Search results

[[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]] ...:Cervical Spine - Ligaments]] [[Category:Ligaments]] [[Category:Cervical Spine]]

...on in front with the rectus capitis anterior muscles, behind with the alar ligaments. ...aedics]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Anatomy]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Ligaments]]

| [[Image:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|thumb|200px|Anterior Longintudinal Ligament - Late ...ref name=":0">http://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/subject.php?pn=anatomy-ligaments-17</ref>

[[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]] ...ull. It lies as a fibrous cord in the triangular interval between the alar ligaments.

...rticles/PMC6116888/pdf/cureus-0010-00000002893.pdf Duplication of the Alar Ligaments: A Case Report.] Cureus. 2018 Jun 29;10(6).</ref> with the alar ligament on ...:Ligaments]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Ligaments]] [[Category:Cervical Spine]]

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|thumb|419x419px|supraspinous ligament ...hat connects together the apices of the spinous processes from the seventh cervical vertebra to 3rd or 4th lumbar vertebrae. From vertebra C7 to the skull liga

[[Category:Cervical Spine]] [[Category:Ligaments]]

...three synovial joints and constitutes the most mobile articulation of the spine<ref>Magee, D. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. Elsevier</ref>. &nbsp;The mi == Ligaments ==

...a ligament complex called Altantoaxial Ligament Complex (Axis). These four ligaments extend from the Atlas to the Axis: *Lateral Ligaments (2)

<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">[[Image:Ligaments of the hand dorsal aspect Primal.png|200px|center]]<br> Ligaments of the Hand Dorsal Aspect

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|right|frameless|492x492px]] [[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone.

...trachea)<ref name=":0">Lang, J., 1993. ''Clinical anatomy of the cervical spine''. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of ...o, D., Lee, S. and Kim, I., 2013. ''Surgical Anatomy and Techniques to the Spine E-Book''. Elsevier Health Sciences.</ref>

..., Tubbs RS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5769988/ “False” ligaments: a review of anatomy, potential function, and pathology]. Cureus. 2017 Nov; It is a very strong, primary stabiliser for the upper cervical spine - the odontoid process will generally fracture before the [[ligament]] will

...gov/pubmed/15371718 The nuchal ligament restrains cervical spine flexion]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Sep 15;29(18):E388-93.</ref>. [[Category:Cervical Spine - Anatomy]]

[[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]] [[Image:Tectorial membrane.png|thumb|right]] Strong broad structure which covers the [[Odontoid process]] and it's ligaments.

...uscles, ligaments, and sometimes also the bones and nerves of the cervical spine. ...severe pain.<ref>Anderson C, Yeung E, Tong T, et al. A narrative review on cervical interventions in adults with chronic whiplashassociated disorder. BMJ Open

== Ligaments &amp; Joint Capsule == ...s rather roomy and relaxed and the joint possesses no individual accessory ligaments. &nbsp;Stability is provided by:<br>

...then places the index fingers between the occiput and spinous process of [[Cervical Anatomy|C2]], so the index fingers are over the neural arch of the C1 verte ...p.com/ptj/article/93/12/1686/2735395 Diagnostic accuracy of upper cervical spine instability tests: a systematic review.] Physical therapy. 2013 Dec 1;93(12

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it === Types of Spondylosis in spine ===

In the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] and thoracic regions it has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, bu ...al attaching to the vertebral bodies and vertebral discs and tightens with cervical flexion.

...sess the integrity of the [[Alar ligaments|alar ligaments]] and thus upper cervical stability.<br> ...Spine. 1987;12:183–189.</ref> to result from tension generated in the alar ligaments.<br>

...https://www.physioadvisor.com.au/health/anatomy/ligaments/ligaments-of-the-spine/ (accessed 29 March 2019). </ref> The ligaments are narrow and elongated in the thoracic region, broader, thicker, and quad

...vertebra) also known as epistropheus forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra (the [[Atlas]]), which carries the head, rotates.<ref>Axis (anatom ...flattened where it articulates with the transverse ligament.<ref>Cervical Spine Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/194

...lateral facet joints transfer loads and guide and constrain motions in the spine due to their geometry and mechanical function<ref>Nicolas V. Jaumard, Willi ...a above. The superior facet of the inferior vertebra is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inf

...oid peg) is a protuberance (process or projection) of the [[Axis]] (second cervical vertebra). It exhibits a slight constriction or neck, where it joins the ma ...ide a rough impression for the attachment of the [[Alar ligaments]]; these ligaments connect the process to the occipital bone.

* Extension of the spine when acting bilaterally * Ipsilateral lateral flexion of the spine when acting unilaterally

...nature<ref>Nikolai Bogduk. Clinical and Radiological Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine 5th Edition.Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier. Feb 2012.</ref><ref name=":0" ...racolumbar Fascia|thoracolumbar fascia]] by the supraspinous, interspinous ligaments to ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspin

...region (see [[Cranial Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

=== Joints and Ligaments of the Skull === == Canine Spine ==

* '''Mobility''' of the cervical spine. ...ature of the spine, while also increasing the pressure on vertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles.

...MC4836940/ Management of typical and atypical Hangman's fractures.] Global spine journal. 2016 May;6(03):248-56.</ref> ...nal weakened by the foramen transversarium on each side. There is no other cervical bony injury with a Hangman’s fracture.<ref name=":0">T.G. Williams. Hangm

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]] == Cervical Spine Structure ==

=== Ligaments and Joint Capsule === The AC joint capsule and ligaments surrounding the joint work together to provide stability and to keep the cl

The SC Joint capsule is fairly strong but is dependent on the ligaments for the majority of its support. ...AT, Neto AF. Assessment of the function and resistance of sternoclavicular ligaments: A biomechanical study in cadavers. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery &

== Osteology, Ligaments and Fascia == | [[Image:Pelvis ligaments anterior view.png|center|200px]]

'''Os odontoideum''' (OO) is a rare anomaly of the second cervical vertebrae characterised by a separation of a portion of the [[odontoid proc ...bility. This increased atlantoaxial translation potentially leads to upper cervical cord or vertebral artery impingement<ref name="Mintken" />.

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Ligaments of the pelvis anterior aspect Primal.png|right|frameless|399x399px]]

...ion (whilst paddling) increases the demands on the structures of the upper spine and associated soft tissues. ...nsion in the thoracic, increasing the demands of extension on the cervical spine.

...tebrae.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical vertebra.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical Vertebra side view.png|thumb|right]] ...Clinical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anato

...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...tched on their superior and inferior surfaces, in the articulated thoracic spine, these notches form the intervertebral foramina for the passage of the thor

...ven vertebrae as well as articulations with the occiput and upper thoracic spine, each with different axes of movement which can combine in a multitude of w Movements of the cervical spine are 1) constrained by the [[Anatomy cervical|anatomy]] of motion segments and longer connective structures that span mul

...on multifidus intermediate layer Primal.png|thumb|Figure 1. Muscles of the cervical region.]] ...he]] (CGH) is a chronic secondary headache that originates in the cervical spine.<ref>Fernandez M, Moore C, Tan J, Lian D, Nguyen J, Bacon A et al. Spinal m

...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy � ...surfaces, the thickness of the cartilage, the orientation of the fibres of ligaments and capsule, the direction of pull of muscles and tendons, facilitate free

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...west border of the first lumbar vertebra. It is enlarged at two sites, the cervical and lumbar region.

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...erextension of the upper cervical vertebrae and forward translation of the cervical vertebrae.<ref name=":3">Koseki T, Kakizaki F, Hayashi S, Nishida N, Itoh M ...well as compression of the cervical vertebrae—the uppermost portion of the spine that supports the head and protects the spinal cord.

...[[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]] or [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical myelopathy]]. ...[[Cervical Spondylosis|spondylosis]] (degenerative changes in the cervical spine) but can also be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and in

[[File:Cervical vertebra.png|right|frameless]] ...d to as [[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical spinal myelopathy]] respectively.

...bove, it is continuous with a similar investing layer on the back of the [[Cervical Anatomy|neck]]—the nuchal fascia. <ref name=":0">Willard FH, Vleeming A, ..., [[spasticity]] and increased tone in the lower thoracic spine and lumbar spine / paraspinal regions causing severe [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]<nowiki/>s. <re

...uch as injury, disease, wear and tear, or poor biomechanics can stress the spine and lead to this type of pain. However, pinpointing the exact source of dis ...at: <nowiki>https://www.umms.org/ummc/health-services/orthopedics/services/spine/patient-guides/anatomy-function</nowiki>.</ref>

...Joints|synovial joints]] decreases and the [[cartilage]] becomes thinner. Ligaments also tend to shorten and lose some [[Stretching|flexibility]], making joint ...in the body start to decline after about age 25. These declines can cause ligaments tendons bones and cartilage to become less flexible and more brittle over t

...osis is an external aid that is used to correct and support the spine. The spine is a complex anatomical structure and is key to our function. It is not pos * Maintains alignment of spine

[[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> ...><ref name="Rao 2002">Rao R (2002). Neck pain, cervical radiculopathy, and cervical myelopathy. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 84A(10):1872-1881.</ref>.

# Radial collateral ligaments and thenar muscles ...n this line include: rounded shoulders / [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphotic spine]] (i.e. office workers) with hypomobility, neck pain and [[Headache|headach

...fferences with adults along with the inherent elasticity of the paediatric spine.<ref>Parent S, Mac-Thiong JM, Roy-Beaudry M, Sosa JF, Labelle H. Spinal cor # Only about 2% to 5% being spine injuries <ref>Cirak B, Ziegfeld S, Knight VM, Chang D, Avellino AM, Paidas

...ih.gov/33290371/ Association Between Text Neck and Neck Pain in Adults]. ''Spine (Phila Pa 1976)''. 2021;46(9):571-578. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003854</re ...the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|thumb|Cervical spine]]

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]] ...t can no longer support the weight of the body through that segment of the spine.

...pril 2001. (LoE:4)</ref> While no tools exists for the assessment of upper cervical ligamentous instability, an approach that takes into account risk factors, ...tube.com/watch?v=k6hUT1kBoEc&feature=youtu.be|width}}<ref>Dpt Orthopeadics Cervical Instability Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6hUT1kBoEc&fea

...tability from the AC joint capsule (AC ligaments) and the coracoclavicular ligaments; its dynamic stability comes from the [[deltoid]] and [[Trapezium|trapezius ...f Test|Scarf]] tests elicits pain. Including a [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] and [[Neurological Assessment|neurologic exam]] helps rule out referred p

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...ertebrae posteriorly and and help with twisting and turning motions of the spine. <ref name=":0">Brennan D. Facet arthrosis: What is it and what causes it?

...ical region intermediate muscles Primal.png|thumb|Figure 1. Muscles of the cervical region from Primal Pictures.]] ...ache (CGH) is a chronic secondary headache that originates in the cervical spine.<ref name=":3">Fernandez M, Moore C, Tan J, Lian D, Nguyen J, Bacon A et al

...column. There are 23 discs in the human spine: 6 in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lu ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...tic AAI. <ref name=":0" /> Symptomatic AAI occurs as a result of excessive cervical movement causing impingement on the spinal cord, with a risk of severe neur [[File:Cervical Vertebrae.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Cervical Vertebrae C1-C7 <ref>'The Vertebral Column'. ''Lumen Learning.'' [online].

This page introduces the Anatomy of Equine Spine and Head. ...pairs of ribs, out of a total of 18.<ref name=":1">Van der Walt A. Equine Spine and Head Presentation. Plus , 2021.</ref>

...idence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses may be affected: peripatellar ligaments, [[Achilles Tendon|Achilles tendon]] insertion, plantar fascia, [[Shoulder| ...">Giles LGF, Singer KP, Vol.3: Clinical anatomy and management of cervical spine pain. Butterworth Heinemann, 2001, second edition, p.103-104</ref><ref nam

* Glenohumeral ligaments are thickenings of the joint capsule, not true ligaments * There are no other ligaments

...ournals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0145561320946644 Dysphagia precipitated by cervical lordosis in the aged]. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020:145561320946644.</ref> ...influenced by the thickness of osteophytes, cervical mobility, and cranio-cervical alignment<ref>Nishimura H, Endo K, Aihara T, Murata K, Suzuki H, Matsuoka Y

...rbers throughout the spinal column to cushion the bones as the body moves. Ligaments hold the vertebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal c ...vical Anatomy|cervical]], thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as

=== Cervical spine === ...lack K., Singh S. [https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.233025121 Pediatric cervical spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma]. Radiographics. 2003 May;23(3):539-6

...ghout the spinal column to cushion the bones as the body moves. [[Ligament|Ligaments]] hold the vertebrae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s atta ...ertebrae and abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...are aligned in a neutral position, this reduces the pressure on bones and ligaments. According to a 2019 study, supine sleeping posture may be helpful for lowe ...on provides the least support to the back and puts greater pressure on the spine, which could lead to pain. Wrinkles on the face could arise from stomach sl

...Cervical osteoarthritis can also be referred to as [[Cervical Spondylosis|cervical spondylosis]].<br> ...MRI of the Cervical Spine showing degenerative changes.jpg|center|Cervical spine MRI showing degenerative disc disease, osteophytes, and osteoarthritis of C

...stem, which comprises the muscles, bones, joints, and related tissues like ligaments and tendons. Here is a concise explanation of the constituents that constit == Cervical nerve stretch syndrome ==

== Ligaments == ...igament|ligaments]] of the TMJ can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments.<ref name=":1" />

...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column. ...weight of the of the axial skeleton as compared to the thoracic and sacral spine.

...tlanto-occipital joint|atlanto-occipital]] and [[Atlanto-axial joint|upper cervical joints]] and perceived in one or more regions of the head and/or face.<ref ...headache type that is hypothesized to originate due to nociception in the cervical area. <ref name="IHS">Headache Classification Subcommittee of the Internati

...acic vertebrae and rib cage, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. == Thoracic Spine Structure ==

[[File:Elbow Ligaments.png|thumb]] === Ligaments and Capsule ===

...is. <ref name=":1">Binder AI. [https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39127.608299.80 Cervical spondylosis and neck pain.] BMJ. 2007 Mar 8;334(7592):527-31.</ref> Common ...neck pain in Australian office workers: a 1-year longitudinal study.] Eur Spine J. 2009 Oct;18(10):1532-40.</ref>

...lated pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> * Severe cervical pain is one of the few conditions that will cause “screaming or crying”

...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> ...shape and is larger than in the thoracic vertebrae but smaller than in the cervical vertebrae.

...icobrachalgia) is a term that describes pain and stiffness of the cervical spine with symptoms in the shoulder girdle and upper extremity<ref>DeStefano LA. ...ich there is no known and proven cause. If a patient can be proven to have cervical radiculopathy or thoracic outlet syndrome, then the specific and objectivel

[[File:Compressive myeolopathy C6C7.png|thumb|Cervical myelopathy C6-C7]] ...ssion of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] at the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] level of the spinal column resulting in [[spasticity]], hyperreflexia, pa

...he costotransverse and [[Costovertebral Joints|costovertebral joints]] and ligaments <ref name=":0">B A Young, H E Gill, R S Wainner, T W Flynn. [https://schola ...or costotransverse ligaments, identified on the fifth to tenth ribs. These ligaments limit movement in the costotransverse joint to a minimal gliding movement.

*The perceived threat may be associated with injury to the muscles, ligaments, discs, nerves, or joints, but most neck pain is non-specific meaning there ...prognostic factors for neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD).. Spine 2008;33(4S):S83-92.</ref><ref name="Sterling 2006">Sterling M, Jull G, Kena

The spine is wonderfully designed to allow movement. It is also designed to help abso ...in the thoracic region which is your upper back; 5 vertebrae in the lumbar spine; and 5 sacral vertebrae and 4 coccyx which are located below that.

** The [[lumbar]] group originates from the two crura and the arcuate ligaments, which are in turn inserted into L1 and L2, and sometimes L3 as well.<ref n ...up of very strong [[Aponeurosis|aponeurotic]] tendinous ligaments - these ligaments do not have any bony attachments.<ref name=":3" />[[File:Henry Vandyke Cart

...an be difficult to fit their saddles as they tend to ”run out” of thoracic spine. |There is increased stress on the medial carpal collateral ligaments, outward rotation of the cannon bone, fetlock and foot

...t: <nowiki>https://www.jeremysmithmd.com/cervicogenic-headache-orthopaedic-spine-surgeon-orange-irvine-ca.html</nowiki> ...ts, contact sport injuries causing neck injury, and falls leading to upper cervical structural damage. <ref name=":1">Page P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc

...rced by the superior/inferior capsular ligaments with the coracoclavicular ligaments (trapezoid and conoid) also important structures for stability of the joint ...ontrols horizontal stability in the anterior­posterior plane whilst the CC ligaments serve to control vertical stability. The conoid part of this ligament attac

...e [[Facet Joints|facet joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. * 55% of facet syndrome cases occur in [[Cervical Vertebrae|cervical vertebrae]], and 31% in [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar]].<ref name="p4">Varlotta

...ruk et al. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of cervical osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Rheumato ...joints: analysis of the management of 108 cases, journal of neurosurgery: spine, Jun 2010 / Vol. 12 / No. 6 / Pages 592-601 (level of evidence 2B)</ref><re

...terized by involvement of both synovium and entheses (sites where tendons, ligaments or joint capsules attach to the bone) leading to spinal and oligoarticul ...ovokes to pain, stiffness and fatigue in back, legs and arms as in joints, ligaments and tendons.<ref name="p6">Rudwaleit M .Et al. The Assessment of SpondyloAr

...lus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and the apophyseal joints of the spine.<ref name="p1" /> ...the inflammation can lead to new bone formation of the spine, causing the spine to fuse in a fixed position often creating a forward stooped posture.<ref n

...ringer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-10-39 Pain in the lumbar, thoracic or cervical regions: do age and gender matter? A population-based study of 34,902 Danis ...ditional information on thoracic spine musculature is available [[Thoracic Spine Major Muscles|here]].

...xtremity movements. The dynamic relationship between the shoulder muscles, ligaments and bony articulations allows for significant movement, but this is at the ...res of the shoulder complex, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...es of the Neck Prior to Musculoskeletal Intervention: International IFOMPT Cervical Framework. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2023; 53(1) : == Anatomy of Cervical Spine ==

...'Keeffe, M., O'Sullivan, K., Lewis, J., & McCreesh, K. (2016). Is thoracic spine posture associated with shoulder pain, range of motion and function? A syst ...vements.<ref>Dunk, N. M., Callaghan, J. P., & McGill, S. M. (2005). Lumbar spine movement patterns during prolonged sitting differentiate low back pain deve

...nd eye movements. This page discusses these muscles, as well as the bones, ligaments, and nerve and blood supply for the head and jaw. ...both temporal bones, the sphenoid bone, two parietal bones, and the upper cervical vertebra (i.e. the atlas).

...nd supported by [[Pelvic Floor Anatomy|pelvic floor muscles]] and cervical ligaments. It is highly muscular and relatively mobile. The cavity lining is covere ...e production of ova and sex hormones. They attach to the uterus by ovarian ligaments, and to the broad ligament via the mesovarium, which is a peritoneal ligame

A herniated disc in the spine is a condition during which a nucleus pulposus is displaced from interverte ...vailable from:https://musculoskeletalkey.com/applied-anatomy-of-the-lumbar-spine/ (last accessed 24.1.2020)</ref>.

...7). Conservative treatment of acute and chronic Nonspecific low back pain. Spine, 22(18), 2128-2156. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199709150-00012</ref>. ...e majority of patients prefer to avoid the risks of surgery or suffer from spine-related musculoskeletal conditions contraindicated to surgical intervention

...might occur when an extreme range of motion places excessive demand on the ligaments or the joint capsule.<ref name=":5" /> ...affected by extra-articular structures, along with masticatory muscles and ligaments

...n Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining" whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20:1S-73S.</ref><ref name=":19" /> The prognosis of WAD is unknown a ...utube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgMdL7vEga8|width}}<ref>3D4Medical - Cervical Whiplash | Trauma. Available from:https://youtu.be/jgMdL7vEga8 (last acce

...c elbow stabilizers are the medial (ulnar) and lateral (radial) collateral ligaments and the ulnohumeral joint<ref name=":0">Tribst MF, Zoppi Filho A, Camargo F ...n important weakness or neurological symptoms, examination of the cervical spine, dermatomes and myotomes is indicated.

...a [[Myotomes|myotome]].<br>The spinal column is divided into four regions: Cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), and sacral (5 * [[Cervical Examination|Cervical]] level lesions are associated with quadriplegia.

|Ligaments === '''Ligaments and Capsule''' ===

...ts articular surfaces are reciprocally shaped, there are strong collateral ligaments and muscles are grouped at the sides so not to impede movement. *Ligamentous stability, Varus and valgus test of collateral ligaments are commonly performed.<ref name="biswas d" />

...Hyperkyphosis|Hyper kyphosis]] of the upper [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] spine. * Anterior angulation of the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region.

...alis. The joint depends primarily on the [[Muscle|muscles]] and [[Ligament|ligaments]] for its support, stability and integrity.<ref>Hess SA: Functional stabili ===Clear the Cervical Spine===

...g friction. Klenck and Gebke (2007) also states that cervical and thoracic spine injuries are common with athletes with upper extremity amputations due to a ...e of C2, hypoplastic posterior arch of C1, and fusions contribute to upper cervical instabilities.<ref name="Tassone" /> These instabilities can lead to seriou

The spinal column is comprised of 33 Vertebra; 7 [[Cervical Vertebrae]], 12 [[Thoracic Vertebrae]], 5 [[Lumbar Vertebrae]], 5 Fused Sac * Non-traumatic causes (16%) secondary to disease, infection and [[Congenital Spine Deformities|congenital]] defects.

...nee isokinetic test performance: a highly surprising pilot study]. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2014;3(4):318-23.</ref> This spot has a large number of trigemin * Activity in the posterior cervical postural chains is initiated<ref name=":1" />

...is is described as an excessive antero-posterior curvature of the thoracic spine of greater than 40°.<ref name=":3">Fon GT, Pitt MJ, Thies Jr AC. Thoracic ...accepted thresholds for defining either hyperkyphosis or “normal” thoracic spine changes associated with aging<ref name=":0">Kado DM, Prenovost K, Crandall

Axial spondyloarthritis is a seronegative [[spondyloarthritis]] of the spine and pelvis. The term axial spondyloarthritis has only been used since 2009 ...spine an appearance similar to bamboo, hence the alternative name "bamboo spine".

...ignificance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref> ...ma focused on the middle column was sufficient to cause instability in the spine. The instability was further categorized into three types:

** Gives information on bones, joints, ligaments, tendons and joint capsule insertions ** Machine size limits scans to mid-radius and tibia and upper mid-cervical, spine and head

[[Image:Ossification Spine.jpg|Flowing Ossification|right|314x314px]] ...erized by ossification/calcification of soft tissues, entheses, and spinal ligaments. DISH primarily affects the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) at the att

...two [[femur]]<nowiki/>s. The joints are supported by some of the strongest ligaments in the body which become laxer during pregnancy leading to increased joint '''Relaxin''' causes the relaxation of pelvic ligaments and softening of the cervix at the end of pregnancy, which aids the process

...he mechanoreceptors, free nerve endings and Ruffini endings located in the ligaments. == Ligaments of the Ankle ==

...lation of the medial clavicle. The anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments originate on the anterior and posterior ends of the clavicle, respectively, *'''Type II''' injury is associated with partial tears in the supporting ligaments. The joint may sublux when manually stressed but will not dislocate. Patien

...ref name=":8">Daenen L, Nijs J, Raadsen B, Roussel N, Cras P, Dankaerts W. Cervical motor dysfunction and its predictive value for long-term recovery in patien ...ncerned about, what fears do they have. For e.g. do they think that their spine is fragile and can easily be damaged? What movements or exercises are they

...68.</ref> The foot structure is complex, consisting of many bones, joints, ligaments and muscles. The foot is divided into three parts: rearfoot, midfoot, and f == Ligaments of the Foot ==

|anterior cervical discectomy and fusion |Anterior superior iliac spine

...humeral ligaments] Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/glenohumeral-ligaments?lang=us (accessed 27.1.2022)</ref> * HAGL lesion (Humeral Avulsion of Glenohumeral Ligaments)

...ing the effectiveness of [[Manual Therapy|manual therapy]] on the thoracic spine may improve patient’s symptoms when suffering from thoracic and/or referr There are various common disorders in the thoracic spine, the most common;

...es (functional instability) combined with a glenohumeral joint capsule and ligaments that are to loose (micro-instability). Impingement generally occurs at the ...romial Arch, composed of the Acromion, Coracoid Process and Coracoacromial Ligaments<ref name="af">KATCHINGWE AF, Phillips B, Sletten E, Plunkett SW., Compariso

...s. A promising area of research in preventing concussion emphasizes on the cervical musculature's ability to reduce head impacts in addition to protecting the ...e Tissue Disorders|connective tissue]] of the [[Spine Segmental Assessment|spine]] itself, appropriate levels and qualities of strength, and scientifically

...ing the second most likely to be affected. The higher levels of the lumbar spine are rarely affected. (15 LOE: 4) ...a blanket term used by physicians to describe general deterioration of the spine. This defect can be asymptomatic or associated with significant back pain (

* Palpable tuber on the scapular spine * Serratus corset consisting of the cervical and thoracic ventral serratus

...eased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyper lordosis in the lumbar spine<ref>Physiopedia contributors. (2022) ''Lower Crossed Syndrome''. Physiopedi ...on Upper Body Posture during Sitting in Female Office Workers. ''Muscles, Ligaments & Tendons Journal'', 12(4).</ref>. Mechanical lower back ache presented cor

...levates the shoulder. Scapular landmarks for palpation are the base of the spine and the inferior angle. * Neurological causes include [[Cervical Radiculopathy]], long thoracic or spinal accessory nerve palsy.

...in the sternocostal, costochondral, costovertebral and/or costotransverse ligaments allow for increased mobility and susceptibility to trauma.<ref name=":5" /> * [[Cervical Spine Case Studies|Cervical spine]]

* Cervical spine pathology # '''Range of Movement (ROM):''' Testing of cervical, shoulder and elbow AROM should all be completed as well as PROM of shoulde

...ment system impairment syndromes of the extremities, cervical and thoracic spine St.Louis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref> [[Weight bearing|W All arches receive ligamentous support via plantar ligaments and plantar aponeurosis.

...s osteoporosis], [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Spine_Fracture lumbar spine fracture], [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Congenital_Spine_Deformities struct ...ychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 Mar 15;20(6):722-8.Level of evidence 3C</ref>

...apsule may also add some stability with the coracohumeral and glenohumeral ligaments reinforcing the capsule. Other important [[Bone|bones]] in the shoulder in *Static stabilisers: Glenohumeral joint capsule, the glenohumeral ligaments, the [[Glenoid Labrum|labrum]], negative pressure within the joint capsule,

...Dec;52(12):CPG1-CPG111. </ref> Many structures, including bones, tendons, ligaments, bursae, and nerves, can cause elbow pain.<ref>Chung HJ, Joo YB, Park JY, L ...ptoms are coming from the [[Overview of Cervical Spine Assessment|cervical spine]].

...a.com/Category:Cardiopulmonary cardiopulmonary disease], [[Disc Herniation|cervical disc]], [[Stroke|CVA]], [[Proximal Humerus Fractures|humerus fractures]], [ ...the top of the cuff, which then causes contractions and fibrosis of the GH ligaments. That contraction of the inferior glenohumeral ligament seems to be the one

...een found that trigger points in the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine can result in neck instability.<ref name=":9" /> Similarly, addressing trig #'''Cervical spine patterns'''

...the coracoid and the acromion processes and the connecting coracoacromial ligaments. It protects the humeral head and subacromial structures from direct trauma ...is a prime example of the dynamic stability of the human body. By lack of ligaments, the joint delegates the function of stability fully to the muscles that at

...inflammatory, sero-negative arthritic condition that typically affects the spine and the sacroilliac (SI) joints. Common clinical presentations of this dise Common sites include the costochondral joints, the iliac-spine, lumbar spinous process, and achilles tendon. <ref>Heuft-Dorenbosch L., Spo

[[File:LSS1.jpg|right|<ref>Bhave A. Modern Techniques in Spine Surgery. JP Medical Ltd; 2014 Nov 30.</ref>]] ...agnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (update). The Spine Journal. 2013 Jul 1;13(7):734-43.</ref>

...="Micheli and Wood 1995">El-Sayed A, Cervoni-Rosario B, Harrast MA. Lumbar spine. In: Krabak BJ, Brooks A, editors. The Youth Athlete. Elsevier; 2023. p. 35 * Spine tumors.

...ich consists of 26 bones, 33 joints and more than 100 muscles, tendons and ligaments. It functions as a rigid structure for weight bearing and it can also funct ...s. However, a kinematic chain extends from the cervical and upper thoracic spine to the fingertips. Only when certain multiple segments are completely fixed

...tified as the chief complaint if implants are located over the uterosacral ligaments ..., primary dysmenorrhea, and second dysmenorrhea due to adenomyosis, myoma, cervical stenosis should be excluded from the pathologies of the genital system. 

...40509/ Regeneration of injured skeletal muscle after the injury]. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal. 2013 Oct;3(4):337.</ref> ...curl or Romanian deadlift; deadlift with caution in elderly patients with spine issues)

...li">Ali FE, Al-Bustan MA, Al-Busairi WA, Al-Mulla FA, Esbaita EY. Cervical spine abnormalities associated with Down syndrome. International Orthopaedics 200

...er is maintained by the joint capsule, the medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments, as well as large tendons located inside or just outside the joint.<ref nam ...age, exercises that help to maintain mobility of the cervical and thoracic spine, as well as isometric exercises in standing can be introduced. Active movem

...the pelvic floor. It originates from the sacrospinous ligament and ischial spine and inserts on to the lateral borders of inferior sacrum and superior coccy ...r into the vagina (see image ). It occurs due to the weakening of the pubo-cervical fascia between the bladder and vaginal wall allowing the bladder to displac