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...y fixed and rotating your lower extremity. It is a twisting motion of your lower trunk area. ...arms in the opposite direction.<ref>[http://morphopedics.wikidot.com/lumbar-rotation#:~:text=Lumbar%20rotation%20can%20be%20preformed,of%20your%20lower%

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 0-2 - Patient is in side lying ('gravity minimal' position)

[[File:Leg Lowering Test.gif|right|frameless]] ...ength Test] Available: https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/abdominal-strength.htm (accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>

...[[Gracilis|gracillis]]. These muscles primarily function to move the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's central axis. Additionally, the Pectineus mu ...clelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ (ac

...ngthen the [[Gluteal Muscles|gluteal]] and [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal]] muscles to avoid from the pain getting worse. <ref name=":0">Dydyk AM, Sapra A. Wil ...on exercises is an exercise technique that aims to correct posture, relax muscles, increase endurance, stretch and increase lordosis.<ref name=":0" />

...]] (ES) group (the intermediate layer of the intrinsic [[Back Muscles|back muscles]]). The ES is made of three subgroups, with the group divisions occurring b The erector spinae muscles, which spinalis belong to, are the most powerful extensors of the spine.<re

...muscles which predominantly act to flex the knee. Hamstrings consist of 3 muscles; ...InSeminars in musculoskeletal radiology 2010 Jun (Vol. 14, No. 02, pp. 131-161). © Thieme Medical Publishers.</ref>

[[File:250px-Iliostalis.png|thumb|400x400px|Iliocostalis]] ...ia Erector Spinae Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/erector-spinae-group?lang=us (accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>.

[[File:Superficial muscles of the knee posterior aspect Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the knee (posterior)]] == Muscles Involved ==

...finally resting with the leg in the horizontal position, aimed to improve leg and feet circulation. Finally, the patient lies flat with his leg rested in a horizontal position and covered with a warm blanket for about 5

...ome (greek: myo=muscle, tome = a section, volume) is defined as a group of muscles which is innervated by single spinal nerve root. Myotome testing is an ess ...ssessment (4th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 467–566. ISBN 978-1-4160-3109-3. </ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Leana_Louw Leana Louw] There are two bones in the lower leg - the [[tibia]] and fibula. The fibula plays a key role in muscle attachme

...//bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1660-8<nowiki/>(accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>. ...htm SLS] Available:https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/squat-single-leg.htm (accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>.

...achieve it. Below are generally accepted values for muscle length for some muscles as measured in degrees:<ref name=":0">Izraelski J. Assessment and treatment |Pectoralis Major - Sternal Portion Lower Fibres

...my and basic approach. Ultrasonography. 2017 Apr; 36(2):120. </ref>.[[File:Leg veins.png|thumb|375x375px]] ...vein: where does reflux go? Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2013 Jun; 12(2):123-8.

...is 1 of 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. The other muscles in the anterior compartment include: [[Tibialis Anterior|tibialis anterior] ...orium longus. Available from:https://www.anatomynext.com/extensor-digitorum-longus/ (24july 2019)</ref>

...A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535427/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Foot Peroneus Brevis Muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 May 19. St It is one of the three ankle everters known as the fibularis muscles (Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis and [[Peroneus Tertius|Fibularis Tertiu

...is often conducted using a stopwatch and a 50 cm-long metal beam with a non-slip surface. ...ight, body weight, gender, and test conditions. Perform an appropriate warm-up.

...ol of the lower limb are likely to result in altered positioning and weight-bearing in the foot. *[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Diabetic_Neuropathy Diabetic Neuropathy]

...view of its anatomy and pathology.] Skeletal radiology. 2019 Sep;48(9):1329-44.</ref> [[File:148px-Gray439-Musculus peroneus longus.png|frame]]

...nch which joins the [[Sural Nerve|sural]] nerve in the middle third of the leg. ...In addition it supplies the skin over the lateral lower two-thirds of the leg and the whole of the dorsum of the foot except for the area between the 1st

...nd deep peroneal nerves.] J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;65(5):798-9. </ref> ...medial and lateral. It provides motor and sensory innervation to the foot muscles.

..., Function & Anatomy | Body Maps www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/iliacus-muscle/male#1 (accessed 17 June 2018)</ref> === Anatomy<ref>Iliacus - UW Radiology https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/iliacus/ (accessed 18 june 2018)

...ese muscles are vital for allowing free movement of the spine.[[Image:250px-Iliostalis.png|Iliocostalis lumborum bottom R, iliocostalis dorsi at centre| ...sterior|serratus posterior inferior]] muscle. Iliocostalis lumborum is the lower (lumbar) portion of that muscle.

...C. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556144/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Gluteus Minimus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Apr 11. StatPea ...|350x350px|alt=|thumb|Gluteus minimus of right side: outline and attachment-areas.]]

== What Are Nocturnal Leg Cramps? == ...xisting prevalence data suggest that 37–50% of older adults have Nocturnal leg cramps (NLC) commonly occurring in the calf, hamstrings, or foot which are

...wellhealth.com)[https://www.verywellhealth.com/gastrocnemius-muscle-anatomy-4684083]</ref> ...ew image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gastrocnemius-muscle</ref>

...lis Posterior''' is located deep in the posterior compartment of the lower leg and situated between the [[Flexor Digitorum Longus|Flexor Digitorium Longus Proximal postero-lateral aspect of the tibia.

...Longus]]<ref name=":3">Chaurasia BD. [https://www.pdfdrive.com/bd-chaurasia-books.html Human Anatomy Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical.] Vol * India: 87-90%

...scopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2022 Apr 1;38(4):1189-92.</ref> [[File:Lower back pain.png|center|thumb|260x260px|Low Back Pain ]]

[[File:Kitera-dent-jWv1ILisuSc-unsplash.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ng] Available: https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/muscles-walking-exercise-1837.html<nowiki/>(accessed 21.12.2021)</ref>

...teal Muscles] Available: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteal-muscles<nowiki/>(accessed 11.1.2022)</ref>. Image 1: Rotating image of the anatomy of muscles of the gluteal region. The Maximus (yellow), medius (blue) and minimus (red

...aft: an ultrasound study. The Journal of hand surgery. 1991 Jul 1;16(4):708-11.</ref>. ...the gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus muscle in the middle third of the leg.

Semitendinosus is one of the three muscles that make up the [[hamstrings]] muscle group, and it is located at the post ...yle of the tibia and passes over the medial collateral ligament of the knee-joint, from which it is separated by a bursa, and is inserted into the upper

[[File:Hip flexors.png|alt=Hip muscles anterior aspect.|thumb|324x324px|Hip muscles anterior aspect.]] ...4.1.2022)</ref>. Every time you take a step, you are using your hip flexor muscles.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment|alt=]] ...2018 Oct 23.Available:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/hip-extensors (accessed 21.1.2022)</ref>.

Hemiplegia is paralysis of the muscles of the lower face, arm, and leg on one side of the body. In addition to motor problems other losses may occ ...Dr. V.S.Nandakumar<nowiki/>https://www.slideshare.net/danny14871/hemiplegia-43636165 ''(accessed 29 June 2018)''</ref>

...f the femur. |Adductor longus]]The adductor longus is one of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinicall This large fan-shaped muscle is situated most anteriorly of this group and covers the middl

...uis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref> [[Weight bearing|Weight-bearing]] is a primary function of the foot and ankle - each structure has a == Lower Leg Muscle Compartments ==

Lower limb amputation is one of the oldest known surgically performed procedures< ...nt on his way to the farm and had a comminuted tibia fracture of the right leg. He was taken to a primary health center within the village but due to lack

...ht bearing]] and stability of [[Gait|gait.]] An essential component of the lower [[Closed Chain Exercise|kinetic chain]]. ...hip]] and [[:Category:Knee - Muscles|knee]] that contribute to [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] and other propulsive movements.<ref name="Moore">Moore KL, A

...tilting in sagittal plane.] Physical therapy research. 2016 Dec 20;19(1):50-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5342962/ (la ...used to correct the alignment of the lumbar spine of patients with chronic lower back pain (LBP). A posture that reinforces lumbar lordosis was identified a

...s://www.sportsperformancebulletin.com/endurance-training/techniques/cycling-biomechanics/ (accessed 17.12.2021)</ref> ...2028 Available:https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/bicycle-market (accessed 17.12.2021)</ref>

...m (Latin: ''os ischii'') is a paired bone of the [[pelvis]] that forms the lower and back part of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone, as well as the posterior and # Body of the ischium - the portion that forms the posterior one-third of the acetabulum.

...uctor Longus]], [[Adductor Brevis]], [[Adductor Magnus]], and [[Gracilis]] muscles, which primarily function in hip adduction.. ...s muscle Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/pectineus-muscle-anatomy-5084562<nowiki/>(accessed 15.1.2022)</ref>

...nsor_hallucis_longus_muscle</ref> in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. It&nbsp;provides the only active extension force to the interphalangeal jo [[Image:Extensor-hallucis-longus.jpg|right|300x400px]]

* Freestyle gives a full body workout. It works the muscles in your arms, legs, [[Core Strengthening|core]] and back. ...and Their Benefits Available:https://allamericanswim.com/different-swimming-strokes (accessed 20.12.2021)</ref>.

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> ==== Muscles ====

*Long head: tibial division of the [[Sciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] (L5-S2)<ref name="Netter" /> ...flexes the [[knee]], extends [[Hip Anatomy|hip]], laterally rotates lower leg when knee slightly flexed, assists in lateral rotation of the thigh when hi

...when the bone at the knee joint is angled out and away from the body's mid-line. This deformity is defined as a valgus angle '''[[Q Angle|(Q angle)]]'' * The patello-femoral joint can be affected with lateral subluxation of the patella and tr

..." is a [[Muscle Energy Technique|Muscle Energy Technique (MET)]] used to re-align the pelvis and treat a variety of pelvic dysfunctions. ...Pain" ''Journal of Osteopathic Medicine'', vol. 119, no. 11, 2019, pp. e42-e43. </ref>

...p;anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. ...anx of the great toe. The Tibiofascialis anterior, a small muscle from the lower part of the tibia to the transverse or cruciate crural ligaments or deep fa

The femoral triangle is&nbsp;a hollow region located in the supero-medial part of the anterior thigh. It appears most prominently with hip flex ...Artery|Femoral artery]] and branches - Arterial supply for majority of the lower limb

transtibial, bilateral amputee, diabetic amputee, below-knee prosthesis ...is L leg amputation was secondary to a necrotic diabetic foot ulcer. His co-morbidities include: poorly controlled Type II diabetes, sleep apnoea, smoki

...ll athletes<ref name=":2">Bordoni B, Varacallo M. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh quadriceps muscle. Available:https://www.statpearls.com/Article The gracilis muscle decends almost vertically down the leg and inserts on the medial [[tibia]] at the [[Pes Anserinus Bursitis|Pes ans

* A relatively benign condition that is under-recognized mainly because it is typically asymptomatic. It only becomes a co ...egulate blood pressure. Eg the autonomic nervous system sends the “fight-or-flight” signal that, depending on the situation, tells the [[Anatomy of th

...randomized-controlled trial. Physical Therapy in sport. 2005 May 1;6(2):60-6.</ref> == Muscles ==

[[File:Lower back extension.jpeg|thumb|419x419px|A back exercise]] ...Exercise is the best way to increase functional capacity and prevent health-related problems.

...1">Florence Peterson Kendall, McCreary E, Provance P, Rodgers M, Romani W. Muscles : Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippin ...tellofemoral Pain Syndrome|patellofemoral pain syndrome]]; [[Low Back Pain|lower back pain]]; [[osteoarthritis]]; [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthriti

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...e [[balance]], decrease the risk of falling, help with weak musculature of lower legs, and to return to previous activity or facilitate patient mobility.

...Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

The [[Core Muscles|core]] is the centre of our body and it functions to stabilize the trunk wh # Muscles that stabilize the [[Hip|hips]].

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ ...de to get sufficient power at bottom of stroke. Putting stress on low back muscles.

...ankle joint]], an articulation between the [[tibia]] and [[fibula]] of the leg and the [[talus]] of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. See the page for [[Ankle Jo ...together create an architectural vault, which is one of the strongest load-bearing structures known to mankind.<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britan

The Piriformis test is a lower limb provocation test to evaluate the impact of the piriformis muscle on th ...rmis muscle is innervated by the direct branches from the sacral plexus (L5-S2).&nbsp;

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...] The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1985 Nov;67(5):741-6.</ref>This is often referred to as the Trendelenburg test but should not b

...Adductorius. https://www.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy/Anatomical-Parts/Adductor-canal (accessed 25 June 2018).</ref> ...i. The Adductor Canal. http://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/areas/adductor-canal/ (accessed on 25 June 2018).</ref>

[[File:Dead-lifts.png|thumb|Romanian Dead Lift]] ...tionary Romanian Deadlift Available:https://www.yourdictionary.com/romanian-deadlift (accessed 18.2.2022)</ref>. The deadlift is a [[Strength Training|s

...ndrome Picture Wikipedia.jpeg|right|frameless|alt=|Compartment syndrome in leg]] The anterior compartment of the leg is the most common location for compartment syndrome. Other locations in wh

...l border of the popliteus muscle, deep to gastrocnemius and soleus. In the leg, it is accompanied by the posterior tibial vessels and lies in the tarsal t ...erve#1 .] Available from: https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/tibial-nerve#1 (last accessed 17/03/2019).</ref> It also has articular and cutaneou

[[File:Nerves anterior lower limb.jpeg|alt=1. femoral nerve. 2. obturator nerve. 3. saphenous nerve|thum ...xit of the obturator canal or more distally by [[fascia]], causing exercise-induced medial thigh pain, typically in athletes<ref name=":2">Koh M, Markov

...earance. The [[Gluteus Maximus|gluteus maximus]] covers all of the gluteal muscles except for the anterosuperior third of the gluteus medius[[Gluteus Medius| ...enhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteus-medius-and-minimus-muscles</ref>

[[File:Human-heart-chambers.jpg|right|frameless|399x399px]] ....<ref>Dictionary Vena Cava Available:https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vena-cava (accessed 16.7.2021)</ref>

...Janda's work. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2010 July;14:299-301</ref> The [[Hamstrings|hamstrings]] are frequently found to be tight in ...p; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure 1: lower crossed syndrome&nbsp;<ref name="Janda" />

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Chelsea_Mclene Chelsea Mclene] ...tdirect.com/training-delivery/client-assessment/taking-body-dimension-girth-measurements [last accessed 05/11/2020]</ref>Girths are circumference measur

...VanBlarcom CW, editor. [https://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913(99)70234-9/fulltext The glossary of prosthodontic terms]. Mosby; 1999.</ref>, support ...indications and methods]. American family physician. 2009 Sep 1;80(5):491-9.</ref>

Interdisciplinary care of an 84-year-old patient, following a trans-femoral amputation. ...n due to a sepsis on a prosthesis of knee. His wishes were to be able to re-walk with crutches inside his apartment, and be able to drive again. The obj

...erve and psoas quartus muscle. Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2019 Jun 1;52(2):208-10.</ref>. It controls: ...xors|hip flexor muscles]], as well as [[Quadriceps Muscle|knee extension]] muscles.

<div class="editorbox">'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Wendy_Walker Wendy Walker] [[File:Muscles of the scapular region anterior aspect Primal.png|thumb]]The subscapularis

...he fascial compartment affected by increased compartment pressures include muscles, [[Neurone|nerves]] and vasculature. ...r leg: a review.] The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2016 Apr 1;12(4):265-70. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4970751/<nowiki/

...y and reduce LBP and physical impairment. It stretches the lower extremity muscles in combination of hamstring, adductors and rotators. <br> ...sagittall plane isometric contract-relax technique on passive straight leg-raise angle. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1994;20:138�

...ed by clinicians. This approach highly focuses synergic pattern of spastic muscles on the recovery of [[stroke]] patients through various stages. There is no ...associated reactions are combined with voluntary effort which produces semi-voluntary movement thus providing sensory feedback and satisfaction.

...ood]] and nutrients throughout the body. At any point in time, nearly three-fourths of the circulating blood volume is contained in the venous system.<r ...vailable: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/524180/11-amazing-facts-about-veins (accessed 15.7.2021)</ref>

...chin-up Chin up] Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chin-up<nowiki/>(accessed 1.1.2022)</ref> ...bicep curls will all be beneficial if the ultimate goal is achieving a chin-up with correct form. A chin up is an example of a [[Closed Chain Exercise|c

...h lower Quality of Life (QoL), depression and extremely high annual medical-care costs. * Higher body-mass-index (BMI)

...in the posterior compartment of the thigh and supplies a major part of the lower extremity. At the upper aspect of the popliteal fossa, it branches medially ...sterior surface of [[Adductor Magnus]]. Nerves branch off to the hamstring muscles. The nerve is crossed obliquely on its superficial aspect by the long head

...Dec. 2020, pp. 2408–2416, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06354-1</nowiki>. ...originates from the gluteal fossa, the gluteal aponeurosis and the postero-inferior iliac crest, and inserts onto the lateral aspect of the greater tro

...B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538262/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Femoral Artery]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Sta ...e changes to the [[Popliteal Fossa|popliteal]] artery which provides oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the knee compartment. The deep femoral artery give

...gether with the semispinalis and rotatores form the [[transversospinales]] muscles group. Multifidusi lies deep to the semispinalis and superficial to the rot ...<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatomy for Students E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009 Apr 4.</ref>

...kins; 2014.</ref>. Its primary action is flexion of [[Foot Anatomy|digits 2-5]] in the foot.<br> ...&amp; physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2010.</ref>

[[Image:Gait-cycle.png|frame|center|Running Gait cycle]] ...ov">Novacheck TF; The Biomechanics of running; Gait and Posture 7; 1998; 77-95</ref>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...total hip arthroplasty. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2017 Aug;51(4):359-67.</ref>

...Andrew TL. Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise. A Comprehensive Guide to Multiple-Joint Exercises. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2002;1(4):200.</ref> In a ...able from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UylQlk50gjg (last accessed 20-11-2013)</ref>

...healthy individuals]. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 Jun 1;124(6):1438-46.</ref> ...aniya VH. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5713709/pdf/jcdr-11-AC01.pdf Variation in morphometry of vastus medialis muscle]. Journal of Cli

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"> The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Physiopedia:Terms_of_Service informational purposes only]. Physiop

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...bate]. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2019 Jun;49(6):425-36.</ref> </blockquote>

...Orthopaedic &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Sports Physical Therapy , pp. 218-224. Level of evidence: 2b</ref>&nbsp;(Level of evidence: 2b) ...itting on the table. The elastic resistance strap is attached to the table leg 10 cm above the ground. The other side of the resistance strap is attached

Lower Limb Amputation: Diabetic Case Presentation A case presentation summarising the 21 day acute in-patient journey of a diabetic below knee amputee through to discharge to a c

...sed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/alexandra-kopelovich/ Alexandra Kopelovich]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Con ...xis of the joint, the proximal segment of the joint with move posteriorly. Muscles can contract concentrically or eccentrically to overcome the external momen

*This position facilitates accessability to independant upper and lower limbs and head movement&nbsp; *Bend her hips – this helps to release tension in her lower back which is often arched, and it

...k Bhatt|Hardik Bhatt]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...4x504px|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteus_muscle#/media/File:Gray439-Musculus_popliteus.png Popliteus]]]

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME} ...ot, the following features could be considered optimal:<ref name=":2">Green-Smerdon M. Biomechanics of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot Course. Plus , 2022

...</nowiki>. org. 7th March. 1998 Mar.</ref> and straining or rupture of the muscles around the ankle (e.g. [[Calf Strain|calf]], [[Peroneal Tendinopathy|perone [[File:Cross-section_of_ankle.png|right|frameless|300x300px]]

...ent syndrome. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/307668-overview (accessed 06/04/2020).</ref> ...ilable from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/compartment-syndrome/ (accessed 04/06/2020). </ref>

...he distance of heel strike from one leg to the heel strike of the opposite leg<ref name="Perry">Perry J and Burnfield J.M Gait Analysis, Normal and Pathol ...be split into 2 stages.<ref>Masood H, Farooq H. [https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/15/2386 Utilizing spatio temporal gait pattern and quadratic SVM for

[[File:Psoas_major.gif|alt=Rotating image of the Psoas muscle of the upper leg|right|frameless|200x200px]] ...liopsoas Muscle.</ref>. The psoas muscle is one of the [[Core Muscles|core muscles]].

..., diagnosis, and treatment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005 Nov 1;101(5):1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis] ...mbosacral Biomechanics|effective load transfer]] between the spine and the lower extremities.

...e abdominal wall (anterior view)|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the muscles of the abdominal wall (anterior view)]] The abdominal [[Muscle|muscles]] are the muscles forming the abdominal walls, the abdomen being the portion of the trunk con

...he lower back and core by engaging (pulling in) the abdominal muscles. Push-ups are a fast and effective exercise for building strength. == Execution of conventional push-up ==

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> * Initially, the rib cage in infants is barrel-shaped and rigid; ribs are elevated and perpendicular to the spine

...embers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon/ Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}} ...and are designed to showcase a beautiful work of art."<ref name=":3">Green-Smerdon M. Basic Anatomy of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot course. Plus , 202

...icial muscles of the gluteal region Primal.png|thumb|250x250px|Superficial muscles of the gluteal region.]] ...nimus|Gluteus minimus]] the deep layer and the smallest one of the gluteal muscles and helps with hip abduction and internal rotation.

...on the concepts of Autogenic Inhibition and Reciprocal Inhibition. If a sub-maximal contraction of the muscle is followed by stretching of the same musc ...e two musculotendinous proprioceptors located in and around the joints and muscles respond to changes in muscle tension and length, which helps manage muscula

* Typically refers to lower extremity [[Peripheral Edema|edema]], skin trophic changes, and discomfort * Disability-related to chronic venous insufficiency attributes to diminished [[Qualit

...px|Sagittal T1-weighted MR image in plantar flexion showing the “nutcracker-phenomenon”. The os trigonum together with surrounding soft tissues are we ...posterior of the ankle and reduced plantarflexion caused by “the nutcracker-phenomenon”. When an os trigonum is present, this accessory ossicle togeth

...in superficial posterior compartment of the leg '''Soleus''' is a powerful lower limb muscle, which is situated deep to the gastronemius muscle.  Together ...JA, Day MK, Lee PL, et al. Physiological cross-sectional area of human leg muscles based on magnetic resonance imaging. J Orthop Res. 1992;10(6):928–34.</re

...registered clinical trial. Journal of Athletic Training. 2017 Jun;52(6):592-605. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5488851/<nowiki # Strength of lower extremity

...practice.] Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation. 2012 Jan 1;18(1):28-33</ref> For example, FES can be used to activate [[Tibialis Anterior|tibial .../canada’s-first-arm-cycling-program-parkwood-institute-patients-spinal-cord-injury]</ref>

...n.com/walking-can-relieve-leg-pain-in-people-with-peripheral-artery-disease-151240<nowiki/>(accessed 6.6.2021)</ref> [[File:Smoking-1026556 960 720-2.jpg|right|frameless]]

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/bernice-saban/ Bernice Saban]<br> ...matic review]. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2017 Jan 1;25(1):3-10.

...1">Gray H. Anatomy of the human body, by Henry Gray, thoroughly rev. and re-edited by Warren H. Lewis. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.</ref>]] ...sei dorsales pedis originate on the base of the metatarsal [[Bone|bones]] I-V<ref name=":2">Putz R, Pabst R. Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen Limitierte

...evention.] Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2010 Mar 1;2(2):135-46.</ref>. * wind-up,

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br> ...es]] (AFOs). They are designed for patients with extensive weakness in the lower limbs. The purpose of these complex orthoses are to:

...of the nervous system that is being tested and are divided into upper and lower limb tests. ...h joint is done as "sensitiser". The ULTT's are equivalent to the straight leg raise designed for the lumbar spine.

...askowski P, Rexroth D. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001 Nov;49(11):1471-7. Medical co-morbidity and rehabilitation efficiency in geriatric inpatients.</ref>. ...mission was due to an exacerbation of CCF and likely new diagnosis of left lower lobe lung carcinoma.

...of 2002 running injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002;36(2):95-101.</ref> ...ing-Related Injuries: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine. 2019;49(7):1095-1115.</ref> It is evident though, that not every runner, cyclist, or individ

[[File:1452198295 lateral-femoral-cutaneous-nerve.jpg|right|frameless|612x612px]] ..., knee pain, and paresthesias in the nerve’s cutaneous distribution in the leg and foot.

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME} ...ballet dancers.] Journal of Dance Medicine & Science. 2018 Dec 1;22(4):209-17.</ref>

...image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteus-maximus-muscle</ref>.]] ...]]. It is the largest muscle at the hip representing 16% of the total cross-sectional area.<ref name=":0">Keith L. , Anne M. R .

Lower limb disease especially linked to diabetes causes a significant number of a ...t coals that burned through the sole of his shoe. Poor blood supply in his leg and foot hindered wound healing, the blisters got infected and turned into

# The articular facet of the lateral malleolus (bony prominence on the lower fibula) forms the lateral border of the ankle joint # The articular facet of the medial malleolus (bony prominence on the lower tibia) forms the medial border of the joint

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/bernice-saban/ Bernice Saban]<br> ...inical reasoning and patient values]. Br J Sports Med. 2021 Oct;55(19):1106-18. </ref>

[[File: Biking.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Biking-Up hills]] ...ad cyclists]. The American journal of sports medicine. 2010 Dec;38(12):2494-501.</ref>

...muscles. TFL/ITB is a synergist of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles in hip abduction<ref>Arab AM, Nourbakhsh MR. The relationship between hip a ...rstanding iliotibial band syndrome. Journal of Anatomy. 2006 Mar;208(3):309-16.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2100245/ (accessed on 25/07/

.... [https://now.aapmr.org/biomechanic-of-gait-and-treatment-of-abnormal-gait-patterns/ Biomechanic of Gait and Treatment of Abnormal Gait Patterns].</ref * Something as simple as ill-fitting shoes

...ent syndrome: evaluation and management. ''Hand clinics'', ''34''(1), pp.53-60.</ref>. ...ournal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2011 Jan 1;19(1):49-58.</ref> (most common)

...the distal part fixed, movement at any one joint in the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Kinetic_Chain kinetic chain] requires motion as well at the other ...;28(1):48. [https://bfpt.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43161-023-00161-8#:~:text=Results%20showed%20that%20CKCEs%20are,OA%20knee%20joint%20%5B16%5D

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...lobal (also known as stabiliser and global movers, see [[Core Muscles|core muscles]]).

# Hinge at the hip and bend at the knee to lower the torso to the bar. Grasp the bar just outside of the shins. ...Aug 1;27(8):2338–45. Available from: <nowiki>https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2013/08000/the_valsalva_maneuver__its_effect_on.39.aspx#:~:tex

A 59 year old man with left hip disarticulation after left lower limb cellulitis/gangrene was admitted for inpatient rehabilitation after mu Diagnosis : Left Total Hip Disarticulation secondary to left lower limb cellulitis complicated by gangrene (started with TTA and thereafter TF

...itor '''- [[User:Lorenza Perez|Lorena Perez]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_dev ...: Dyskinetic and Ataxic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s-n4eFypPc [last accessed 13/08/16]</ref>

...ef name=":0">http://rotationplasty.com/A-Surgeons-Approach--The-Dynamics-of-Rotationplasty</ref> ...f Rotationplasty procedure]. Aesthetic Cosmetology and Medicine. 2021;10:55-8.</ref>

...after Surgery|acute management after ACL reconstruction]], creating a long-term rehabilitation plan can be challenging for physiotherapists. It is impo ...t?]. Arthroscopy, sports medicine, and rehabilitation. 2022 Jan 1;4(1):e175-9.</ref>within pain tolerance.

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...www.physioadvisor.com.au/10426550/adductor-tendonitis-adductor-tendinopathy-phys.htmfckLRfckLRfckLRfckLR </ref>

[[Category:Muscles]] ...M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513334/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Thigh Quadriceps Muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2018 Dec 15. StatPe

[[File:Tibia - frontal view.png|thumb|Pain generally in the inner and lower 2/3rds of tibia.|alt=|240x240px]] ...tress-syndrome-1<nowiki/>(accessed 2.6.2022)</ref>. It presents as exercise-induced pain over the anterior [[tibia]] and is an early stress injury in th

...calf complex<ref>Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:1123 Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes b.png," Wikimedia Commons, the free media repos ...ue injury study]. British journal of sports medicine. 2013 Aug 1;47(12):743-7.</ref>

...lbeing of elderly: A review]. Indian journal of Gerontology. 2020;34(3):394-402.</ref> ....uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/OP-103.15-Safety-information-leaflet-walking-sticks.pdf (accessed 9.4.2021)</ref>

Physiotherapy Management of Lower Limb Amputation Secondary to Diabetic Foot *Co-morbidities: Nil

...rge tensile forces.<ref name=":0">Wong M, Kiel J. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, Achilles tendon. StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: h ...ite for the gastrocnemius (lateral and medial heads) as well as the soleus muscles. It inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus (heel bone). The [[

[[File:Leg length discrepancy after hip replacement.jpg|right|frameless|500x500px]] ...n which the paired lower extremity limbs have a noticeably unequal length. Leg length discrepancy (LLD) has been a controversial issue among researchers a

'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...patory way and that these muscles are activated and fire before the global muscles are activated.

...ing pain along the course of the [[Sciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] from the lower back or buttock to one or both legs or an associated [[Sacral Plexus|lumbos ...ring to any [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]] or [[Radiculopathy|radicular]] leg pain as sciatica<ref name=":6" />.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...f patellar tendon ruptures: Evidence today.] The Knee. 2015 Jun 1;22(3):148-55.</ref> The tear can be partial, with only some fibers torn, or complete

...ological muscle and joint  parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the lower extremity. Clin Biomech, 22: 239–247.</ref> Just like an S-shaped tape, the muscle belly twists around the anterior, and medial s

...lum tali on the [[calcaneus]], where its passes through a fibrous, synovial-lined tunnel.<ref name="pala">Palastanga N, Soames R. Anatomy and Human Move Lower two-thirds of posterior [[fibula]].

...Femoral stress fractures. Clinics in sports medicine.] 1997 Apr 1;16(2):307-17.</ref> ...rming the knee joint. It serves as a site of origin and insertion for many muscles and ligaments.

...103''(2), 81-89.</ref> The purpose of this page is to describe the evidence-based physical therapy practice including diagnosis, assessment and interven ...sociation.] ''Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy'', (7), CPG1-CPG70.</ref>

...prevention and treatment of chronic inguinodynia. Hernia]. 2015 Aug;19:539-48.</ref>. ...inate from the anterior rami from [[Lumbar Anatomy|L1]] nerve roots in the lower back, in some cases it receives contribution from T12 or l2 in other cases

...Based Clinical Guidelines for the Physiotherapy Management of Adults with Lower limb Prosthesis]. CSP Clinical Guideline 03. November 2012</ref>. &nbsp;A c ...om all angles. Knowledge of normal gait patterns for the prosthetic and non-prosthetic user is required to help analysis of movement. On observation of

...ditors ''' - [[User:Jacob Wong|Jacob Wong]] as part of [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:The_University_of_Waterloo_Biomechanics_Project The Unive ...is not just a sports injury]</nowiki>]. Ugeskrift for laeger. 2010;172:3325-9.</ref>. Tendinopathy is a term that describes clinical conditions of tendo

...on the treatment of Achilles tendon rupture]. JBJS. 2010 Oct 20;92(14):2466-8.</ref>. Achilles tendon rupture is either managed conservatively with a c ...hilles Tendon Rupture. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kr84-NEoYiE [last accessed 10/6/2021]</ref>

A 72-year-old male with right TF amputation was admitted to the provincial rehabilitat ...raft, the patient had a right TF amputation on January 5, 2015. He is a non-smoker X 40 years and recovering ETOH abuse.

The ankle or tibiotalar joint constitutes the junction of the lower leg and foot. The osseous components of the ankle joint include the distal [[ti == Bon<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_4-0"></span>es ==

...bs: a protocol of a systematic review]. Systematic Reviews. 2019 Dec;8(1):1-6.</ref> ...A thorough assessment is required to not only diagnose tendinopathy in the lower limb but also to identify the contributing and aggravating factors that hav

...JI, Ingebrigtsen T. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-14-206 Accuracy of physical examination for chronic lumbar radiculopathy]. BMC ...of back pain, referred pain, and radicular pain. Pain. 2009 Dec 1;147(1):17-9.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar] ...spinal decompression, such as open or minimally invasive laminectomy, hemi-laminectomy (half laminetomy), [[laminotomy]] and laminoplasty. Decompressio

...Quadriceps tendon rupture - treatment results.Med Pregl 2013;66(11-12):453-8.</ref> ...on extensor function, while complete tendon tears may totally impede lower leg extension.<ref name=":3">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482389/ (acc

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...]. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2022 Mar;9(1):57-64.</ref>

...ease Imaging. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/406458-overview (accessed 25/05/2020).</ref> ...%2Faws4_ Blount disease.] Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2009;91(7):1758-76.</ref> This can be described by the effects of increased weight on the gr

...'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/dawn-nunes/ Dawn Nunes] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAG [[File:Runners-635906 1920.jpg|thumb]]

'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...uses of pain.] International journal of spine surgery. 2020 Feb 1;14(s1):S3-13.</ref>

...e to the neurological structures. <ref name="p9">Davarian S. et al.; Trunk muscles strength and endurance in chronic low back pain patients with and without c ...ow back pain?] Network meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2020 Nov;54(21):1279-1287.</ref> Evidence suggests that the lack of muscle strength can itself co

*Amputation Cause: Critical limb ischaemia, non-diabetic arteriosclerosis *Medical history: 1987 Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) in left leg 1991

[[File:Runners-knee SAG.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...edicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2014 Jan;7:CMAMD-S14386.Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039183/<nowi

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/claire-robertson/ Claire Robertson]<br> ...cross-sectional analysis.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2020 Dec;21(1):1-7</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...":0">Howell, D, Gait Deviation Associated with Pain Syndromes in the Lower Leg and Foot. Gait Analysis. Plus. 2022</ref>

...80-year-old Chinese female who presented with fever and severe right lower leg pain in the Emergency Department. She was diagnosed with right necrotizing ...s marketing and visiting the Buddhist temple on a weekly basis. She was pre-morbidly community ambulant without a walking aid. She was also able to mana

...sacroiliac (SI) joints, and a common cause of buttocks or [[Low Back Pain|lower back pain]]. Inflammation of the [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint]] may [[File:Active-sacroiliitis.png|thumb|Bone scan: Active-sacroiliitis]]Reports on the prevalence of sacroiliac pain vary widely.

[[File:Equinus deformity X-ray.jpg|thumb|319x319px|equinus foot X-ray]] ...f>Equinus. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/pes-equinus&#x20;. Pes equinus - an overview] | ScienceDirect Topics.</ref>

...l-being of an expected mother for [[Labour|labor]] and preventing pregnancy-induced pathologies by various physical means. It generally includes low imp ...te des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)). 2017 Mar 1;79(S 01):S36-9.</ref>

...ooks/NBK534842/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh adductor magnus muscles.]Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534842/<nowiki/>(accessed ...or view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/adductor-magnus</ref>

[[File:Gait-Cycle.jpg|right|frameless|558x558px]] ...ric process. However, when an abnormality is present in one of the joints, muscles, or bones of the complex system that regulates gait, this process is disrup

...en|Yelena Gesthuizen]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...Journal of Bone &amp; Joint Surgery, December 1978, vol. 60, no. 8, p. 1113-1116. (Level of Evidence 1B)</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...tal or acquired deformities. The ultimate aim is to achieve / maintain near-neutral subtalar joint alignment during the [[Gait|gait cycle]] or the indiv

...Shores JT, M.D. [https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation Health and Amputation by John Hopkins Medicine]. ...le from: <nowiki>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation</nowiki>

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...nding on the gestational age, preterm can be further divided into three sub-categories:

...J, Huntley JS.Swelling around a child's knee. Clin Anat. 2011 Oct;24(7):914-7.</ref>. ...iction between tissues, and also works as a cushion for bones, tendons and muscles<ref name="Tschirch">Tschirch FTC, Schmid MR, Pfirrmann CWA, et al. Prevalen

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}} Ms E is a 20-year-old dancer. She has been dancing for 17 years and does ballet, tap, modern,

.../doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2023.2170684</nowiki></ref> collected data on non-contact injuries of the hamstrings in a sports club from Barcelona. ...://langs.physio-pedia.com/de/injury-and-healing-within-sports-physiotherapy-de/ hamstring injuries] were registered in the club. According to the author

...e=":5">Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis an ...rcise programs on kyphosis and lordosis angle: A systematic review and meta-analysis.] PloS one. 2019 Apr 29;14(4):e0216180. Available from: https://www

...Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. October/November, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 226-235.</ref>. CMT is a slowly progressive disorder and it encompasses a large ...ber 2014]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Charcot-Marie-Tooth-disease/Pages/Causes.aspx</ref>.

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...or PGM Method^sm. This is ''in addition'' to, and ''after'' the muscles of the pelvic girdle have been balanced using PGM exercises in a very speci

...test because of less frequent upper lumbar radioculopathies as compared to lower lumbar radiculopathies<ref name=":0">Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy Fr ...screen for sensitivity to stretch soft tissue at the dorsal aspect of the leg, possibly related to root impingements.

...'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/shala-cunningham/ Shala Cunningham] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributor ...t.2012.42.4.A1 Low back pain]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Apr;42(4):A1-57. </ref></blockquote>Several classification systems have been published to

...trengthening program: a randomised trial.''Aust J Physiother.'' 2007:53:147-153. ...rcise parameters and intervention approaches]. Int J MS Care. 2019;21(2):47-56. </ref> conducted a critical review strength training parameters in peopl

...<nowiki>https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00014-4</nowiki> ...d.com/document/407932298/Physiotherapy-in-Neuro-conditions-Glady-Samuel-Raj-pdf</ref>.The virus affects children under 5 years of age<ref name=":0" />

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> {{#ev:youtube| ZEgD-Mn5ftc|width}}

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...of trimalleolar ankle fractures.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 Aug 10;6(8):692-703.</ref>

...M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470555/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Hip Joint]. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK4705 The hip joint connects the lower extremities with the axial skeleton. The hip joint allows for movement in t

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME} ...er and around 50% of these occur in the ankle or foot.<ref name=":11">Green-Smerdon M. Dance Injuries of the Ankle and Foot Course. Plus , 2022.</ref> M

...riginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> [[File:Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm Primal.png|right|frameless]]

...ed with polytrauma and can be life-threatening. They often result from high-energy mechanisms such as motor vehicle collisions with sequelae of limb sho [[File:Femoral-shaft-fracture.jpeg|thumb|MVA: fractured shaft femur]]

...otechnology Information.2018 Apr;48(4):765-785.doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0862-z.</ref> ...strength measures. European journal of applied physiology. 2008 Mar;102:585-92.</ref> and a host of other neurologic problems.

When assessing the strength of the cervical spine and upper limb muscles, clinicians should consider various factors that can influence results, inc ...s.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2018 Aug 31;48(9):685-93.</ref>

...nd other tissues. The ligaments provide stability during loading while the muscles around the knee have a secondary role in stabilising this joint. If these s ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...the acetabulum of the pelvis. The rounded femoral head sits within the cup-shaped acetabulum of the pelvis. ...On Rest and Pain: Lecture XIV.] Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Sep;467(9):2208-14. </ref>A joint tends to be innervated by a branch of a motor nerve which

...font-size: 13.2799997329712px;">Katy Wiggins from </span>[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bellarmine University ...ld female that reports to your clinic with complaints of low back pain and leg pain. She is a full time teacher at a local high school. She has history of

...SEP) and replace the previous guidelines.<ref name="Guidelines">Canadian 24-Hour ...es for the Early Years (0-4 years).[https://csepguidelines.ca/early-years-0-4/]</ref> ==

...eded for daily tasks. Just about any activity becomes easier with stronger muscles. So does any sport you enjoy.<ref name=":1" /> ...ofessional/expert-articles/6941/five-exercises-to-help-your-clients-develop-power (last accessed 7.2.2020)</ref>

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...muscle fibre to whole muscle mechanics]. Pflugers Arch. 2023 Apr;475(4):421-435. </ref> so rehabilitation professionals need to consider muscle length w

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> [[File:Ilustration of the muscles. jpeg.jpeg|thumb|alt=|335x335px]]

...mputee Coalition 2008. http://www.amputee-coalition.org/resources/limb-loss-definitions/ [accessed 24 Sep 2017]</ref> by trauma, prolonged constriction ...p/amp_sum_correction.pdf Clinical Practice Guideline for Rehabilitation of Lower Limb Amputation]. Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defence. 20

Patient X is a 26-year-old female who is a business student who was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of ...E done. 2 wks later pain &amp; swelling persisted went back to the doctor X-rays done revealed osteosarcoma of the left ankle. A week later was admitted

...sign be positive if the hip is normal?J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79(3):462-6. ...notch to supply the [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]], gluteus medius and minimus muscles and also [[Tensor Fascia Lata|tensor fascia lata]].<ref>Drake, RL, Vogl, W,

...rolled trials. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. 2017 Oct 1;41(4):205-14.</ref>. <ref name=":0" /> ...low threshold activity of local muscles and decreasing over-active global muscles by The Australian Physiotherapy and Pilates Institute (APPI®): <ref>Withe

...trans-tibial [[Amputations|amputation]] due to dysvascularity in his right lower limb. This patient has only been seen by outpatient amputee clinic for twic elderly, diabetic, trans-tibial amputation, physiotherapy, [[Amputee Rehabilitation|rehabilitation]]

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net ...tail of the knee) sits between the upper and lower leg. If any part of the lower kinematic chain ([[Core Stability|core]], [[Lumbar Assessment|lumbar]] spi

...ion: significance and measurement.] Journal of Anatomy. 2020 Nov;237(5):811-26.</ref> ...use in Craig’s test.] Journal of physical therapy science. 2015;27(4):1141-4.</ref><ref name=":1" />

...ry, London:Springer. 2012. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-609-2_15</nowiki></ref> ...opathy: a literature synthesis]. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32(1):41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.09.014. (level of evidence 1A)</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/claire-robertson// Claire Robertson]<br> [[File:PFJ-1-4-20-638.jpg|thumb|500x500px]]

...a stabilizer of the hip joint.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 vol. 6(7), pp. 545-555. </ref> ...attaches to the upper part of the same line. These two bands create the Y-shape. In some anatomical variations this division does not exist, and the l

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...opliteus and Associated Pathologic Conditions. RadioGraphics 2014 34:2, 496-513

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...agemakers JH, van Weeren PR, Serra Bragança FM. Range of motion and between-measurement variation of spinal kinematics in sound horses at trot on the st

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...an emphasis on ultrasonography.] Skeletal radiology. 2002 Nov 1;31(11):631-6.

...s]] independently and safely. [[Falls]] are a common concern for community-dwelling persons with stroke<ref name=":0" />. * [[Walking - Muscles Used|Walking]] speed

...systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical therapy. 2018 Jan 1;98(1):40-62.</ref>. ...ational Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2007 Jan 1;13(2):215-23.</ref>. This emphasizes the need for workplace interventions to reduce an

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/nick-rainey/ Nick Rainey] ..., G. (2020, December). Non-radicular low back pain: Assessment and evidence-based treatment. ''Australian Journal of General Practice''. Royal Australia

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"> The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Physiopedia:Terms_of_Service informational purposes only]. Physiop

...]] (SI joint). It is usually caused by abnormal motion (i.e. hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome i ...ac Joint Syndrome. Pain Physician. Vol. 4, N° 2, p 143-152, 2001. ISSN 1533-3159</ref>

...nonyms that are used frequently for PS are the deep gluteal syndrome, extra-spinal sciatica and wallet neuritis.<ref>Siddiq MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni ...male ratio of 6:1. Piriformis syndrome is most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged patients.<ref>Hicks BL, Lam JC, Varacallo M. Piriformis syndrome.[https

...as a clinical indicator of foot posture.] J Am Podiat Med Assn 2001;91:262-8.</ref> Position the patient in standing so there is full weight-bearing through the lower extremity and ensure the foot is in the subtalar joint neutral position (�

...en to the patient evaluate its effectiveness and use the learning from the Lower Limb Amputee Rehabilitation Course to reflect on the care provided. ...circumferential ulceration and ischemia of the foot resulting in constant leg pain subsequently leading to the need of amputation. Diabetes is the leadin

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/bernice-saban/ Bernice Saban]<br> ...ncloses different organs, supports internal structures and envelopes whole muscles, as well as each individual muscle fibre.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Be

...K. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545158/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Ankle Joint.] 2020 Aug 16. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island ...alar ligament (ATTL) passes from the tip of the medial malleolus to the non-articular part of the medial talar surface. It is crossed by the tendons of

...ciae latae perforator flap. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery: 2009;124(1):181-9. Doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181ab114c. PMID:19568071</ref> ...H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499870/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscl]e.Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

...me countries–the case for action]. International health. 2021 May;13(3):222-31.</ref> ...2) infant from 1-2 months, (3) infant from 3-4 months and (4) infant from 5-6 months.

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/Krista Eskay]<br> ...and development: an insight]. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2019;8(6):181-90.</ref>

...oot drop: where, why and what to do?. ''Pract Neurol''. 2008 Jun. 8 (3):158-69. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].</ref> Ankle and foot dorsiflexors, namely the tibi ...of pathologic conditions that localize along the full course of upper and lower motor neuron pathways which often overlap in clinical presentation.<ref nam

...n MW. Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Runners. Sport Medicine, 2012; 42(11):969-92</ref> ...view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/iliotibial-band</ref>

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/pam-versfeld/ Pam Versfeld]<br> ...nking what they do to what is seen, heard and felt, creating the perception-action loops that are the basis for making the shift from spontaneous explor

...ttempted but unfortunately was unsuccessful and left the lower part of her leg poorly vascularised. ...on<br>Body Functions%Structure – Mrs A has phantom sensation and pain. Her muscles are now a lot weaker and she is struggling with endurance, he rehab session

...ain: differential diagnosis and management]. Neurol Clin. 2023 Feb;41(1):61-76.</ref> It is, therefore, important that rehabilitation providers have a c ...from muscle sprains), so check for anomalies (e.g. spondylolisthesis / step-off)

...ginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...40-00005 Iliopsoas bursitis and tendinitis.] Sports Medicine 1998;25(4):271-83.

...wska]] based on course of [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...xtremities and stability in standing and during mobility (i.e. [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] or [[Running Biomechanics|running]]).<blockquote>"Our goal a

...lysis: Two Cases of Profound Weakness', Air Medical Journal, 32(4), pp. 181-183.</ref>. == '''Associated Co-morbidites:''' ==

...pecific Pathology: A Systematic Review. ''J Sports Sci Med''. 2019;18(1):21-31. </ref> * [https://physio-pedia.com/Patellofemoral_Pain_Syndrome Patellofemoral pain]

...lobal Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> ...systems in the brain then send messages back through nerve pathways to the muscles to tell them to move the back gently and carefully so those tissues can hea

...ited or sporadic, and to whether degeneration affects upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, or both. Common subtypes include ...has inherited and sporadic forms and can affect the arms, legs, or facial muscles.