalis lumborum is the lower (lumbar) portion of that muscle.

...C. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556144/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Gluteus Minimus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Apr 11. StatPea ...|350x350px|alt=|thumb|Gluteus minimus of right side: outline and attachment-areas.]]

== What Are Nocturnal Leg Cramps? == ...xisting prevalence data suggest that 37–50% of older adults have Nocturnal leg cramps (NLC) commonly occurring in the calf, hamstrings, or foot which are

...wellhealth.com)[https://www.verywellhealth.com/gastrocnemius-muscle-anatomy-4684083]</ref> ...ew image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gastrocnemius-muscle</ref>

...lis Posterior''' is located deep in the posterior compartment of the lower leg and situated between the [[Flexor Digitorum Longus|Flexor Digitorium Longus Proximal postero-lateral aspect of the tibia.

...Longus]]<ref name=":3">Chaurasia BD. [https://www.pdfdrive.com/bd-chaurasia-books.html Human Anatomy Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical.] Vol * India: 87-90%

...scopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2022 Apr 1;38(4):1189-92.</ref> [[File:Lower back pain.png|center|thumb|260x260px|Low Back Pain ]]

[[File:Kitera-dent-jWv1ILisuSc-unsplash.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ng] Available: https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/muscles-walking-exercise-1837.html<nowiki/>(accessed 21.12.2021)</ref>

...teal Muscles] Available: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteal-muscles<nowiki/>(accessed 11.1.2022)</ref>. Image 1: Rotating image of the anatomy of muscles of the gluteal region. The Maximus (yellow), medius (blue) and minimus (red

...aft: an ultrasound study. The Journal of hand surgery. 1991 Jul 1;16(4):708-11.</ref>. ...the gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus muscle in the middle third of the leg.

Semitendinosus is one of the three muscles that make up the [[hamstrings]] muscle group, and it is located at the post ...yle of the tibia and passes over the medial collateral ligament of the knee-joint, from which it is separated by a bursa, and is inserted into the upper

[[File:Hip flexors.png|alt=Hip muscles anterior aspect.|thumb|324x324px|Hip muscles anterior aspect.]] ...4.1.2022)</ref>. Every time you take a step, you are using your hip flexor muscles.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment|alt=]] ...2018 Oct 23.Available:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/hip-extensors (accessed 21.1.2022)</ref>.

Hemiplegia is paralysis of the muscles of the lower face, arm, and leg on one side of the body. In addition to motor problems other losses may occ ...Dr. V.S.Nandakumar<nowiki/>https://www.slideshare.net/danny14871/hemiplegia-43636165 ''(accessed 29 June 2018)''</ref>

...f the femur. |Adductor longus]]The adductor longus is one of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinicall This large fan-shaped muscle is situated most anteriorly of this group and covers the middl

...uis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref> [[Weight bearing|Weight-bearing]] is a primary function of the foot and ankle - each structure has a == Lower Leg Muscle Compartments ==

Lower limb amputation is one of the oldest known surgically performed procedures< ...nt on his way to the farm and had a comminuted tibia fracture of the right leg. He was taken to a primary health center within the village but due to lack

...ht bearing]] and stability of [[Gait|gait.]] An essential component of the lower [[Closed Chain Exercise|kinetic chain]]. ...hip]] and [[:Category:Knee - Muscles|knee]] that contribute to [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] and other propulsive movements.<ref name="Moore">Moore KL, A

...tilting in sagittal plane.] Physical therapy research. 2016 Dec 20;19(1):50-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5342962/ (la ...used to correct the alignment of the lumbar spine of patients with chronic lower back pain (LBP). A posture that reinforces lumbar lordosis was identified a

...s://www.sportsperformancebulletin.com/endurance-training/techniques/cycling-biomechanics/ (accessed 17.12.2021)</ref> ...2028 Available:https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/bicycle-market (accessed 17.12.2021)</ref>

...m (Latin: ''os ischii'') is a paired bone of the [[pelvis]] that forms the lower and back part of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone, as well as the posterior and # Body of the ischium - the portion that forms the posterior one-third of the acetabulum.

...uctor Longus]], [[Adductor Brevis]], [[Adductor Magnus]], and [[Gracilis]] muscles, which primarily function in hip adduction.. ...s muscle Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/pectineus-muscle-anatomy-5084562<nowiki/>(accessed 15.1.2022)</ref>

...nsor_hallucis_longus_muscle</ref> in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. It&nbsp;provides the only active extension force to the interphalangeal jo [[Image:Extensor-hallucis-longus.jpg|right|300x400px]]

* Freestyle gives a full body workout. It works the muscles in your arms, legs, [[Core Strengthening|core]] and back. ...and Their Benefits Available:https://allamericanswim.com/different-swimming-strokes (accessed 20.12.2021)</ref>.

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> ==== Muscles ====

*Long head: tibial division of the [[Sciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] (L5-S2)<ref name="Netter" /> ...flexes the [[knee]], extends [[Hip Anatomy|hip]], laterally rotates lower leg when knee slightly flexed, assists in lateral rotation of the thigh when hi

...when the bone at the knee joint is angled out and away from the body's mid-line. This deformity is defined as a valgus angle '''[[Q Angle|(Q angle)]]'' * The patello-femoral joint can be affected with lateral subluxation of the patella and tr

..." is a [[Muscle Energy Technique|Muscle Energy Technique (MET)]] used to re-align the pelvis and treat a variety of pelvic dysfunctions. ...Pain" ''Journal of Osteopathic Medicine'', vol. 119, no. 11, 2019, pp. e42-e43. </ref>

...p;anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. ...anx of the great toe. The Tibiofascialis anterior, a small muscle from the lower part of the tibia to the transverse or cruciate crural ligaments or deep fa

The femoral triangle is&nbsp;a hollow region located in the supero-medial part of the anterior thigh. It appears most prominently with hip flex ...Artery|Femoral artery]] and branches - Arterial supply for majority of the lower limb

transtibial, bilateral amputee, diabetic amputee, below-knee prosthesis ...is L leg amputation was secondary to a necrotic diabetic foot ulcer. His co-morbidities include: poorly controlled Type II diabetes, sleep apnoea, smoki

...ll athletes<ref name=":2">Bordoni B, Varacallo M. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh quadriceps muscle. Available:https://www.statpearls.com/Article The gracilis muscle decends almost vertically down the leg and inserts on the medial [[tibia]] at the [[Pes Anserinus Bursitis|Pes ans

* A relatively benign condition that is under-recognized mainly because it is typically asymptomatic. It only becomes a co ...egulate blood pressure. Eg the autonomic nervous system sends the “fight-or-flight” signal that, depending on the situation, tells the [[Anatomy of th

...randomized-controlled trial. Physical Therapy in sport. 2005 May 1;6(2):60-6.</ref> == Muscles ==

[[File:Lower back extension.jpeg|thumb|419x419px|A back exercise]] ...Exercise is the best way to increase functional capacity and prevent health-related problems.

...1">Florence Peterson Kendall, McCreary E, Provance P, Rodgers M, Romani W. Muscles : Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippin ...tellofemoral Pain Syndrome|patellofemoral pain syndrome]]; [[Low Back Pain|lower back pain]]; [[osteoarthritis]]; [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthriti

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...e [[balance]], decrease the risk of falling, help with weak musculature of lower legs, and to return to previous activity or facilitate patient mobility.

...Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

The [[Core Muscles|core]] is the centre of our body and it functions to stabilize the trunk wh # Muscles that stabilize the [[Hip|hips]].

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ ...de to get sufficient power at bottom of stroke. Putting stress on low back muscles.

...ankle joint]], an articulation between the [[tibia]] and [[fibula]] of the leg and the [[talus]] of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. See the page for [[Ankle Jo ...together create an architectural vault, which is one of the strongest load-bearing structures known to mankind.<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britan

The Piriformis test is a lower limb provocation test to evaluate the impact of the piriformis muscle on th ...rmis muscle is innervated by the direct branches from the sacral plexus (L5-S2).&nbsp;

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...] The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1985 Nov;67(5):741-6.</ref>This is often referred to as the Trendelenburg test but should not b

...Adductorius. https://www.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy/Anatomical-Parts/Adductor-canal (accessed 25 June 2018).</ref> ...i. The Adductor Canal. http://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/areas/adductor-canal/ (accessed on 25 June 2018).</ref>

[[File:Dead-lifts.png|thumb|Romanian Dead Lift]] ...tionary Romanian Deadlift Available:https://www.yourdictionary.com/romanian-deadlift (accessed 18.2.2022)</ref>. The deadlift is a [[Strength Training|s

...ndrome Picture Wikipedia.jpeg|right|frameless|alt=|Compartment syndrome in leg]] The anterior compartment of the leg is the most common location for compartment syndrome. Other locations in wh

...l border of the popliteus muscle, deep to gastrocnemius and soleus. In the leg, it is accompanied by the posterior tibial vessels and lies in the tarsal t ...erve#1 .] Available from: https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/tibial-nerve#1 (last accessed 17/03/2019).</ref> It also has articular and cutaneou

[[File:Nerves anterior lower limb.jpeg|alt=1. femoral nerve. 2. obturator nerve. 3. saphenous nerve|thum ...xit of the obturator canal or more distally by [[fascia]], causing exercise-induced medial thigh pain, typically in athletes<ref name=":2">Koh M, Markov

...earance. The [[Gluteus Maximus|gluteus maximus]] covers all of the gluteal muscles except for the anterosuperior third of the gluteus medius[[Gluteus Medius| ...enhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteus-medius-and-minimus-muscles</ref>

[[File:Human-heart-chambers.jpg|right|frameless|399x399px]] ....<ref>Dictionary Vena Cava Available:https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vena-cava (accessed 16.7.2021)</ref>

...Janda's work. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2010 July;14:299-301</ref> The [[Hamstrings|hamstrings]] are frequently found to be tight in ...p; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure 1: lower crossed syndrome&nbsp;<ref name="Janda" />

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Chelsea_Mclene Chelsea Mclene] ...tdirect.com/training-delivery/client-assessment/taking-body-dimension-girth-measurements [last accessed 05/11/2020]</ref>Girths are circumference measur

...VanBlarcom CW, editor. [https://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913(99)70234-9/fulltext The glossary of prosthodontic terms]. Mosby; 1999.</ref>, support ...indications and methods]. American family physician. 2009 Sep 1;80(5):491-9.</ref>

Interdisciplinary care of an 84-year-old patient, following a trans-femoral amputation. ...n due to a sepsis on a prosthesis of knee. His wishes were to be able to re-walk with crutches inside his apartment, and be able to drive again. The obj

...erve and psoas quartus muscle. Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2019 Jun 1;52(2):208-10.</ref>. It controls: ...xors|hip flexor muscles]], as well as [[Quadriceps Muscle|knee extension]] muscles.

<div class="editorbox">'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Wendy_Walker Wendy Walker] [[File:Muscles of the scapular region anterior aspect Primal.png|thumb]]The subscapularis

...he fascial compartment affected by increased compartment pressures include muscles, [[Neurone|nerves]] and vasculature. ...r leg: a review.] The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2016 Apr 1;12(4):265-70. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4970751/<nowiki/

...y and reduce LBP and physical impairment. It stretches the lower extremity muscles in combination of hamstring, adductors and rotators. <br> ...sagittall plane isometric contract-relax technique on passive straight leg-raise angle. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1994;20:138�

...ed by clinicians. This approach highly focuses synergic pattern of spastic muscles on the recovery of [[stroke]] patients through various stages. There is no ...associated reactions are combined with voluntary effort which produces semi-voluntary movement thus providing sensory feedback and satisfaction.

...ood]] and nutrients throughout the body. At any point in time, nearly three-fourths of the circulating blood volume is contained in the venous system.<r ...vailable: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/524180/11-amazing-facts-about-veins (accessed 15.7.2021)</ref>

...chin-up Chin up] Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chin-up<nowiki/>(accessed 1.1.2022)</ref> ...bicep curls will all be beneficial if the ultimate goal is achieving a chin-up with correct form. A chin up is an example of a [[Closed Chain Exercise|c

...h lower Quality of Life (QoL), depression and extremely high annual medical-care costs. * Higher body-mass-index (BMI)

...in the posterior compartment of the thigh and supplies a major part of the lower extremity. At the upper aspect of the popliteal fossa, it branches medially ...sterior surface of [[Adductor Magnus]]. Nerves branch off to the hamstring muscles. The nerve is crossed obliquely on its superficial aspect by the long head

...Dec. 2020, pp. 2408–2416, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06354-1</nowiki>. ...originates from the gluteal fossa, the gluteal aponeurosis and the postero-inferior iliac crest, and inserts onto the lateral aspect of the greater tro

...B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538262/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Femoral Artery]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Sta ...e changes to the [[Popliteal Fossa|popliteal]] artery which provides oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the knee compartment. The deep femoral artery give

...gether with the semispinalis and rotatores form the [[transversospinales]] muscles group. Multifidusi lies deep to the semispinalis and superficial to the rot ...<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatomy for Students E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009 Apr 4.</ref>

...kins; 2014.</ref>. Its primary action is flexion of [[Foot Anatomy|digits 2-5]] in the foot.<br> ...&amp; physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2010.</ref>

[[Image:Gait-cycle.png|frame|center|Running Gait cycle]] ...ov">Novacheck TF; The Biomechanics of running; Gait and Posture 7; 1998; 77-95</ref>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...total hip arthroplasty. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2017 Aug;51(4):359-67.</ref>

...Andrew TL. Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise. A Comprehensive Guide to Multiple-Joint Exercises. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2002;1(4):200.</ref> In a ...able from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UylQlk50gjg (last accessed 20-11-2013)</ref>

...healthy individuals]. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 Jun 1;124(6):1438-46.</ref> ...aniya VH. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5713709/pdf/jcdr-11-AC01.pdf Variation in morphometry of vastus medialis muscle]. Journal of Cli

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"> The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Physiopedia:Terms_of_Service informational purposes only]. Physiop

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...bate]. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2019 Jun;49(6):425-36.</ref> </blockquote>

...Orthopaedic &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Sports Physical Therapy , pp. 218-224. Level of evidence: 2b</ref>&nbsp;(Level of evidence: 2b) ...itting on the table. The elastic resistance strap is attached to the table leg 10 cm above the ground. The other side of the resistance strap is attached

Lower Limb Amputation: Diabetic Case Presentation A case presentation summarising the 21 day acute in-patient journey of a diabetic below knee amputee through to discharge to a c

...sed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/alexandra-kopelovich/ Alexandra Kopelovich]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Con ...xis of the joint, the proximal segment of the joint with move posteriorly. Muscles can contract concentrically or eccentrically to overcome the external momen

*This position facilitates accessability to independant upper and lower limbs and head movement&nbsp; *Bend her hips – this helps to release tension in her lower back which is often arched, and it