#REDIRECT [[Patient Education in Pain Management]]
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#REDIRECT [[Psychological Approaches to Pain Management]]
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#REDIRECT [[Multidisciplinary Care in Pain Management]]
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#REDIRECT [[Exercise and Activity in Pain Management]]
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#REDIRECT [[The Management of Low Back Pain in Pregnancy]]
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#REDIRECT [[Evidence-based Management of Pain in Displaced Persons]]
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#REDIRECT [[The Management of Neck pain: A Case Study]]
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#REDIRECT [[Management of Lower Back Pain related to Lower Cross Syndrome]]
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...n approaches in physical therapy management of a case of subacute low back pain]]
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...Core Stability Exercise in the Management of Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain]]
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...Core Stability Exercise in the Management of Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain]]
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== About The Physiotherapy Pain Association (PPA) ==
...ith the common interest of managing patients with both acute and long term pain. It was established in 1994 and recognised as a Clinical Interest Group of
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...ance. It is both pleased and proud to have led this project to develop the Pain section in Physiopedia.
...Education/CurriculumDetail.aspx?ItemNumber=2055 IASP Curriculum Outline on Pain for Physical Therapy].
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...and attitudes of healthcare professionals in primary medical centers. Pain Management Nursing. 2020 Jun 1;21(3):265-70.</ref>
...he management of pain in older people–a summary report. British Journal of Pain. 2022 Feb;16(1):6-13.</ref>
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This page highlights all the available guidelines for low back pain from the international community. If you know of any more please add
...t.2021.0304 Interventions for the management of acute and chronic low back pain: revision 2021: clinical practice guidelines linked to the international cl
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...sia or allodynia in the same region<ref>Finnerup, N.B. & Baastrup, C. Curr Pain Headache Rep (2012) 16: 207. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-012-025
Antiepileptics’ mechanism of action for treating pain is not fully understood, although it is proposed to work as a GABA agonist
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# [https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg177 Osteoarthritis: care and management], NICE CPGs Published date: February 2014
...tps://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg124/chapter/Recommendations Hip fracture: management], NICE CPGs Last updated: May 2017
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[[File:Low Back Pain Guy.jpg|thumb|alt=|200x200px]]
...doi/abs/10.1177/1559827620971547 Lifestyle medicine for chronic lower back pain: an evidence-based approach]. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2021;
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...s, and swelling, are often associated with functional limitations, chronic pain and lower quality of life.<ref>Hsu H, Siwiec RM. Knee Osteoarthritis.2019 A
==Conservative vs Surgical Management ==
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...aries to elevate the standard of care for individuals dealing with chronic pain. Our [https://healthmaxphysio.com/scarborough/ physiotherapy clinic in Scar
...hniques utilized at HealthMax Physiotherapy Clinics for addressing chronic pain.
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...changes and healthier living through nutrition, physical activity, disease management many lifestyle related diseases can be prevented.
==== Lifestyle Medicine for Health and Disease Management ====
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== What is Pain ? ==
...]</ref>. It is usually subjective<ref>Merskey, H., 1991. The definition of pain. ''European psychiatry''.</ref>.
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== Acute Pain ==
...resources/college-publications/acute-pain-management/apmse5.pdf Acute pain management: scientific evidence.] Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists;
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...re used to treat different types of spinal disorders ranging from low back pain to complex spine trauma and deformity.
...ons such as ligamentous, osseous or musculotendinous diseases, and in pain management.
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...in, fatigue, anxiety, etc.<ref>Prowse T. General Management of Paediatric Pain Problems Course. Plus. 2022.
...of safety in me’.<ref name=":0" /> The overall goal for self-management of pain is to effectively decrease DIMS while increasing SIMS.<ref name=":4" /> Mos
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...12602711].</ref> It is a common, but underrecognized cause of benign chest pain in children and adolescents.The pathophysiology of the syndrome is unknown.
...ren aged 6 to 12 years.<ref name=":0" /> There is no sex predilection. The pain usually occurs while the patient is at rest, but never occurs during sleep.
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...ent in the elderly: evaluation of psychometric properties of the Geriatric Pain Measure-Portuguese version. Revista Dor. 2015 Jun;16(2):136-41.</ref>.
...002) and recommends that multidimensional tools should be used to evaluate pain quantification and approach in the elderly in a multidimensional manner and
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Side stitch is an acute, localized, pain on the upper side of the abdomen which can occur after exercise.
It is also called '''Exercise Induced Abdominal Pain (E.I.A.P.)'''. <ref name=":0">Eichner ER. Stitch in the side: causes, worku
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...and move around in the joint, and can result into catching and subsequent pain. These defects does not heal as with bone, but are instead filled with scar
* Pain in the joint
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...prevalence of lumbosacral pathology in patients with greater trochanteric pain syndrome]. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2022
[[File:Lower back pain.png|center|thumb|260x260px|Low Back Pain ]]
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...ice.org.uk/guidance/cg61 Irritable bowel syndrome in adults: diagnosis and management.] (published date: <time>2008; updated 2017) [Accessed 21 Jul 2022]</time>
....uk/guidance/cg99 Constipation in children and young people: diagnosis and management]. (published date: <time>2010; updated 2017). [Accessed 21 Jul 2022]</time
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=== Medical Management ===
* [[Pain Management in Spinal Cord Injury|Pain Management]]
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A patient - chronic left lateral elbow pain with associated weakness in his left hand.
...and how to improve things<br>To begin treatment where appropriate/set out management plan.
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...ers and facilitators <br>14. The relationship between fitness and low back pain <br>
*[[Classification Of Low Back Pain Using Shirley Sahrmann’s Movement System Impairments, An Overview Of The
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...improve upper limb function. This module will provide a guideline for the management of the tetraplegic upper limb, describe rehabilitation principles to develo
== Function and Management According to Neurological Level ==
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...greater than a person with a single limb amputation. These challenges are: pain, adjustment to lifestyle, return to quality of life. Multiple amputation co
==Medical and Surgical Management==
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...musculature and surrounding tissue<ref>Finnerup, N.B. & Baastrup, C. Curr Pain Headache Rep (2012) 16: 207. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-012-025
...drug class’ addictive potential, it is not recommended for long term pain management. Benzodiazepines can also be prescribed to address spasticity on a short-te
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.../painmedicine/article/16/1/51/2460400 what is its role in pain medicine?]. Pain Medicine. 2015 Jan 1;16(1):51-60.</ref>
== Spiritual Pain ==
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...eg nerve fibers carrying nociceptive signals are interrupted resulting in pain relief.<ref name=":4">Tariq RA, Mueller M, Green MS. Neuraxial Neurolysis.
* External neurolysis is releasing [[Scar Management|scar]] tissue from the nerve
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..., the weakness of the back extensor muscles can also form the basis of the pain as it will put a load on the Quadratus Lumborum.
...of the patients with quadratus lumborum involvement, present with low back pain.
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== Pain ==
...n and News.Jul 16,2020.(cited: 12/6/2020) Available from: https://www.iasp-pain.org/PublicationsNews/NewsDetail.aspx?ItemNumber=10475
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...ia, intramedullary (IM) nail fixation of bilateral femurs and conservative management of the pelvic fracture. This resulted in an extensive stay in ICU followed
...y admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) following initial conservative management.
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...timuli and the stimuli is maintained for 15- 20 seconds. If indicated, the pain will reduce in this period and the patient would have gained a new P1.
...le pain producing compression force with movement for '''20 seconds''' the pain would often disappear or would be significantly reduced."<br></div>
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...|Chronic low back pain]] or [[Neck Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck pain]]<ref name=":0" />
* Multiple areas of pain<ref name=":0" />
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[[File:Integrative Medicine and Pain page - Photo credit Canva - Nanette Grebe - acupuncture.png|thumb|Acupunctu
Figure 1 outlines various disease management strategies.
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== Management ==
===== Conservative management =====
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== Pain Phases ==
...acute and persistent/chronic pain and the implications for assessment and management of the patient:
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Freiberg’s test elicits pain by passively internal rotation of the extended hip, when the patient is in
...-18</ref>,<ref name="Lori">Lori A, Boyajian- O’ Neill et al. Diagnosis and Management of Piriformis syndrome : an osteopathic approach. The journal of the Americ
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...bservation, and ePAT that is an electronic application developed to assess pain for people with dementia.
== Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale ==
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...matter which exercise? A randomized control trial of exercise for low back pain]. Spine 2002;27(24):2529-2602.</ref>. The McKenzie side glide test is an as
.../articles/PMC2646960/ McKenzie diagnosis and therapy in the evaluation and management of a lumbar disc derangement syndrome: A case study.] J Chiropr Med, 2013;
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....2004.34.11.686 Proposal of a classification system for patients with neck pain.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2004 Nov;34(11):686-700
...tion System for Patients Receiving Physical Therapy Interventions for Neck Pain.] Physical Therapy, 87(5), 513-524.</ref>.
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[[File:Back pain image.jpg|right]]
...t, depression, anxiety, pain-related disability and pain intensity]. Eur J Pain [Internet]. 2022 June 12 [cited 2023 May 22]. 26:1611–1635</ref>.
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Corticosteroids are predominantly used for symptomatic relief of acute pain and inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name=":0">Singh
...and modalities. Reference [[Osteoporosis|this page]] for physical therapy management of osteoporosis.
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...package of care offered by physical therapists to individuals with spinal pain.
...lected patients and for specific neuromusculoskeletal conditions to reduce pain, improve mobility and optimise function. Spinal manipulation is not appropr
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== Management / Interventions ==
* Topical analgesic to reduce pain and itching
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...[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563667?dopt=Abstract Thoracic spine pain in the general population: prevalence, incidence and associated factors in
...of many factors eg the different definitions and duration of thoracic back pain included.
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...-13-23.</ref> In addition, they may later be combined with [[DMARDs in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis|DMARD]]<nowiki/>s to control the disease process.<r
...armacological Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis|<<Back to Pharmacological Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis]] ======
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...lth and Clinical Excellence. [https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph27 Weight Management Before, During and After Pregnancy]. 2010. [Accessed 21 Jul 2022]
...nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192 Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance]. (published: 2014; updated:2018). [Accessed 21 Jul 20
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...Donelson R. The role of repeated end-range/pain response assessment in the management of symptomatic lumbar discs. Spine J. 2003 Mar-Apr;3(2):146-54. doi: 10.101
In patients with [[Neck Pain Tool-kit: Step 1|neck]] and [[Low Back Pain|back pain]], it has been found that a directional preference was present in 70%<ref>M
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...754-3 Evidenz- und konsensusbasierte o¨sterreichische Leitlinien fu¨ r das Management akuter und chronischer unspezifischer Kreuzschmerzen]. Wien Klin Wochenschr
...Guidelines Group (2003) Evidence-based management of acute musculoskeletal pain. Australian Academic Press, Bowen Hills: Australia, National Health and Med
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== Management and Treatment ==
The treatment of Benediction Hand involves the management and treatment of the underlying median nerve pathology. Treatment options
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Recently, there have been incredible expansions in the management of RA due to an increasing number of available drug options
...ndependent of acute symptoms. Symptomatic therapy is used to relieve acute pain and [[Inflammation Acute and Chronic|inflammation]] associated with the dis
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...port to women before, during, and after labor, and they can help to manage pain and improve the progression of labor.
...ach women about different positions and techniques that can help to manage pain and improve the progression of labor.
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...is defined as an acute or chronic joint inflammation. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, stiffness, and redness which may contribute to reduced function
* Regular physical activity and exercise are important in the management of all forms of inflammatory arthritis (IA), including rheumatoid arthritis
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...mme that allows for early identification and monitoring is the keystone of management.<br>Hip Surveillance is the process of identifying and monitoring the criti
1. Progressive hip displacements can lead to hip dislocations<br>2. Severe pain<br>3. Impaired function i.e. loss of mobility, inability to be correctly po
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...nal cord and activate the endogenous [[Opioids|opiate]] system to suppress pain.<ref>Neuroscientifically Challenged PAG Available:https://neuroscientifical
...re three types of opioid receptors which regulate the neurotransmission of pain signals. These receptors are called mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.
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Negative thoughts (e.g., "My back pain is uncontrollable" --> Negative feelings (e.g., depression, anger) and m
...-sagepub-com.ezproxy.med.nyu.edu/doi/full/10.1177/0193945915615869 Chronic Pain and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Integrative Review]’, ''Western Jour
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* Pain may be constant or intermittent
* Can produce pain during movement or at end range
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*Conservative Management
*Conservative Management
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Patients usually present with [[Pain Assessment|pain]], pathological [[fracture]], a palpable lump or local mass effect. Hypergl
== Medical Management ==
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...st’. It is found that up to 32-73% of youth athletes are affected by wrist pain from overuse injuries<ref name=":1" />, and 15% of which involves the grow
...the distal radius growth plate and over dorsal rim radius often reproduce pain. Patients often report symptoms being aggravated by weight-bearing activiti
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.... 2014 Jun 30;26(6). Available from: Walker J. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of osteomalacia. Nursing older people. 2014 Jun 30;26(6).(last accessed 26.
...uscle pains. A waddling gait may be present due to muscle weakness and hip pain. A [[fracture]] may be the first presenting sign<ref name=":0" />. Bony def
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...ably facet joints, spinal muscles, and ligaments. [[Low Back Pain|Low back pain]] is a major clinical and socioeconomic burden in the global health sector
...page focuses on the pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of LSPS and pain arising from pathology involving the intervertebral disc.<ref name=":0">Pat
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Groin pain including [[Groin Strain|groin strains]] are common among athletes who part
...groin pain adds up to the complexities surrounding the diagnosis of groin pain.<ref name=":0" />
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...sk Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders describes Neck pain as "pain located in the anatomical region of the neck with or without radiation to t
...P, Beneka A, Karagiannidis A, Godolias G, Assessment of patients with neck pain: a review of definitions, selection criteria, and measurement tools; Journa
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...nition.htm</nowiki></ref>This is termed as intermittent claudication. Rest pain can also occur in severe conditions and can hamper the [[Activities of Dail
...tional capacity of an individual. Hence, it is important to categorise the pain as claudication so that one can come to a definite diagnosis and treat it a
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== Multidimensionality of Pain ==
...Chronic Pain Management. Published online. 2011. Available at: www.change.pain.com</ref><br>
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[[File:Pain experience.png|thumb|Pain experience]]
...related to sensitivity of peripheral pain receptors and variability in CNS pain processing. Reasons for this include:
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...ross over the second, creating tenosynovitis. This is typically noted as a pain just proximal and dorsal to the radial styloid, or also noted anatomically
The presentation is typically one that the patient complains of pain or tenderness over the dorsal aspect of the wrist proximal to the radial st
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.../S2173580821000663?via%3Dihub#bib0105 Spinal cord stimulation: beyond pain management]. Neurología (English Edition). 2022 Sep 1;37(7):586-95.</ref>
...N, Menovsky T, Vanneste S. Burst spinal cord stimulation for limb and back pain. World neurosurgery. 2013 Nov 1;80(5):642-9.</ref>
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...il S. [https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/16/1/26/2463139 Rib fracture management]. Bja Education. 2016 Jan 1;16(1):26-32.</ref>. This condition is of clini
...thology of rib fracture is associated with decreased chest movement due to pain. This further reduces the tidal volume and may predispose to significant [[
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...axter's nerve entrapment. However, it's an often-overlooked source of heel pain.<ref name=":0">Stephen Offutt DP, Patrick DeHeer DP. How to address Baxters
* A sharp, radiating pain worse at night and after physical activity (such as walking).<ref name=":2"
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At any given site, a history of pain or abnormal sensation commonly precedes the onset of motor symptoms. Abnorm
...the involvement of both extremities.<ref name=":0" /> Some patients report pain and discomfort in the affected extremity.<ref name=":1" />
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...omfort caused by coronary artery disease. Pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest. Can also feel discomfort in the neck, jaw, shou
...be accompanied by other symptoms (such as nausea, shortness of breath, or pain in the neck, shoulder, jaw, arm, or back). Angina pectoris typically occurs
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...w that chronic pain in children and adolescents is a predictor for chronic pain in adults.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" />
== Pain ==
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...muscle function. It is commonly seen in rehabilitation setting actions as management for increased tone or spasticity. In some cases, It is used for children wi
...etal pain, [[headache]], [[fibromyalgia]] and [[Myofascial pain|myofascial pain syndrome.]]<ref>See S, Ginzburg R. Choosing a skeletal muscle relaxant. Ame
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* Back pain/headaches
...he time of consultation and uses a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) to measure pain, systemic symptoms, and functional impact; and a 5-point scale to measure b
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...t and extension-rotation test) is a provocative test useful for diagnosing pain related to [[Facet Joint Syndrome|facet joint pathology]], e.g. [[osteoarth
# The test is considered positive when the patient reports [[Pain Assessment|pain]], numbness or tingling in the area concerned.<ref>Radiopedia Kemp Test Ava
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...tion sense on the same side from damage to the dorsal column and a loss of pain and temperature sensation (hemianaesthesia) contralateral to the lesion owi
* Contralateral loss of [[Pain Assessment|pain]] and temperature sensations below the level of the lesion<ref>Wright R, Si
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Zika, physical therapy, joint pain, Guatemala<br>
...ive findings included fever, mosquito bites, and decreased movement due to pain. Pt was referred on to physician for further diagnostic testing for underly
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...and move around in the joint, and can result into catching and subsequent pain. These defects does not heal as with bone, but are instead filled with scar
* Pain in the joint
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For caregivers to assess the pain experience of people with end-stage [[dementia]] who are non-verbal.
...under reported in the dementia population. In the absence of self-reported pain, caregivers and clinicians must rely on their observation and the knowledge
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...ttern the patient will present with shallow short breathing pattern due to pain. It is an injury affect the muscles between two or more ribs<ref name=":0">
...nnis ball.<ref>Tran H. [https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/upper-back-pain/causes-intercostal-muscle-strain Causes of Intercostal Muscle Strain]. Spin
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...ptoms often follow a [[Dermatomes|dermatomal]] distribution, and can cause pain and numbness that wraps around to the front of your body..
* Symptoms of radiculopathy vary by location but frequently include pain, weakness, numbness and tingling.
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...eat soft tissue, mobilise joints, stretch tight muscles and fascia, reduce pain and improve circulation and lymphatic drainage.<ref name=":0">Thomas E, Cav
== Evidence for Muscle Energy Technique in the Management of Pelvic Girdle Dysfunction ==
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...Is forward head posture relevant to cervical muscles performance and neck pain? A case–control study.] Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019 Jul 1
Most commonly neck pain arises from poor posture on the bike or a poor bike fit. This includes[[Fil
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...ool to screen for [[Assessment and Management of Concussion|assessment and management of concussion]] with children aged from 5 to 12.<ref name=":0">Echemendia R
...creening tool for [[Assessment and Management of Concussion|assessment and management of concussion]] in younger population, though the diagnosis of a concussion
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...ng in patella tendinopathy, but it is also a key symptom in patellofemoral pain. By looking at the patient's entire clinical picture, the correct diagnosis
When tendons act as springs (e.g. the patella tendon during jumping), tendon pain can be related to overload. It is important to understand the different loa
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...It refers to an abnormal pattern of walking secondary to [[Pain Behaviours|pain]] that ultimately causes a limp, whereby the stance phase is shortened rela
...ditions can improve with [[Treatment‐based classification approach to neck pain|treatment]].<ref name=":2">Healthline Antalgic gait Available: https://www.
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...not have high diagnostic accuracy but a combination with other sacroiliac pain provocation tests gives valid evidence for sacroiliac dysfunction. <br>The
.... 1998 Aug;11(4):341-5.</ref><ref name="Vier">P Vercellini. Chronic pelvic pain. Wiley-Blackwell 2011: 118-119</ref>
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...Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)] due to its success in pain control.
...ticles/PMC2498262/ Transcutaneous electrical stimulation for postoperative pain.] Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1985 Mar;67(2):127.</
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...nt with elbow epicondylitis, which followed a two-week treatment. All case management during this time has been carried out with an approach based in The Lateral
Tendinopathy, Manual therapy, Eccentric, Visual analogic scale (VAS), Pain free grip strength ( PFGS)
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*Pain or discomfort in the groin, especially when lifting, coughing, or bending<r
*Men can experience pain and swelling in the scrotum<ref name="Mayo" />
7 KB (1,010 words) - 02:53, 23 December 2022
..., all of which are potential origins for [[Back Pain Functional Scale|back pain]].<ref name=":0">Lindsey T, Dydyk AM. Spinal osteoarthritis. StatPearls [In
...is commonly accompanied by referred pain. The distribution of a patient's pain depends on the location of the pathology.
10 KB (1,357 words) - 03:28, 3 September 2023
...alsma, Stacey. "Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine Considerations in Pelvic Pain" ''Journal of Osteopathic Medicine'', vol. 119, no. 11, 2019, pp. e42-e43.
...):644-652.https://journalofprolotherapy.com/sacroiliac-201-dysfunction-and-management-a-biomechanical-solution/</ref>
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* Medical Management
* Crucial in Acute Burns Management: Medical team to lead on this
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...ed coccyx]. The Back Pain Authority. Available from: https://www.cure-back-pain.org/fractured-coccyx.html (last accessed 4.12.2019)</ref>
...ould be read alongside our [[Coccygodynia (Coccydynia, Coccalgia, Tailbone Pain)|Coccydynia]] page. Coccydynia is a term used to describe a painful coccyx.
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...name=":0">Johnson MI. The physiology of the sensory dimensions of clinical pain. Physiotherapy. 1997 Oct 1;83(10):526-36.</ref>
...</ref><ref>Pezet S, McMahon SB. Neurotrophins: mediators and modulators of pain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.. 2006 Jul 21;29:507-38..</ref>
10 KB (1,282 words) - 12:56, 7 September 2023
...nd especially persistent pain. <ref>Griensven HV, Storng J, Unruh AM. Pain - A Textbook for Health Professionals. 2nd ed. Churchill Livingston, Elsevi
...supportive measures in place. <ref>Griensven HV, Storng J, Unruh AM. Pain - A Textbook for Health Professionals. 2nd ed. Churchill Livingston, Elsevi
13 KB (2,028 words) - 21:25, 2 October 2018
...abs/pii/S0953620523000973<nowiki/>(accessed 4.5.2024)</ref>. Diagnosis and management of vasovagal syncope is hard as the differential diagnoses are manyfold. In
* Pain
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...] affecting the central nervous system (CNS)<ref name=":0" />. Neuropathic pain in the general population is estimated to have a prevalence ranging between
...hamedpress.org/content/15/suppl_2/24.full Future directions in neuropathic pain therapy: closing the translational loop]. The oncologist. 2010 May 1;15(Sup
10 KB (1,366 words) - 13:16, 6 January 2022
...een reported that about 20% of patients will have some degree of articular pain or joint effusion <ref name="hill">Hill CE, McKee L. Osteopoikilosis:
..., Shah NZ, Mohanty T. Case Report of Osteopoikilosis: Sparse Cause of Bone Pain and Mimicker of Metastasis on Radiographs. J Orthop Case Rep. 2021 Mar;11(3
6 KB (883 words) - 22:03, 29 October 2023
...ncing an increase in clinical significance due to its role in [[shoulder]] pain and upper limb weakness.<ref name=":0">Kostretzis L, Theodoroudis I, Boutsi
...to the neck. Cross-body adduction and internal rotation may increase pain. Pain will not be present if nerve injury is distal to spinoglenoid notch. Almost
7 KB (1,010 words) - 19:02, 8 March 2024
...use in physiotherapy relates to the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal and pain disorders, and sport rehabilitation. <ref name=":0" /> Some commonly treate
* Low back pain
4 KB (465 words) - 11:02, 11 April 2024
== Pain ==
...itization https://www.iasp-pain.org/Education/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1698#Pain] (accessed 16 April 2022). </ref>
8 KB (1,132 words) - 21:35, 23 March 2023
...en is by using scales of various facial expressions, and associating their pain level to a similar face.
...pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23283256/ The Wong-Baker Pain FACES Scale Measures Pain, Not Fear.] Pediatric Emergency Care. 2013:29(1):17-20. </ref>
8 KB (1,266 words) - 12:21, 5 November 2022
.../articles/PMC3445210/ Influence of the hip on patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review]. Sports health. 2011 Sep;3(5):455-65.Availab
...al Knee-Based Strengthening More Effective in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?] A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of S
7 KB (969 words) - 09:58, 24 January 2022
== Pain Self-Efficacy Explained ==
[[File:Pain beliefs.jpeg|thumb|Personal Pain Beliefs]]
8 KB (1,155 words) - 10:47, 26 July 2023
...cal & Post‐op Management of Cervical Spine Stenosis|Surgical & Post-op Management of Cervical Spinal Stenosis]]
*[[Chronic Low Back Pain|Chronic Low Back Pain ]]
5 KB (748 words) - 13:01, 1 March 2022
...in adolescent athletes <ref name=":1">Morgan Jr RC, Crawford AH. Surgical management of tarsal coalition in adolescent athletes. Foot & ankle. 1986 Dec;7(3):183
...isrupt the coalition, causing the coalition itself to become painful. This pain is often initially diagnosed as an ankle sprain, although it is not allevia
8 KB (1,130 words) - 15:07, 3 July 2022
* Trigeminal distribution pain
...loss or ringing in the ears ([[tinnitus]]) , [[ataxia]], trigeminal nerve pain, nausea and vomiting.<ref name=":0" />
5 KB (714 words) - 20:21, 29 December 2020
...is complaining of a 5 month history of neck pain with associated left arm pain and paraesthesia. I first started seeing the patient at approximately 2 mon
...e patient was concerned about the lack of progress and the duration of her pain was getting her down. She reported that she would like to be investigated f
2 KB (411 words) - 11:26, 10 June 2015
...ief validated tool, designed to screen primary care patients with low back pain for prognostic indicators that are relevant to initial decision making <ref
Primary care patients with low back pain <ref name="Keele University" />.
6 KB (906 words) - 11:34, 28 August 2023
...can occur towards the side of pain (ipsilateral) or away from the side of pain (contralateral). It is most visible when the patient is standing and correc
...., & Donelson, R. (2008). Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with the McKenzie method. ''The spine journal : official journal of the Nor
6 KB (956 words) - 17:40, 27 June 2023
...500/ Reliability of measures of impairments associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2006 Dec 1;7(1):33.</ref>
* Gluteus minimus tendinopathy often results in [[Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome]] (GTPS).
6 KB (814 words) - 05:39, 30 January 2024
...nifestations and no motor deficits. In this condition, the patient reports pain over the distal radial forearm associated with paresthesia over the dorsal
...d be mindful that this may also be positive in patients with more proximal pain generators, such as a lateral antebrachial cutaneous neuritis.<ref name="al
9 KB (1,295 words) - 00:29, 2 August 2021
...0;injury: a systematic review. Conservative versus surgical management of elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament injury: a systematic review.] Ort
...bow ulnar collateral ligament injuries in throwing athletes: diagnosis and management]. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2022 Mar 1;47(3):266-73.</ref>. The distal a
9 KB (1,226 words) - 14:33, 26 February 2023
...through the foramen magnum probably accounts for the most common symptom, pain.
Pain in neck or headache made worse by coughing or the valsalva manoeuvre are su
6 KB (836 words) - 16:24, 12 March 2022
...majority of people the TMJ adapts to the disc position and rarely produces pain from being in a different position. <ref>Poluha RL, Canales GD, Costa YM, G
....gov/pmc/articles/PMC6322638/ Distribution of depression, somatization and pain-related impairment in patients with chronic temporomandibular disorders.] J
11 KB (1,471 words) - 17:56, 4 November 2021
...juries are an uncommon clinical entity poorly described in the literature. Management of triceps [[Tendinopathy|tendinopathies]] depends on the mechanism of inju
...vely with [[Load Management|rest]], [[Cryotherapy|ice]], immobilization, [[Pain Medications|nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], and physical therapy.
9 KB (1,190 words) - 13:16, 6 January 2022
'''Medical Management'''
..., Birnkrant DJ, Case LE, Clemens PR, Cripe L, Kaul A, et al. Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Lancet Neurol . 2010;9:77-93. http://www.ny
7 KB (894 words) - 07:18, 5 March 2022
...h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2676775/ Functional and chronic anorectal and pelvic pain disorders]. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2008 Sep 1;37(3):685
...sensation because the intermittent, infrequent, and short duration of the pain associated with proctalgia fugax make identifying its mechanism difficult.
9 KB (1,323 words) - 21:20, 26 June 2023
...ort with sharp cramps in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen. Abdominal pain normally occurs in the morning or after eating and is relieved by evacuatio
...wo or more of the following: <ref name="Mayo Clinic 2017" /> Improved pain with defecation; Altered frequency of defecation; Altered consistency of st
8 KB (1,088 words) - 07:16, 28 January 2023
...9-2002. The study aimed to compare medical management alone versus medical management with LVRS as treatment for severe emphysema. NETT involved 1, 218 randomize
* Formulation of appropriate preoperative management/ exercise training program
6 KB (723 words) - 18:39, 11 April 2020
...d SICK. (Scapular malposition, Inferior medial border prominence, Coracoid pain and malposition, and DysKinesis of scapular motion)<ref>López-Vidriero E,
=== Physiotherapy Management ===
4 KB (590 words) - 15:48, 27 July 2023
...includes cough, expectoration, [[Fever|a rise in body temperature]], chest pain or [[Dyspnoea|dyspnea]].
== Physiotherapy and Other Management ==
5 KB (621 words) - 03:18, 25 December 2022
...re intended to improve quality of life, slow down deterioration or relieve pain. NPI also reduce health costs reduced and have minimal environmental impa
...accessed 30.12.2022)</ref> See [[Lifestyle Medicine for Health and Disease Management]]
10 KB (1,337 words) - 11:12, 31 December 2022
...es Tendon]].<ref name=":2">Alfredson H, Cook J, Silbernagel K, Karlsson J. Pain in the Achilles region. In: Brukner P, Bahr R, Blair S, Cook J, Crossley K,
...of pump-style shoes can create pressure that aggravates the posterior heel pain and swelling), and "winter heel".<ref name=":0" />
12 KB (1,705 words) - 06:27, 8 August 2022
...uma arising from pregnancy, ceaseran section or [[Pregnancy Related Pelvic Pain|pregnancy]] termination<br>
== Management / Interventions ==
6 KB (807 words) - 10:35, 1 June 2022
People with [[Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)|Complex Regional pain syndrome]] may exhibit abnormal sensation throughout all or part of the aff
Hypersensitivity because of abnormal pain processing
5 KB (717 words) - 17:13, 19 July 2021
Rib fractures are most often treated with [[Pain Medications|pain management]] and [[Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises|breathing exercises]] to prevent
The most common symptom of rib fractures is pain with touch, taking a deep breath, sneezing, or coughing. As these fractures
8 KB (1,060 words) - 14:00, 29 January 2024
...mbulating with an assistive device and pain management. Outcome is reduced pain, increase in strength & range of motion independent with walking aid.
...tear Referred for physiotherapy in April 2015 for strengthening & pain management.
8 KB (1,186 words) - 18:53, 11 April 2020
...alve of a vein within the pelvic region is also associated with PCS due to pain occuring from venous distension and congestion <ref name="goodman" />.
...re, it is the cause of about 10-15% of referrals to gynecologists or other pain related clinics <ref name="PCS">Pelvic Congestion Syndrome (PCS). http
11 KB (1,590 words) - 12:02, 25 October 2020
...he box at alternative methods? <ref>Griensven HV, Strong J, Unruh AM. Pain: A Textbook for Health Professionals. 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, Elsevi
...and perceptions and social experience, therefore when treating persistent pain that is as complex as this, are 10-15 minutes of 'hands on' treatment going
10 KB (1,612 words) - 03:51, 31 July 2023
...tps://www.cureus.com/articles/183919-advancements-in-restless-leg-syndrome-management-a-review-of-physiotherapeutic-modalities-and-their-efficacy#!/ A Review of
== Management of Restless Leg Syndrome ==
6 KB (853 words) - 12:54, 10 December 2023
...al cord by coupling with G-proteins to both alter synaptic transmission at pain pathways and to decrease neuronal excitability via the inhibition of cyclic
...r durations, which permits longer periods of analgesic effects to suppress pain pathways.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Epidural administration is perh
6 KB (886 words) - 09:10, 29 July 2021
...oint. Any patient presenting with AC joint or superior [[Shoulder|shoulder pain]] should be evaluated for distal clavicular osteolysis.<ref name=":0">Evans
...on.<ref name=":1">DeFroda SF, Nacca C, Waryasz GR, Owens BD. Diagnosis and management of distal clavicle osteolysis. Orthopedics. 2017 Mar 1;40(2):119-24.</ref>
10 KB (1,388 words) - 14:25, 13 February 2023
# Pain;-Aching type of pain lasting for more time than in case of a simple muscle contusion.
...lowing signs & symptoms may be noted<ref name=":02">Kary JM. Diagnosis and management of quadriceps strains and contusions. Current reviews in musculoskeletal me
7 KB (978 words) - 09:40, 24 October 2021
== Management / Interventions ==
...e wasting, increased falls risk due to loss of neurological coordination, pain, [[Fatigue Severity Scale|fatigue]], inflammation, isolation and depression
5 KB (685 words) - 14:03, 16 December 2022
...ith the control and the velocity that he achieved before the injury due to pain and numbness. It’s also called '''recurrent transient subluxation of the
...nt of structures lying in the front of the shoulder joint, which result in pain an the inability to throw.
9 KB (1,434 words) - 09:20, 5 February 2023
...uce stress] Available: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/relaxation-technique/art-20045368 (accessed 8.12.2021)</ref>
* Reducing muscle tension and [[Chronic Pain and the Brain|chronic pain]]
8 KB (1,170 words) - 11:00, 12 December 2021
...A.M. and Thoder, J.J., 2018. Forearm compartment syndrome: evaluation and management. ''Hand clinics'', ''34''(1), pp.53-60.</ref>.
...J, Haddad B, Khan WS. Suppl 1: the pathophysiology, diagnosis and current management of acute compartment syndrome. The open orthopaedics journal. 2014;8:185.</
11 KB (1,559 words) - 09:55, 28 March 2022
...th legitimate prescribed for them. eg A patient needing [[Pain Medications|pain medication]] after surgery. When patients take their medications in ways th
* Increased dose required for pain relief
7 KB (901 words) - 02:52, 10 April 2022
...expert clinicians to address the gap between evidence and practice in the management of Achilles Tendinopathy. The original toolkit was produced in April 2012,
...e’ refers primarily to the stage with the cardinal signs of heat, redness, pain, swelling and loss of function and a very recent onset of symptoms.
6 KB (782 words) - 13:35, 25 April 2023
...may vary. During an attack of palindromic rheumatism, symptoms may include pain, swelling, stiffness, tenderness, and redness in and around the joints(call
== Management ==
7 KB (908 words) - 21:25, 9 January 2024
Internal disc disruption (IDD) is a common cause of disabling low back pain (LBP) in young, healthy adults. Internal disc disruption is a distortion of
...:0">Simon J, McAuliffe M, Shamim F, Vuong N, Tahaei A. Discogenic low back pain. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics. 2014 May 1;25(2):305-17.</re
11 KB (1,640 words) - 12:12, 1 December 2022
...n, a Comprehensive Review: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019 Mar 11;23(3):23. doi: 10.1007/s11916-019-0757-1. PMID: 3
...efinitions and physiology of back pain, referred pain, and radicular pain. PAIN 147 (2009) 17–19</ref>
14 KB (2,077 words) - 13:53, 29 January 2024
* Sharp, jabbing, throbbing, freezing, or burning pain
* Neuromatous or causalgia pain
6 KB (841 words) - 13:31, 4 May 2023
* Infra patella knee pain<ref name=":1" />
...ristics of the pain, alleviating and aggravating factors, any radiation of pain, and the severity of symptoms.
10 KB (1,412 words) - 11:38, 5 January 2023
.... While the pharmacological action of analgesics and their use in treating pain with and without anti-inflammatory effect is well established, their effect
...educing the activation of [[Cerebrum|higher brain structures]] involved in pain and cognitive/affective processing.
6 KB (772 words) - 05:54, 15 August 2022
...ipital neuralgia (C2 neuralgia) presents with paroxysmal shooting/stabbing pain in the dermatomes of the occipital nerves<ref name=":3">Choi I, Jeon SR. [h
...pillow sign" may be present. This sign occurs when the patient experiences pain when the patient hyperextends or rotates their neck while lying with their
5 KB (739 words) - 10:46, 27 March 2023
...test. This is a pain provacation test of the hip for assessing lateral hip pain for [[Gluteal Tendinopathy|gluteal tendinopathy]].
...s00167-020-06354-1 Pathogenesis and Contemporary Diagnoses for Lateral Hip Pain: A Scoping Review.]” ''Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy'',
4 KB (608 words) - 19:57, 4 July 2023
...ct.com/science/article/pii/S1356689X05000214 Diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain: validity of individual provocation tests and composites of tests.] Manual
...M. [https://europepmc.org/article/med/8073316 The reliability of selected pain provocation tests for sacroiliac joint pathology]. Spine. 1994 Jun;19(11):1
6 KB (933 words) - 22:08, 31 January 2021
...individualized physiotherapy in patients with long-lasting musculoskeletal pain–a randomized controlled trial. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2016 Dec;17
...reatment, all these elements are considered in order to achieve effective management.
8 KB (1,079 words) - 17:19, 30 November 2021
...ased mobility (especially rotation), sometimes accompanied by neck pain or pain in body areas distant from the neck (eyes, temples, throat, ears, nose, sh
...straight off postural and gait changes, decompensations, and kinetic chain pain<ref>Chaitow L, Gilbert C, Bradley D. [https://www.nielasher.com/blogs/video
7 KB (931 words) - 22:06, 21 March 2023
...arly magnetic resonance imaging in acute, work-related, disabling low back pain.] Spine. 2013 Oct 15;38(22):1939-46.</ref>''':'''
* Patient expectations/requests, and the need to find proof that their pain is real
3 KB (398 words) - 18:35, 21 March 2024
== Management ==
The main treatment is symptomatic management of the patient.<ref name=":0" /> Laser therapy is effective in the treatmen
5 KB (635 words) - 09:40, 5 March 2022
...otential of animal models for advancing the understanding and treatment of pain in Parkinson’s disease. ''npj Parkinsons Dis.'' 2020;6(1).</ref>
...e. It manifested medially, and was sharp on initial movement. Although the pain is not always severe, it is painful enough to reduce his enjoyment of walki
4 KB (568 words) - 11:21, 18 August 2022
...ord.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12891-019-2718-6.pdf Plantar heel pain in middle-aged and older adults: population prevalence, associations with h
...not well understood which causes uncertainty regarding the most effective management thereof, making the condition difficult to effectively treat.<ref name=":0"
13 KB (1,894 words) - 11:28, 18 August 2022
...pport the treatment of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Low_Back_Pain Low Back Pain] through interventions aimed at the thoracic spine and the hip joints. 
...treating patients with [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Low_Back_Pain Low Back Pain] be sure to perform [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Examinati
8 KB (1,132 words) - 12:03, 2 August 2021
...Cervical Rib. Healthily. Available from https://www.livehealthily.com/neck-pain/cervical-rib [last accessed 05/11/2020]</ref> that forms above [[First Rib|
.../B9780443067167000670 "Case 67 - Cervical ribs"], ''100 Challenging Spinal Pain Syndrome Cases (Second Edition)'', Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 3
8 KB (1,140 words) - 19:02, 8 March 2024
...xternal rotators or more noticeably in the deltoid if the case in chronic. Pain can be worse at night, and patients are almost always point tender at the Q
...of the QS and axillary nerve can be a positive diagnostic criteria if the pain is abolished. <ref name=":0">Lindsay F. [http://bonefix.co.nz/portals/160/i
11 KB (1,501 words) - 22:00, 19 November 2021
...nee arthroplasty]] (7.8%), experimental effusion (4.3%), experimental knee pain (4.3%), meniscectomy /meniscal repair (4.3%), general knee injury (3.5%), [
== Management / Interventions ==
4 KB (557 words) - 23:21, 25 March 2024
...and ancient Egyptians, Arthritis describes a set of symptoms that includes pain, stiffness, and joint deformities after an inflammatory process. The destru
* [[Mechanical low back pain]]/[[Mechanical Neck Pain|mechanical neck pain]]
13 KB (1,837 words) - 11:53, 23 October 2023
...fied by Kim and Azum suggesting that injury to the labrum may lead to pain in the hip.<ref name="Kim">Kim YT, Azuma H. The nerve endings of the acetab
...e anterior hip and groin pain. Patients may also complain of buttock pain. At times there is a complaint of clicking (most common), giving way
6 KB (899 words) - 02:42, 14 July 2019
...with individuals with DHS and ALS. Individuals may also struggle with neck pain and impairment in ADLs such as dressing, eating, showering, etc.
* [[Parkinson's - Physiotherapy Management and Interventions|Parkinson disease]]
7 KB (917 words) - 19:25, 23 April 2021
...s, Perry, N.; Turk, Dennis C. 2007 The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: Scientific advances and future directionsfckLR Psychological Bulletin, Vol
...mponents comprising the experience of [[Chronic pain and the brain|chronic pain]].
10 KB (1,395 words) - 12:30, 17 October 2023
* Lateral elbow pain, aggravted by activity and eased with rest<ref name=":1">John Hopkins Medic
== Management / Interventions ==
5 KB (693 words) - 13:33, 14 October 2022
...ih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5737342/ Osteitis pubis: a rare cause of suprapubic pain]. Reviews in urology. 2017;19(3):156. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
* Osteitis pubis is a rare cause of groin pain but is more common in athletic patients, specifically soccer players, runne
9 KB (1,252 words) - 14:18, 1 September 2023
...proach has emerged as a cost-effective way to manage individuals with neck pain.
...tion system for patients receiving physical therapy interventions for neck pain]. Phys Ther. 2007;87(5):513-24</ref> validated this classification system b
7 KB (963 words) - 11:49, 15 November 2023
...identify patients who are likely to have poor prognosis following low back pain surgery. But it has been misused and misinterpreted, clinically and medico-
...ed physical as well as psychosocial and behavioral management for low back pain.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Ranney D. A proposed neuroanatomical basis of Waddell
6 KB (868 words) - 23:41, 31 January 2021
...likely to be caused by serious underlying pathology than neck or low back pain.
* Thoracic spine pain often has a musculoskeletal origin related to poor posture or overuse injur
7 KB (955 words) - 10:57, 17 October 2023
* Pain, ecchymosis, and edema may be present around the finger and palm
* Severe pain in the palm just before the base of the finger may be a sign of a Type 1 ru
9 KB (1,407 words) - 19:54, 10 April 2022
...betes] Available:https://www.nps.org.au/australian-prescriber/articles/the-management-of-type-2-diabetes (accessed 26.9.2021)</ref>
...nce of [[Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)|ischaemic heart disease]] or [[Foot Pain|foot]] problems.<ref name=":0" />
4 KB (582 words) - 06:52, 8 February 2023
* No C-spine management required
== Pain Management ==
8 KB (1,122 words) - 18:41, 23 November 2022
...lization, peripheralization, has also been described, as the phenomenon of pain (originating from the spine) spreading distally into the limb. <ref name="
...r prognosis, <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":4" /> or the determination of a management strategy. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":7" />
13 KB (1,757 words) - 08:56, 29 April 2022
...Brain Anatomy|brain]] to be processed to accentuate the possible perceived pain, or attenuate it at the spinal cord itself. <ref name=":0" />
...m/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_1134 Gate Control Theory of Pain]. In: Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Cham: Springer International Pub
12 KB (1,810 words) - 02:24, 30 April 2022
...daches into primary, secondary, Painful cranial neuropathies, other facial pain and other headaches outlined below:
=== Painful Cranial Neuropathies, Other Facial Pain and Other Headaches ===
10 KB (1,347 words) - 08:55, 1 August 2023
...truyf F, Lluch E, Falla D, Meeus M, Noten S, Nijs J. Influence of shoulder pain on muscle function: implications for the assessment and therapy of shoulder
...000181.</ref> approach to the assessment of individuals with [[Subacromial Pain Syndrome|rotator cuff and subacromial pathology]]. SSMP is a set of four me
7 KB (1,027 words) - 15:02, 1 December 2022
...t phase is distinguished by complex treatment decisions, difficult symptom management, numerous psychosocial issues and often overlooked inner distress.<ref name
...role in geriatric palliative care focusing on eg. [[Pain Assessment|Pain]] management, [[Strength Training|strengthening]] when possible, [[Energy Conservation T
4 KB (626 words) - 18:36, 5 November 2023
...sations following an amputation that should be discussed when referring to pain following amputation. Some of them are extremely painful and terribly unple
== Why Does Pain Occur? ==
10 KB (1,407 words) - 09:57, 6 October 2023
Normal foot shape can be deviated by congenital or acquired [[Foot Pain|foot]] deformities. If the cause of deformity is not treated, this could le
...y a painful callused protrusion that is tender under pressure. Due to this pain, the normal rolling mechanism of the foot is disturbed and patients instinc
9 KB (1,325 words) - 21:03, 27 January 2022
...text-article-ORR (accessed 12.1.2023)</ref> It usually results in shoulder pain with decreased range of motion. Diagnosis is made by shoulder x-rays, with
... <ref name="Gimblett">Gimblett P, Saville J, Ebrall P. A conservative management protocol for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Journal Of Manipulative A
8 KB (1,038 words) - 09:53, 12 January 2023
...suitable for physiotherapy management. When managing individuals with neck pain clinicians should consider implementing approaches based on risk, impairmen
...l trial of exercise and spinal manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2001;26:788–797. discussion 798–799</ref>. The identificatio
14 KB (2,064 words) - 11:48, 15 November 2023
...Body-mindfulness in physiotherapy for the management of long-term chronic pain. Physical therapy reviews. 2008 Feb 1;13(1):45-56.</ref>
...interventions reduce pain intensity? A critical review of the literature. Pain Medicine. 2013;14(2):230-42.</ref>A state of mindfulness begins by acceptin
9 KB (1,315 words) - 22:03, 10 April 2024
*Body Function and structure- Phantom sensation and pain; muscle waist occurred;
...tanding position. <br>Main problem was stamp pain, occasionally lower back pain, and mild gait issues which result in lateral track movement and abduction
6 KB (862 words) - 18:53, 11 April 2020
...s/by-sa/4.0</nowiki>)]]The signs and symptoms of PKD, eg [[Pain Behaviours|pain]], [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]], and kidney failure, which are basi
* Episodes of acute renal pain are seen quite often due to cyst hemorrhage, infection, stone, and, rarely,
8 KB (1,236 words) - 06:54, 8 February 2023
...ated behavioral approach for the targeted management of disabling low back pain.] Physical therapy. 2018 May;98(5):408-23. </ref>
...in and the Brain|chronic pain]], and have negative pain beliefs, including pain hypervigilance, negative self-efficacy, and negative psychological, emotion
11 KB (1,583 words) - 13:21, 25 March 2024
Pain is usually referred around the ear, but can also refer nearby into the neck
[[Image:Long capitis pain referral.png|150x150px]]
7 KB (1,049 words) - 00:22, 26 November 2023
...and analgesic agents. These effects make NSAIDs useful for treating muscle pain, dysmenorrhea, arthritic conditions, pyrexia, gout, and migraines<ref name=
...(NSAIDs) are the most well recognized drugs worldwide for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and fever .<ref>Sinha M, Gautam L, Shukla PK, Kaur P, Sharma
6 KB (805 words) - 06:59, 14 August 2022
...Capitis Muscle Syndrome Available: https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/pain/maxillofacial/splenius-capitis-muscle-syndrome (accessed 3.2.2022)</ref>
...specific spinal levels?] Manual therapy. 2015;20:694-702.</ref> Effective management of this condition should include exercises that focus on activating [[Semis
6 KB (742 words) - 06:19, 3 February 2022
* Pain over the lateral joint line
* Pain at the back of the knee
11 KB (1,555 words) - 18:43, 17 March 2023
...l Diagnosis and Physical Therapy Management of a Patient With Radial Wrist Pain of 6 Months’ Duration: A Case Report; journal of orthopaedic sports physi
...1st extensor compartment. The test is positive if the patient complains of pain over the 1st extensor compartment of the wrist.
6 KB (947 words) - 04:33, 31 March 2022
...omatic ankle arthrosis who have joints so severely damaged that usual pain management techniques fail are candidates for arthrodesis. Once conservative measures
== Physical Therapy Management ==
5 KB (720 words) - 12:37, 23 August 2019
...tion. <ref name=":0">C. Brownlie. Bennett Fracture Dislocation: Review and Management; Australian Family Physician vol 40, No. 6, June 2011</ref>
...of the location of the injury. Bennett fractures are associated with pain and weakness of the pinch grasp and swelling and ecchymosis over the c
9 KB (1,228 words) - 17:27, 1 July 2020
...more stress on the fascial system. Fascial dysfunction is associated with pain, stiffness, tissue fatigue and reduced performance and function.<ref>Goldfe
==== Pain ====
9 KB (1,189 words) - 04:01, 29 October 2023
*Pain''(most common symptom) ''<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3">O
**Less severe night pain when compared to osteoid osteoma
10 KB (1,424 words) - 04:00, 31 July 2019
...how the person walks. See [[Sitting Ergonomics And The Impact on Low Back Pain]]
...l problems.eg causes anterior [[Pelvic Tilt|pelvic tilt]] and a [[Low Back Pain Related to Hyperlordosis|lumber hyperlordosis]]<ref name=":2">POSMC What is
7 KB (1,063 words) - 00:44, 18 January 2022
* [[Exercise and Activity in Pain Management|Analgesics]],
...ise in the early stages of injury rehabilitation, along with the use of [[Pain Medications]] and specific [[Rehabilitation Frameworks|treatments]] tailore
13 KB (1,876 words) - 21:27, 1 April 2024
...ary care physicians, its crucial to know how to differentiate between back pain and silent killers such as AAA.
...o physiotherapy after a sailing incident (2 weeks ago) where he felt sharp pain in his back whilst leaning forward and pulling on a jib sheet. Patient is a
7 KB (1,030 words) - 16:57, 1 February 2021
The neurologic presentation is one of ongoing loss of pain sensation, loss of peripheral [[reflexes]], impairment of vibration and pos
== Management / Interventions ==
7 KB (890 words) - 20:11, 29 June 2023
...which causes difficulty in deglutition, sore throat, and tinnitus. For its management, surgical resection of the ligament is required as it compresses the underl
...e angle of the mandible, submandibular space, and anterior upper neck. The pain may get exacerbated by movements such as speaking, swallowing, yawning, or
4 KB (572 words) - 11:44, 11 January 2022
...o move from the stomach to the duodenum. This typically causes significant pain, nausea and vomiting.
*Night pain from laying flat
11 KB (1,625 words) - 02:56, 10 April 2022
* Pain in the chest or back
...nly caused by a mechanical dysfunction, however, 1-2% of cases of low back pain are caused by non-mechanical spinal disorders or visceral diseases eg abdom
10 KB (1,500 words) - 02:49, 28 September 2021
...potentially significant associated injuries, comorbidities, and inadequate pain control<ref name=":0">Bentley TP, Journey JD. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
...s with inspiration shortness of breath, cough, or hemoptysis. There can be pain to palpation of the anterior chest wall over the sternum with slight bruisi
9 KB (1,311 words) - 05:36, 19 November 2021
...Clinical-Guidelines_practitioner.pdf Clinical Guidelines for Best Practice Management of Acute and Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Clinical Resource Guide
*[http://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2017.0302 Neck Pain: Revisin 2017 - Clinical Practice Guidelines Linked to the International Cl
15 KB (2,156 words) - 14:54, 5 November 2023
...s<ref>Daneshjou K, Jafarieh H, Raaeskarami SR. Congenital insensitivity to pain and anhydrosis (CIPA) syndrome; a report of 4 cases. Iranian journal of ped
...in the TRKA/NGF receptor gene in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Nature genetics. 1996 Aug 1;13(4):485-8.</ref>.
7 KB (1,050 words) - 13:30, 24 September 2023
...os, James McLean, Lynn Rader. Physical Medicine Rehabilitation Approach to Pain. Medical Clinics of North America, Volume 91, Issue 1, Pages 57-95. 2007</r
...old standard" psychological treatment for individuals with a wide range of pain problems. It can be used alone or in conjunction with medical or interdisci
14 KB (2,064 words) - 18:09, 22 June 2022
...is to develop physiotherapist’s knowledge and skills in the physiotherapy management of the patient withrespiratory disorders.
=== Pain MSc ===
7 KB (943 words) - 22:07, 28 March 2020
...hetic physiotherapy intervention. Thus far patient has been compliant with management and demonstrates a high level of competence.
[[Amputations|below knee amputation]], phantom pain,, weakness,
prosthesis, high level rehabilitation
6 KB (842 words) - 18:53, 11 April 2020
...1994. (level of evidence 1A)</ref>. However the usual presentation is back pain (over 90% of patients) and possibly fever (under 20% of patients). Patients
*Pain on heelstrike, impactation and percussion
11 KB (1,548 words) - 23:24, 26 November 2022
The Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI-sf) is a 9 item self-administered questionnaire
pain and the impact of this pain on the patient's daily functioning. The patient is asked to rate their wors
9 KB (1,274 words) - 18:04, 23 July 2023
...les/10.1186/s13037-020-00281-3 Current challenges and controversies in the management of scapular fractures: A review]. Patient Safety in Surgery. 2021 Dec;15(1)
* Localized pain at rest
15 KB (2,081 words) - 13:32, 13 March 2023
...ommons.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1846&context=open_access_pubs Management of elbow osteoarthritis.] JBJS. 2006 Feb 1;88(2):421-30.</ref><ref>Doherty
* This pattern manifests itself as patients' commonly complaining of pain at the end of range of motion for both flexion and extension.
11 KB (1,611 words) - 03:40, 3 September 2023
...The diagnosis is made clinically and it is usually treated by conservative management.
Clinical features are pain in normal activities such as buttoning, rapid swelling.
8 KB (1,245 words) - 10:10, 28 February 2022
...iotherapist are legally responsible for performing accurate assessment and management skills.
...information about patients chief complaint. (Site, nature and duration of pain, Onset, past treatments if any)<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">Gaskell L. [
7 KB (908 words) - 13:33, 3 September 2023
...<ref>Werner S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24997734 Anterior knee pain: an update of physical therapy.] Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthros
...ip muscle strengthening versus quadriceps strengthening for patellofemoral pain: a comparative control trial.] Archives of physical medicine and rehabilita
5 KB (759 words) - 05:17, 1 April 2022
...rd G, Jun D, O’Leary S, Johnston V. Workplace-based interventions for neck pain in office workers: systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical therapy. 2
...emphasizes the need for workplace interventions to reduce and prevent neck pain in office workers, as well as reduce costs and improve productivity.<ref na
10 KB (1,410 words) - 14:36, 29 January 2024
...,%2C%20lower%20back%2C%20and%20thighs.\</ref><ref name=":3">Chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation; 2008 . Available from: https://e
...om person to person in ranging severity, type and perpetuity. CPPS-related pain can spread to the buttocks, lower back, and thighs.<ref name=":1" />
13 KB (1,817 words) - 03:08, 22 March 2022
...uals is sometimes challenging because of their increased [[Pain Behaviours|pain]] tolerance.
* However, the treatment of OA in these populations does not differ from its management in the general population<ref name=":1">Amoako AO, Pujalte GG. [https://www
6 KB (810 words) - 02:21, 7 December 2023
* Gastrointestinal symptoms like pain, nausea, and vomiting. Hypercalcemia can lead to [[Peptic Ulcers|peptic ulc
* Bone related complications like bone pain. Hypercalcemia can lead to [[osteoporosis]], [[osteomalacia]], [[arthritis]
7 KB (1,011 words) - 23:52, 2 April 2022
| align="left" | STarTBack Low Back Pain Screening Questionnaire<br>
| [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/startback-low-back-pain-screening/id558811431?mt=8&affId=1979521&ign-mpt=uo%3D4 Link]
22 KB (2,820 words) - 19:42, 29 March 2022
...N, Edwards NE, DeCrane S, Hingtgen CM. Neurofibromatosis 1: Diagnosis and Management. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2014;10(1):30-35.</ref><ref name="Gen
...er">Ferner RE, Huson SM, Thomas N, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of individuals with neurofibromatosis 1. J Med Genet. 2007;44(2):81-8.</ref
8 KB (1,135 words) - 02:29, 6 March 2022
...Tennis elbow] [[Total Hip Replacement|Total Hip Replacement#Physiotherapy management]] ==
...Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology. 2003 Jul 1;69(4):298.</ref> elbow pain often associated with gripping task. It has an estimated prevalence of 1%-
5 KB (629 words) - 19:56, 18 November 2023
...ulses. Syringomyelia predominantly presents with sensory symptoms such as pain and temperature insensitivity.
* Cape-like loss of pain and temperature sensation along the back and arms, known as a ‘suspended
8 KB (1,104 words) - 03:02, 8 May 2022
== Management Team ==
* [[User:Melissa Coetsee|Melissa Coetsee]] - HIV Section Leader, Pain Section Leader, and Global Health Section Leader
3 KB (419 words) - 16:02, 6 May 2024
[[File:Back pain image.jpg|right|frameless]]
...therapist with the aim of treating or preventing [[Low Back Pain|low back pain.]]
9 KB (1,300 words) - 16:23, 13 November 2021
...|chronic pain]] eg idiopathic chronic pain, [[Neuropathic Pain|neuropathic pain]]; and to treat [[Overactive Bladder Syndrome|overactive bladder syndrome
...ameter pain fibers at [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] level to inhibit pain transmission.
9 KB (1,310 words) - 10:55, 24 May 2022
...cancer-related fatigue, cognitive impairment, sleep problems, depression, pain, anxiety, and physical dysfunction: a review.] Oncology & hematology review
** Bone pain in the [[Vertebral Fractures in Children and Adolescents|vertebral]] column
10 KB (1,474 words) - 05:40, 27 May 2023
...ling</u>, which results in problems with the movement of the hallux . This pain can be a <u>dull aching type</u> or a <u>sharp throbbing type</u>. This cau
...ined activity is continued. In the case of sesamoiditis of the hallux, the pain is located in the ball of the foot, especially on the medial side. The sesa
9 KB (1,317 words) - 09:52, 14 August 2018
...alization of all muscles and osseous parts<ref name="p4">Cailliet, R. Knee pain and disability. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis company, 1973. 153p. [Level of Evi
...name="p5" /><ref name="p7">Mascal CL, et al. Management of patellofemoral pain targeting hip, pelvis, and trunk muscle function: 2 case reports. J Orthop
10 KB (1,439 words) - 01:28, 29 August 2019
...ee in the direction of the table. During the stretch, the patient may feel pain or discomfort. This test is also named as the [[FAIR test]] (Flexion Adduct
...dition. Missouri: Elsevier Inc., 2014.</ref> In this syndrome, we speak of pain or numbness in the buttock and posterior thigh with occasional radiation in
6 KB (969 words) - 14:45, 7 February 2021
...the cervical spine examination: historical basis and scientific analyses]. Pain Physician. 2003;6:199-205</ref>
...jospt.org/doi/epdf/10.2519/jospt.2000.30.12.728 Diagnosis and nonoperative management of cervical radiculopathy.] J Ortho Sports PT. 2000;30(12):728-744.</ref>
5 KB (689 words) - 00:54, 29 February 2024
...ovlOpyR6rQPoaOg2Ak&scisig=AAGBfm0u2_8SJI1ppGzcX2h5nyVTU_3IDA Diagnosis and Management of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Throwers, Current Sports Medicine
'''Step 4.''' Pain, instability and apprehension shows positive sign.
4 KB (521 words) - 12:58, 20 June 2022
...) are hardened deposits of minerals that form in the kidneys and can cause pain as they pass through the urinary tract. Kidney stones do not usually cause
Although some renal stones remain asymptomatic, most will result in pain.
9 KB (1,273 words) - 07:23, 1 April 2022
...h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9344960/ Treatment-based classification for low back pain: systematic review with meta-analysis.] Journal of Manual & Manipulative Th
...apy based on clinical practice guidelines for patients with acute low back pain]. Spine. 2003;28:1363-1372. (Level of evidence 1B)</ref>
19 KB (2,586 words) - 12:30, 17 October 2023
...Abdominal pain; Nausea and vomiting; Constipation; Excessive thirst; Bone pain; Heart rhythm problems (rarely).
== Medical Management ==
8 KB (1,163 words) - 02:50, 3 April 2022
...Burgest S. Simopoulos TC. FAILED BACK SURGERY SYNDROME. Current Therapy in Pain. Elsevier. 2009.</ref>.
...(228) Which chronic back pain patients have arachnoiditis?. The Journal of Pain. 2016 Apr 1;17(4):S32.</ref>. Other symptoms which are experienced by 90% o
12 KB (1,738 words) - 13:15, 17 February 2023
The pain begins when the elbow is subjected to a valgus force, which is bigger than
First sign of injury is sharp pain while throwing the javelin and aching pain at the medial elbow there after that very soon begins to interferes with th
10 KB (1,446 words) - 16:08, 8 April 2022
...cbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387396/pdf/jtd-07-03-520.pdf Etiology and management of spontaneous haemothorax]. Journal of thoracic disease. 2015 Mar;7(3):520
...in J, Luketich JD, Panacek EA, Sahn SA. AACP Pneumothorax Consensus Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: an American College of Chest Physicians Delphi
6 KB (920 words) - 09:20, 8 May 2020
