Search results

The '''extensor hoods''' are triangular aponeuroses by which the extensor tendons insert onto the phalanges. [[File:Extensor Hood.jpg|right|frameless|225x225px]]

[[File:Extensor Hood.jpg|thumb]] [[Extensor Hood Mechanism Hand|Extensor hood]] rupture is a rare injury associated with boxing and other profession

...cis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendons into the first extensor compartment was responsible for the findings observed in his now eponymous ...s muscle (highlighted in green) - posterior view|right|frameless|500x500px|Extensor pollicis brevis muscle (highlighted in green) - posterior view]]

...l of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2019 Oct;44(8):825-32.</ref> It is an extensor tendon injury over zone III. It is also referred to as a "buttonhole deform [[File:Extensor digitorum muscle.png|thumb|458x458px]]

...ghegan L, Wormald JC, Adami RZ, Rodrigues JN. Central slip extensor tendon injuries: a systematic review of treatments. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volum ...l interphalangeal joint (DIP) is hyperextended.<ref name=":12" /> It is an extensor tendon injury over zone III. It is also referred to as a "buttonhole deform

...tensor avulsion fractures or [[Extensor Tendon Injuries of the Hand|distal extensor tendon ruptures]]. Either one results in an inability to extend the distal Mallet finger injuries are<ref name=":0" />:

...ref name=":0">Campbell D, Campbell R, O’Connor P, Hawkes R. Sports-related extensor carpi ulnaris pathology: a review of functional anatomy, sports injury and ...ifically is limited<ref>Rettig AC, Ryan RO, Stone JA. Epidemiology of hand injuries in sports. In PA: WB Saunders; 1992.</ref>.

...is a loss of extension at the distal phalanx or tightening of the extensor mechanism at the proximal phalanx,both intrinsic and extrinsic, at the PIP joint.<ref ...extended, or by weakening at the DIP from chronic inflammation as well as extensor tendon subluxation due to an inflammatory disease most commonly [[Rheumatoi

...les]].<ref name=":1" /> Patella fractures make up about 1% of all skeletal injuries and are found in all age groups.<ref>Crowther M., Mandal A., Sarangi P. [ht ...mechanism as a whole plays a major role in patella fractures. The extensor mechanism consists of the quadriceps, quadriceps tendon, retinaculum, patella tendon,

| '''Mechanism of injury''' | Lateral elbow (over extensor carpi radialis brevis)

* Insertion point for triceps, thus plays important role in extensor mechanism of the elbow.<ref name="Medical">Meeusen R. Elleboogletsels in Sportrevalid === Mechanism of injury ===

* Mechanism of the injury - How the injury occurred and what was the cause e.g. fall on * [[Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries|TFCC]]

...t.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0736467902007199 Disruption of the extensor mechanism of the knee.] The Journal of emergency medicine. 2003 Feb 1;24(2):163-8.</r ...xam, decreased ROM of the knee due to pain and disruption of the extensor mechanism is an indication. There will be a loss of active knee extension, which is t

[[Image:Extensor retinaculum of hand Primal.png|thumb|right|300px|Courtesy of Primal Picture An extensor tendon injury is a cut or tear to one of the extensor tendons. Due to this injury, there is an inability to fully and forcefully

...y. 2003 Mar 1;28(2):279-87.</ref> showed a 13-15% force reduction of the [[Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis]] origin with the counterforce brace. Wrist splints reduces tension and load at the extensor origin, thus promoting tendon repair.

...eight should be transmitted through the upper limbs. Management of overuse injuries in cycling generally involves [[Bike Fit]] adjustments as well as medical m == Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==

...gories of injuries: MTPJ (great toe) and second through fifth (lesser toe) injuries.<ref name=":0">Gyftopoulos S, Woertler K. Ankle and foot. Musculoskeletal D ...ds and prevents them from dropping.<ref name=":2">Simpson H. Plantar Plate Injuries Course. Plus 2022</ref><ref name=":1" /> ''The plantar plates of the lesser

...dancers may be higher, accounting for up to 17% of reported foot and ankle injuries in this population.<ref name=":1">Marshall P, Hamilton WG. Cuboid subluxati == Mechanism of Injury ==

...rm that describes clinical conditions of tendons that arise from [[Overuse Injuries in Sport |overuse]]<ref name=":0" />. It can be further classified as tendi ...ers to the development of Achilles Tendinopathy<ref name=":0" />. The main mechanism that is thought to contribute to the development of Achilles Tendinopathy i

...le for movement and the primary cause of [[Ankle and Foot|ankle and foot]] injuries is when a movement is performed excessively, repetitively, and for a long d * tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus invert the foot during dorsiflexion

...e severity of tendon damage. Minor tendon tears may have minimal impact on extensor function, while complete tendon tears may totally impede lower leg extensio ...0.68/100,000 for [[Patellar tendon tear|patellar tendon tears]]. Extensor mechanism ruptures are most common unilaterally. <ref name=":3" />Partial and comple

...fth metacarpal neck also known as Boxers Fracture, named after the classic mechanism of injury in which direct trauma is applied to a clenched fist or fall dire ...chanism or a direct blow to the hand while geriatric females sustain these injuries secondary to a low energy fall. The incidence rate of fracture seen in ass

...Divisions. The anterior/posterior divisions innervate flexor groups versus extensor groups: <ref name="Dutton" /><ref name="Slide" /> ...Triceps]] brachii, [[Supinator]], Anconeus, the [[Quadriceps Muscle Strain|extensor]] muscles of the Forearm, and [[Brachioradialis]]

* The mechanisms of these injuries vary from axial loading forces to direct blows to the dorsal hand<ref>Thoma ...e cartilage, joint capsule, ligaments, [[fascia]], and the [[Extensor Hood Mechanism Hand|dorsal hood]] fibers.

* History of previous injuries or current injuries ...ainbow MJ. The extensibility of the plantar fascia influences the windlass mechanism during human running. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2021 Jan 27;288(1

...e Ortopedia (English Edition). 2012 Jul 1;47(4):414-20.</ref>. Majority of injuries take place in manual labor activities involving the repetitive movement of == '''Pathology/ Mechanism of Injury''' ==

...or pollicis longus,]] extensor pollicis longus, [[Extensor Pollicis Brevis|extensor pollicis brevis]], and the adductor pollicus brevis, which remain attached <br>Other common injuries involving the first metacarpal include Rolando fractures, extra-articular f

....Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545182/</ref>. These injuries can affect the proximal, middle, or distal phalanx. In most cases of phalan ...e distal phalanx, the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) is surrounded by extensor and flexor tendons, the volar plate, and collateral ligaments. The flexor d

...iomechanics of the Wrist and Hand]. In: Doral M., Karlsson J. (eds) Sports Injuries. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Available from:https://link.springer.com/refe |Extensor carpi radialis longus

...of injury is a direct blow to the quadriceps causing significant [[Muscle Injuries|muscle damage]]. Contusions cause rupture to the [[Muscle Cells (Myocyte)|m ...|Myonecrosis]] and hematoma forms followed by scar formation then [[Muscle Injuries: Regeneration Strategies|muscle regeneration]]

...ty.<ref name=":2" /> The condition occurs secondary to repetitive extensor mechanism stress activities such as jumping and sprinting, as well as during sporting ...oor flexibility of quadriceps and hamstrings or other evidence of extensor mechanism misalignment<ref>Midtiby SL, Wedderkopp N, Larsen RT, Carlsen AF, Mavridis

...7 Nov;45(13):3143-3148.</ref>. For the nonoperative management for the UCL injuries, such as the rehabilitation, the anatomic and biomechanical understanding o ...="Chumbley">Chumbley E. O'Connor F, Nirschl R. Evaluation of Overuse Elbow Injuries. American Family Physician. Feb 2000. Available at http://www.aafp.org/afp/

[[Hamate]] fractures are rare and underreported. These injuries are usually misdiagnosed or confused with simple [[Wrist Sprain|wrist spra Hamate fractures are uncommon hand injuries and account for 2 to 4% of carpal fractures. Hamate fractures (hook and bod

...2rtXqYV3G osteochondrosis] and traction epiphysitis affecting the extensor mechanism of the knee which disturbs the patella tendon attachment to the inferior po ...n and muscles, patella, patellar ligament and the supporting retinaculum.  Injuries can occur from direct trauma, overuse, degenerative disease.  The most com

Mechanism of Injury: </ref> causing a volar displacement of the distal radius. The mechanism of injury includes:

...Srijit D, Norzana AG. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/96113838.pdf Ankle Injuries in Sports: Anatomical Considerations and Clinical Implications.]</ref><ref ## Extensor hallucis longus

...uring sport activities.<ref name=":1">Brukner P. Clinical sports medicine: Injuries. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Limited; 2017.</ref> Mechanics is a ...injury. Some examples of the relationship between technique and associated injuries are listed in the table below.

...name="“Patel”">Patel S, Potty A, Taylor EJ, Sorene ED. Collateral ligament injuries of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb: a treatment algorithm. Strat * [[Extensor Pollicis Brevis|Extensor pollicis brevis]]

...o an outstretched hand (FOOSH).<ref name="Hart" />&nbsp;In addition, these injuries occur predominantly in the younger population because their bodies are stil Medial epicondyle fractures make up 11-20% of all injuries of the elbow in children with 30-55% of cases associated with a dislocation

The quadriceps femoris is a hip flexor and a knee extensor. It consists of four individual muscles; three vastus muscles and the rectu ...observation, palpation, strength testing, and evaluation of motion. Strain injuries of the quadriceps may present with an obvious deformity such as a bulge or

* Tendons and Ligament Injuries ...out and any worsening of the gait noted. Difficult to isolate due to stay mechanism. Flexion tests involve putting joint and surrounding soft tissues under str

...'' The [[Quadriceps Muscle|Quadriceps femoris]] is a hip flexor and a knee extensor. It is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh. See link for more Quadriceps injuries are common injuries in athletes with the muscle prone to muscle strains in situations requiring

...s, healing stages, clinically relevant anatomy and rehabilitation of these injuries is necessary for a satisfactory outcome in the patient with a flexor tendon ...video below outlines the key features of flexor [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]] injuries treatment and anatomy.

...to this sport with a parallel increase in the occurrence of sport-related injuries on both the natural rock and artificial walls. It emphasizes on physical an ...juries.5.aspx?context=LatestArticles Comprehensive Review of Rock Climbing Injuries], Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: June 15, 2020 -

...natomy of the ankle is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of common injuries. Chronic ankle pain, acute and chronic sprains, fractures, tears and inflam [[Capsular Constraint Mechanism|Capsule]]: one of the characteristics of the synovial joints. It is a fibro

...us conditions such as musculoskeletal pain, hallux valgus, ankle inversion injuries, and [[osteoarthritis]]. There can also be deviations in foot and [[Ankle J * Doubling of the knee extensor moment peak in the first half of stance phase, likely due to the increased

...balance and movement control, sudden turns, and high-impact sports-related injuries. Therefore, rehabilitation after the repair is important to improve pain, r ...for regeneration. Biomaterials. 2011 Oct 1;32(30):7411-31.</ref> Meniscus injuries are the most common result of wear and tear of the knee due to lack of stab

Finger dislocation is a common [[Hand and Wrist Sports Injuries|hand]] injury that can occur at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP), distal ...ortsmed.theclinics.com/article/S0278-5919(14)00082-9/abstract Finger joint injuries]. Clinics in sports medicine. 2015 Jan 1;34(1):99-116.</ref>

...lley for the quadriceps muscle. It increases the lever arm of the extensor mechanism allowing for more effective knee flexion and thus increases quadriceps stre ...femoral groove. It mostly occurs laterally and comprises around 3% of knee injuries. [[Patellar dislocation|Patellar dislocations]] are more common in sports s

...ured patient education for the management of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries of the extremities: a systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic ...degenerative condition characterized by increased thickness in the common extensor tendon<ref name=":4">Manickaraj N, Bisset LM, Kavanagh JJ. Lateral epicondy

...om abnormal positioning or use of the limbs that can compress by a similar mechanism. Using crutches improperly, wearing compressive clothing or accessories, we * It has been observed in patients of all ages due to the injury's mechanism, which is not age-specific. <ref name=":3">Ansari FH, Juergens AL. Saturday

...nternational journal of sports medicine. 2009 May;30(05):372-8.</ref> Most injuries occur when the opposite team has the ball and the players are defending wit ...males were more likely to suffer contact injuries (56%) while non-contact injuries were dominant among female players.

== Mechanism of Injury == ...eterson">Peterson SL, Freeland AE. Scapholunate stabilization with dynamic extensor carpi radialis longus tendon transfer. J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(A):2093-2100

...he [[pelvis]], now functioning to maintain the erect [[posture]], as a hip extensor.<ref name="pala">Palastanga N, Soames R. Anatomy and Human Movement: Struct * Chief extensor of the hip

[[Capsular Constraint Mechanism|Capsule]]: one of the characteristics of the synovial joints. It is a fibro ...he dorsal tubercle is between the extensor pollicis longus tendons and the extensor carpi radialis brevis.

..., ligaments, and/or to the bursas. Less common are neurologic and vascular injuries. Also tumours, such as a begin tumour that contains both bone and cartilage ...(PCL), while examples of active stabilizers consist of the [[hamstrings]], extensor mechanisms, and the [[Popliteus Muscle|popliteus]] muscle. [[Gastrocnemius]

...-reviewed-fulltext-article-ORR Optimal management of scapholunate ligament injuries.] Orthopedic research and reviews. 2018;10:41.</ref> Isometric contraction of abductor pollicis longus, extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), and flexor carpi ulnaris induced midcarpal su

...l cord injury. 20 to 40% of the fractures are associated with neurological injuries. There are four major types of thoracic spine fractures (based on the mechanism of injury) and a 5th rare type

Triceps Ruptures are rare injuries to the elbow extensor mechanism that most commonly occurs as a result of a sudden forceful elbow contractio ...ure in the upper extremity (less than 1% of all the upper extremity tendon injuries)<ref name="Black">Blackmore S.M. et al, Management of distal biceps and tri

...frequently associated with limb fractures. In many cases, these associated injuries need to be stabilised prior to the peripheral nerve injury being treated, w ...njuries as a result of explosives devices, gunshot wounds, and penetrating injuries. Primary injury to the nerve is generally a result of the same trauma that

...ieved December 20, 2022, from <nowiki>https://theclimbingdoctor.com/pulley-injuries-explained-part-1/</nowiki></ref> Also researches have suggested that the se ...A, Küpper T. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377907/ Tendon injuries of the hand.] World Journal of orthopedics. 2012 Jun 18;3(6):62.</ref>

===== Mechanism of Injury (physical) ===== Biomechanically mediated injuries should be categorized according to the cause of their symtpoms in the follo

...dorsiflexors, namely the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus, help clear the foot during the swing phase of walking and ...drop: where, why and what to do? Pract Neurol 2008;8(3):158–169.</ref> The Mechanism of injury can be divided into three groups.

...ent is often at the origin of carpal injury: the trauma causes ligamentous injuries that lead to misalignments of the joint surfaces, or badly healed fractures ...ent lesions are frequent in a young population. Resulting from high-energy injuries they principally include perilunate dislocation and scapholunate dissociati

...is epicondyle. The lateral epicondyle is the site for the common origin of extensor musculature of the forearm. These muscles attachment are responsible for th ...total elbow fractures in children and up to two-thirds of pediatric elbow injuries requiring hospitalization.

...city and muscular [[Strength Training|strength]], especially of the lumbar extensor muscles, is important for patients with chronic LBP in assisting them to co ...h low back pain have reduced [[Manual Muscle Testing: Hip Extension|lumbar extensor]] muscular endurance in comparison with non-sufferers.<ref name="Andersen">

...324 + p.328-329</ref>&nbsp;<ref>Lan Chen et al. Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: current treatment concepts, Current reviews in musculoskeletal ...Phinit Phisitkul, Stan L James,Brian R Wolf, and Annunziato Amendola. “MCL Injuries of the Knee: Current Concepts Review”, 2006, The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal

...int replacements, and [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injuries (TBI)]].<ref name=":0">Sun E, Hanyu-Deutmeyer AA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih The exact mechanism of heterotopic ossification (HO) in traumatic and neurogenic heterotopic o

...olved as well) usually produced by widening of the head shoulder interval. Injuries to the brachial plexus affects movement and cutaneous sensations in the upp == Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==

...o an eccentric overload of the common extensor tendon at the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon. <ref>Buchanan BK, Varacallo M. Tennis ...ylar region of the distal [[humerus]]. In many cases, the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis brevis is involved.

'''M: medical factors (medications) and mechanism of injury''' * Common extensor tendon

The LCL, radial head and coronoid process, and the common extensor origin all help prevent posterolateral laxity of the elbow. If a patient is === Mechanism of Injury ===

'''Dorsal extensor tendons:''' The extensor hallucis longus (EHL) and extensor hallucis brevis (EHB) tendons provide dynamic stability during plantar flex

...oot, consider these in your [[Rehabilitation Contexts|rehabilitation]] and mechanism of pathology. *[[Extensor Hallucis Longus]]

[[Capsular Constraint Mechanism|Capsule]]: one of the characteristics of [[Synovial Joints|synovial joints] ...e 5th metatarsal and the calcaneal tubercule. It may be hard to palpate as extensor digitorum brevis covers it.

...ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8848977/ The influence of the windlass mechanism on kinematic and kinetic foot joint coupling]. J Foot Ankle Res. 2022 Feb 1 ...ttps://www.physio-pedia.com/Windlass_test#The_Windlass_mechanism. windlass mechanism].

...ssociated with ulnar styloid fracture, [[Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries|TFCC]] (triangular fibrocartilage complex)tear, [[Scapholunate Dissociation ...588903729.</ref> An increasing awareness of osteoporosis has led to these injuries being termed fragility fractures, with the implication that a workup for os

...ated around the dorsum of the wrist and the fingers. Along, the musculus [[extensor carpi radialis brevis]] is a common site of occurrence because it passes ov == Associated Injuries/Differential Diagnosis ==

...'' tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum brevis'' (rarely innervated by the tibial nerve)''.'' The ''senso ...room with ankle fractures due to falls, inversion injuries, sports-related injuries, or minor trauma due to diabetes, peripheral neuropathy and other medical c

...some examples of the relationship between faulty technique and associated injuries. |Tennis<ref>Stuelcken M, Mellifont D, Gorman A, Sayers M. Wrist injuries in tennis players: a narrative review. Sports medicine. 2017 May;47(5):857-

...;'''50:'''1506-1515.</ref>. Injuries to the ACL are relatively common knee injuries among athletes<ref>Nagano Y, Ida H, Akai M, Fukubayashi T. Biomechanical ch The injuries can range from mild (such as small tears/sprain) to severe (when the ligame

...ebral disc from excess rotation.<ref name=":0" /> However, because of the mechanism, the impact force on the facet joint during axial rotation can lead to dege Rapid industrialisation has posed an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries and disorders. [[Low Back Pain|Lower back pain]] (LBP) is especially, commo

...ries? Is this a long term problem? Comprehensive questioning into previous injuries, rest period etc will help to give a good clinical picture. ...an M, Parr W, Broe D, Cross M, Walsh WR. Biomechanics of the knee extensor mechanism and its relationship to patella tendinopathy: A review. J Orthop Res. 2018;

The hip joint and its abductor mechanism behave like a class 3 lever with the effort and the load on the same side o ...A. Nerve Compression/Entrapment Sites of the Lower Limb. Nerves and Nerve Injuries: Pain, Treatment, Injury, Disease and Future Directions. 2015, 2:755-77 htt

...AI. Thoracic and lumbar fractures associated with skiing and snowboarding injuries according to the AO comprehensive classi cation. Am J Sports Med 2012 Aug;4 ...ibly they are caused by high load impact trauma with a flexion compression mechanism.<ref name="p3">Chieh-Tasai W, et al. Classification of symptomatic osteopor

...>Aarnio M, Fredrikson M, Lampa E, Sörensen J, Gordh T, Linnman C. Whiplash injuries associated with experienced pain and disability can be visualized with [11C ...n initial pain levels and anxiety and the outcome following acute whiplash injuries.<ref>Sarrami P, Armstrong E, Naylor JM, Harris IA. Factors predicting outco

...n]] sheath and the flexor tendons may lead to abnormalities of the gliding mechanism by causing actual abrasion between the two surfaces, resulting in progressi *[[Traumatic Extensor Hood Rupture|Extensor apparatus injury]]

...on=20220526192404 Physiotherapy rehabilitation for people with spinal cord injuries]. Journal of physiotherapy. 2016 Jan 1;62(1):4-11.</ref> This course aims t * Treatment of neurological and musculoskeletal injuries should focus on the presence of weakness, contracture and poor motor contro

* The exact aetiology is unknown - it may be idiopathic or caused by another mechanism that disrupts blood flow to the femoral epiphysis, such as trauma, coagulop * Outcome Goal = to improve abductor mechanism

...of degenerative joint disease in the stifle and is one of the most common injuries in the canine patient.<ref name=":0">[https://members.physio-pedia.com/cour ...tic CrCL rupture can occur, most studies suggest that the majority of CrCL injuries are due to degeneration of the ligament, and are associated with age and a

</ref>. The majority of distal radial fractures are closed injuries in which the overlying skin remains intact<ref name=":0">Handoll HHG, Huntl * tendon/ligament injuries

...toward hyperflexion or squatting motions.<ref name="SPH" />The most common mechanism is an external rotation force in a hyperextended position. Microtrauma is b ...ent were common mechanisms of injury in patients who identified a specific mechanism of injury<ref name="LHJ">Leiboid M, Huijbregts P, Jensen R. Concurrent Crit

The exact mechanism of how these risk factors influence the development of tendinopathy is most Light effort to activate Glutes Max before hamstrings or back extensor with 10 seconds holds

...juvenile osteochondrosis and traction epiphysitis. It affects the extensor mechanism of the knee, which disturbs the patella tendon attachment to the inferior p ...-030-55870-3_8 Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndrome.] InCommon Pediatric Knee Injuries 2021 (pp. 63-68). Springer, Cham.</ref>

...e and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref> ...ere vertebral fractures. Approximately one-third of osteoporotic vertebral injuries are lumbar, one-third are thoracolumbar, and one-third are thoracic in orig

...e pregnant women tend to rely on feedforward mechanism instead of feedback mechanism.<ref>Danna-Dos-Santos A, Magalhães AT, Silva BA, Duarte BS, Barros GL, Sil |Significant decrease in the knee extensor moment<ref name=":15" />

* Tight extensor tendons of the toes ...rom:https://www.podiatrytoday.com/understanding-biomechanics-plantar-plate-injuries (last accessed 25.6.2020)</ref>)

...tella and patellar tendon. Consequently, the effectiveness of the extensor mechanism is compromised, decreasing the effective moment arm placing greater demands ...rder or secondary to other pathologies such as [[Meniscal Lesions|meniscus injuries]] and or ligamentous tear. Prevalence is not widely investigated, however,

...is extensor. If the infantile flat foot persists into early childhood, the extensor responses may persist too, and it is tempting to assume that balancing cann ...n of body weight with resultant one-sided wear of shoes leading to further injuries.<ref name=":2" />

..., M. A., McGeorge, M. and Begg, A. C. (1948) Observations on the cause and mechanism of symptom-production in sciatica and low-back pain.'' Journal of neurology ...t for this condition. The onset of increased lumbar lordosis through tight extensor muscles and hip flexors, can have a compressing effect on the already worn

...ative complications, These include; peroneal nerves, tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus. This is also to achieve correct talocrural alignment and s *Mechanism of injury or aetiology of illness

...strategies in children could reduce the risk of physical activity-related injuries<ref name="Emery 2005">Emery CA. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url ...ivity in adolescents and can include both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Injuries and accidents can also be caused by a combination of these factors. It is i

...igitorum Longus|extensor digitorum longus]] and [[Extensor Hallucis Longus|extensor hallicus longus]] are primarily responsible for decreased strength of foot ...ength and power, hip flexion range of motion and strength, as well as knee extensor strength<ref name=":21" /> <ref>Ramdharry, G. M., Pollard, A. J., Marsden,

...t changes the alignment of the bones at the knee. This may lead to overuse injuries of the knee due to malalignment of the femur to the patella and tibia. <ref ...="Shultz">Shultz SJ, Houglum PA, Perrin DH. Examination of Musculoskeletal injuries. 3rd edition. Human Kinetics, 2010, p453.</ref> crepitation (felt with moti

...ed: Pain over the lateral aspect of the elbow, tenderness over the forearm extensor origin, and pain with resisted wrist extension. <br> Only two studies were found; one was relevant to LET. For the extensor carpi radialis tendonitis the results showed no improvement in pain or func

...27 presents peptide antigens to T-cells within the human body as a defense mechanism and is widely considered to be significantly linked to inflammatory disease ...gency situations, including the treatment of burns, wound irrigation, acid injuries, and alkali spills. Applying cool running water for 20 mnutes within the fi

...at immediately after the flexor reflex is elicited the excitability of the extensor reflex is increased.This technique is used to strengthen and buildup endura ...ef by exciting sensory nerves and thereby stimulating either the pain gate mechanism and/or the opioid system. The different methods of applying TENS relate to