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...rred pain from a visceral structure. Patients will present with lower back pain but the source is not a mechanical structure<ref name="Walcott">Walcott B, == Sources of Visceral Pain ==

...usculoskeletal symptoms may present with:<ref name=":0">Brukner P. Khan K. Clinical Sports Medicine. 3rd edition. Sydney: McGraw-Hill 2006.</ref> ...|Chronic low back pain]] or [[Neck Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck pain]]<ref name=":0" />

...arvalho, A. Red Alert: How useful are flags for identifying the origins of pain and barriers to rehabilitation? Frontline. 13 (17). 2007</ref>. ...re<ref>Knew WW. [http://www.jospt.org/doi/abs/10.2519/jospt.2017.0507 Neck Pain Guidelines: Revision 2017]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017;47(7):511-2.</r

...patient-specific functional scale (PSFS) in order to assess and treat back pain efficiently. ...ed in practice<ref name=":2">Koc M, Bayar B, Bayar K. A comparison of Back pain functional scale with Roland Morris disbility questionnaire, Oswestry disab

...o a key symptom in patellofemoral pain. By looking at the patient's entire clinical picture, the correct diagnosis can be made. When tendons act as springs (e.g. the patella tendon during jumping), tendon pain can be related to overload. It is important to understand the different loa

...[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563667?dopt=Abstract Thoracic spine pain in the general population: prevalence, incidence and associated factors in ...of many factors eg the different definitions and duration of thoracic back pain included.

...hat underpins and informs its practice and delivery.&nbsp; The exercise of clinical judgement and informed interpretation is at its core<ref>Chartered Society ...listic approach to the prevention, diagnosis and therapeutic management of pain, disorders of movement or optimisation of function to enhance the health an

...artment physiotherapist would typically be assigned the following types of presentations from triage: === * Provide pain relief such as ice or heat for injury and compression bandaging

...tests were first described by Elvey<ref>Elvey RL: The investigation of arm pain. In Boyling JD, Palastanga N (eds): Grieve’s modern manual therapy: the v ...function and shoulder problems. Physiotherapy, 1982; 68: 66-73.</ref>. If pain is provoked in the very initial position, then there is no need to add furt

== Clinical Presentation == Presentations of nerve damage may include:

...n 1;17:203-7.</ref> Tennis Elbow is the most common cause of lateral elbow pain<ref name=":4">Keijsers R, de Vos RJ, Kuijer PPF, van den Bekerom MP, van de ...% of presentations are self-limiting, not all experience full recovery and pain and discomfort can persist for up to a year. Recurrence is also common in T

* Reticular and intralaminar nuclei dealing with arousal and pain regulation. The reticular formation is constantly making intelligent guesse ...issues such as tingling, numbness, hypersensitivity, and [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]

Several cases are reported on the various presentations f the condition as it occurs in children in the case of 2 children having P ...ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29812979/ Behr G, Mema E, Costa K, Garg A. Proportion and Clinical Relevance of Intraspinal Air in Patients With Pneumomediastinum. AJR Am J R

...Is forward head posture relevant to cervical muscles performance and neck pain? A case–control study.] Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019 Jul 1 Most commonly neck pain arises from poor posture on the bike or a poor bike fit. This includes[[Fil

...ure that would be easy to use and applicable to a large number of clinical presentations.<ref>Stratford P, Gill C, Westaway M, Binkley J. [https://utpjournals.pres ...ome_measures_in_chronic_low_back_pain Outcome measures in chronic low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2010 Sep 1;19(9):1484-94.</ref>

...o F. Intraosseous hyperpressure of the patella as a cause of anterior knee pain. Medscape Orth Sports Med. 1999;3:1–8.</ref> *[[Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome|Patellofemoral pain syndrome]]

...Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises.] Pain, 161(9), 1976-1982.</ref> </blockquote> ...ted the new definition for pain, stated above, in 2020. The description of pain continues with the following notes:

...rombosis, urinary tract infections, osteoporosis, pressure ulcers, chronic pain, and respiratory complications. Acute care, rehabilitation services and ong ...matic brain injury is a large topic area, and can be studied as an area of clinical specialism within physiotherapy, therefore this course is by no means exhau

...https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16641766/ The McKenzie Method for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of the Literature With a Meta-Analysis Approach]. Spin ...ificial intelligence to improve back pain outcomes and lessons learnt from clinical classification approaches: three systematic reviews.] NPJ Digit Med 2020;3:

...reer. A systematic review and various studies report the incidence of knee pain ranging from 36% to 62%<ref name=":2">Bini R, Hume PA, Croft JL. [https://w ...pull on the knee joint changing the way the knee functions and cause knee pain. Due to the repetitive motion of the knee in cycling overuse injuries can o

...from:https://www.notredame.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/3046/What-is-pain-part-II-philosophy-behaviours-ANZCA-Blue-Book.pdf (last accessed 20.5.2020) ...c disease may aggravate pain. <ref>Güleç, G., & Güleç, S. (2006). Pain and pain behavior. Agri: Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi’nin Yayin organidir [Agri: The jo

== Clinical Presentation == * joint pain and general achiness

...Which red flags aid the early detection of metastatic bone disease in back pain? Physiotherapy Practice and Research. 2017;38(2): 73-77.</ref> ...differential diagnoses when individuals present with [[Low Back Pain|back pain]] - particularly if the patient is not responding in an expected way or is

...h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9344960/ Treatment-based classification for low back pain: systematic review with meta-analysis.] Journal of Manual & Manipulative Th ...apy based on clinical practice guidelines for patients with acute low back pain]. Spine. 2003;28:1363-1372. (Level of evidence 1B)</ref>

...ished by a decrease in force transmission from muscle to bone secondary to pain. <ref>dos Santos Franco YR, Miyamoto GC, Franco KF, de Oliveira RR, Cabral ...ntributing and aggravating factors that have resulted in the tendinopathy. Clinical reasoning around various [[Differential Diagnosis of Tendinopathy|different

...little league throwers. A more recent study found a 26% frequency of elbow pain in 9-12 year old baseball players. <ref name="Adirim">Adirim T, Cheng T. Ov == Characteristics/Clinical Presentation ==

...7(6):531–537.''</ref> PGP can affect; pregnant women; athletes with groin pain; can occur after a trauma. The aSLR test is considered positive when it elicits pain in the lumbo-pelvic region or it points out a Motor Control (MC) dysfunctio

* This page discusses clinical triaging principles that must be considered in order to determine if a pati ...elerehabil. 2010;2(2):31.]</ref><ref name=":2">Cottrell, M. and Russel, T. Clinical Triaging and Practical Considerations in Telehealth Course. Plus. 2020</ref

...amaneurology/article-abstract/563564 The Hoover Sign: An Objective-Sign of Pain and/or Weakness in the Back or Lower Extremities. Archives of Neurology]. 1 ...flexion<ref>Cock HR, Edwards MJ. Functional neurological disorders: acute presentations and management. Clin Med (Lond). 2018 Oct;18(5):414-417. doi: 10.7861/clinm

...,%2C%20lower%20back%2C%20and%20thighs.\</ref><ref name=":3">Chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation; 2008 . Available from: https://e ...om person to person in ranging severity, type and perpetuity. CPPS-related pain can spread to the buttocks, lower back, and thighs.<ref name=":1" />

...Which red flags aid the early detection of metastatic bone disease in back pain? Physiotherapy Practice and Research. 2017;38(2): 73-77.</ref> ...astases occur in the thoracic spine, the patient may not describe thoracic pain.<ref name=":2" />

...firming (or checking) questions about symptoms: e.g. "You have been having pain at night for a week?" #* general evaluations rather than questions on problem presentations

...p clinicians select an appropriate intervention for patients with low back pain, including: ...ticle/96/7/1057/2864925 Treatment-based classification system for low back pain: revision and update.] Physical therapy. 2016 Jul 1;96(7):1057-66.Delitto A

...nce-based practice]] is about integrating the "best research evidence with clinical expertise and client preferences."<ref>Scurlock-Evans L, Upton P, Upton D. Every patient presents with a unique clinical picture. The therapist managing the patient should apply a broad base of ev

...://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12178-009-9051-x Lumbar spondylosis: clinical presentation and treatment approaches.] Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal ...h rates of asymptomatic degeneration in the young complicates causality in pain diagnosis.<ref name=":4" />

...w back pain.<ref>Maher C, Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017 Feb 18;389(10070):736-747. </ref> ...t some key features that can help to differentiate between mechanical back pain and inflammatory conditions, as well as discussing other [[The Flag System|

* Location of the [[Pain Assessment|pain]] Screen proximal structures to determine if they are involved in the patient’s clinical presentation. i.e. [[Cervical Anatomy|Cervical joints]], [[Shoulder|Shoulde

...sitis]] (inflammation of a bursa) is one of the leading causes of shoulder pain. It can lead to lost workdays and, in some cases, even disability. ...erity, but may include swelling, excessive warmth at the site, tenderness, pain and/or fever.

...f long head of biceps (LHB) tendinopathy{{#ev:youtube|v=j4vYM7JXSW8}}<ref>Clinical Physio. Classic Long Head of Biceps Tendinopathy. Available from: https://w [[File:Shoulder Pain.png|right|frameless]]

== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation == ...r>• Pain that is relieved by aspirin within 30 minutes (75% of cases)<br>• Pain that increases with activity and alcohol consumption<br>• Local swelling

= Clinical reasoning processes = In line with the emphasis on clinical reasoning, it is essential that the patient history is used to establish an

...e of pain in 15% to 30% of people with mechanical [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]]. ...s is specific to an inflammatory processes present in the SI joint and the pain sensed is a direct result of those inflammatory processes, whereas sacroil

== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation == ..." /> Symptoms associated with pancreatic cancer include:[[Image:Abdominal pain.jpg|alt=|right|frameless]]

.... [online] NICE. Available at: <nowiki>https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/neck-pain-acute-torticollis/background-information/prevalence/</nowiki> </ref> ...iotherapy assessment process. Various sources can contribute to acute neck pain:

...s ''' - [[User:Hefu Tao|Hefu Tao]] as part of [[The University of Waterloo Clinical Biomechanics Project]] ...No. 2, pp. 69-80). WB Saunders.</ref> accounts for up to 40% of lower back pain<ref name=":0">Beresford ZM, Kendall RW, Willick SE. [https://journals.lww.c

...bility to bear weight on the joint. In hip injury, as with other traumatic presentations, age distribution is bimodal with high-energy trauma in the younger populat ...al Medicine and Rehabilitation, thigh/groin pain and constant back/buttock pain are better indicators of hip OA  than stand-alone tests and reported hip c

...eg is a time-sensitive orthopedic emergency that relies heavily on precise clinical findings. Lower leg ACS is a condition in which increased pressure within a ...ltiorgan failure]], and death. Hallmark symptoms of ACS include the 6 P’s: pain, poikilothermia, pallor, paresthesia, pulselessness, and paralysis. The def

...es branching off of the plexus provide innervation to the upper extremity. Clinical signs and symptoms vary with which area of the plexus is involved, and gene ...impact. <ref name="Coene">Coene LN. Mechanisms of brachial plexus lesions. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1993;95:24-29.</ref>

Congestive [[Heart Failure|heart failure]] (CHF) refers to the clinical syndrome caused by inherited or acquired abnormalities of heart structure a ...ccumulation ([[Dyspnoea|dyspnea]], orthopnea, [[Oedema Assessment|edema]], pain from [[Liver Disease|hepatic]] congestion, and abdominal distention from as

[See also [[Pregnancy Related Pelvic Pain|Pregnancy Related Pelvic Pain]]] [See also [[Chronic_Pelvic_Pain_Syndrome_-_Male|Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome - Male]]]

[[File:3d-medical-image-with-female-holding-neck-pain.jpg|right|frameless]] ..., course, and care: the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders.] Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Feb 15;33(4 Supp

...tent.<ref name="p4">Kinematics of the Spine. In White AA, Panjabi MM, eds: Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine, 1990</ref> ...disk works as a cushion for the mechanical loads.<ref name="p5">Bogduk N. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum. Elsevier, 2005</ref>

...in pain or pain in the anterior side of the hip, and less commonly buttock pain.<ref name="Groh">Groh MM, Herrera J. A comprehensive review of labral tears ...ef name="Klaue">Klaue K, Durnin CW, Ganz R. The acetabular rim syndrome: a clinical presentation of dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991;73:423– 4

...WJ, Saifuddin A. Pes anserine bursitis: Incidence in symptomatic knees and clinical presentation. Skeletal Radiol. 2005;34:395–8.</ref>. We can locate this a ...as E, et al. The contribution of selected non-articular conditions to knee pain severity and associated disability in older adults. Osteoarthritis Cartilag

...=":6" /> The knee is made up of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint. Pain experienced in the knee can have various causes. Performing a thorough, det == Common Causes of Knee Pain ==

...condition may affect both peripheral joints and the axial skeleton causing pain, stiffness, swelling, and possible joint destruction. This joint pathology == Characteristics/Clinical Presentation ==

...xplored. It can, however, be a silent contributor to many presentations in clinical practice.<ref name=":0" /> ...culoskelet Disord''. 2009;10(39).</ref> looked at the prevalence of spinal pain. It found that in one year<ref name=":4" />:

*[[Chronic Pelvic Pain|Pelvic pain]] <ref name="Panman" /> ...tory versus electric stimulation on the pelvic floor muscles: A randomized clinical trial.] European journal of obstetrics & gynecology and reproductive biolog

...(SI) joints, and a common cause of buttocks or [[Low Back Pain|lower back pain]]. Inflammation of the [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint]] may occur seco ...ditions result in the inflammation of the SI joint, leading to significant pain.

...ld M, Mckenna L. Scapular dyskinesis increases the risk of future shoulder pain by 43% in asymptomatic athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bri .... <ref>Kibler WB, Ludewig PM, McClure PW, Michener LA, Bak K, Sciascia AD. Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in shoulder injury: the 2013 consensus

The purpose of this document is to summarize the clinical evaluation of somebody who has been diagnosed with Achilles Tendinopathy. ...ercholesterolemia]] (HeFH)<ref name=":0" /> - New onset of Achilles tendon pain is often the first sign of hypercholesterolemia and should be investigated

== What Is Causing the Pain? == The diagnosis of Gluteal or buttock pain is complicated due to the overlapping symptoms of many conditions such as <

...can be a very painful condition that may lead to a great deal of distress. Presentations of [[Congenital torticollis|torticollis]] are defined using causal terms su ...argo C, Teive H, Becker N, Baran M, Scola R, Werneck L. Cervical dystonia: clinical and therapeutic features in 85 patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008;66(1):15-2

== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation<ref name="Cleveland Clinic">Schilder AM. Wegener's Granulomato ...mptoms of other diseases or illnesses but are often vague in the beginning presentations of this disease. &nbsp;The first signs and symptoms include upper respirato

...a general term that encompasses a large number of diseases with different presentations. The terms '[[Muscle Disorders|muscle disease]]', ‘[[Myopathies|myopathy] ...E, Muntoni F. Muscular dystrophy: new challenges and review of the current clinical trials. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2016. 25(6): 701-707.</ref>. At present, treatin

...tinence|urinary]] or fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and pelvic pain. ...al examinations by the same practitioner can provide useful information in clinical practice. However, findings between different examiners may not be as accur

...s known as [[Motor Neurone Disease MND|Motor Neurone Diseases]] (MND). Its clinical hallmark is the degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons, leading ...al therapy is an integral component of the ALS [[Multidisciplinary Care in Pain Management|multidisciplinary]] team and is well-grounded in rehabilitation

...">Mader R, Verlaan J, Buskila D. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: clinical features and pathogenic mechanisms. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9(12):741-750.< == Characteristics/Clinical Presentation ==

== Clinical Relevance == ...sequences. Patients may complain of instability, however, most will report pain, reduced accuracy, and decreased velocity with movements of the affected up

...-a-Month'', ''68''(10), p.101314.</ref> Tendinopathy presents with chronic pain, decreased physical function, and reduced participation in activities and a ...orts Med''. 2018;1(1):5-13.</ref> People who struggle with tendinopathy or pain related to tendons have often tried multiple treatment strategies and seen

...ras S, Blais R, Swaine B, Rossignol M. Management of work-related low back pain: a population-based survey of physical therapists. Phys Ther 2005;85(11):11 Work-related low back pain (WRLBP) is a major cause of work absenteeism and accounts for a high propor

...psilateral diffuse shoulder, and arm pain. ROM in the neck is reduced, and pain is relieved with anesthetic blockades. == Clinical Relevant Anatomy ==

**increased pain ...ough to include the true complexity of burns as there are many unaccounted clinical variables [...but] the Parkland formula is a reasonable starting point for

...entions and enhance outcomes. This page provides an in-depth review of the Pain and Disability Drivers Model, which can be used to assess and treat gunshot == Pain and Disability Drivers Model ==

...ng video can be shown to patients who are considering imaging for low back pain. * diagnosis can be more difficult for common clinical presentations (e.g. hip osteoarthritis/frozen shoulder), but it is still easier than when

...ce P, Rodgers M, Romani W. Muscles : Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.</ref> ...l Pain Syndrome|patellofemoral pain syndrome]]; [[Low Back Pain|lower back pain]]; [[osteoarthritis]]; [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthritis]].

== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation == Congenital abnormalities of the spine have a range of clinical presentations. Some congenital abnormalities may be benign, causing no spinal deformity a

...hey will have knee problems related to the discoid meniscus. Such as vague pain in the knee and in some cases there will be an annoying “click” on the == Characteristics/Clinical Presentation ==

...tifying vascular pathologies or flow limitations: Important aspects in the clinical reasoning process]. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2021 Jun;53:102343. </ref> ...nt, the Framework was developed through rigorous methods and pivots around clinical reasoning and evidence-based practice.

...rtial or complete detachment of the fragment. The defects cause deep ankle pain associated with weightbearing. Impaired function, limited range of motion, ...ent bone. Historically, a variety of terms have been used to refer to this clinical entity including osteochondritis dissecans, osteochondral fracture, and ost

...58.</ref><ref>Otsuki S, Nakajima M, Fujiwara K, et al. Influence of age on clinical outcomes of three-dimensional transfer of the tibial tuberosity for patella == Clinically Relevant Anatomy<ref name=":0">Human kinetics Publisher. Clinical anatomy of the patellofemoral joint. International sports medicine journal.

...at her desk at work. The patient does not believe any activities make the pain worse, but sitting upright in her desk chair at home provides some relief. ...in subsides. The patient is distressed because the prolonged back and neck pain, with the addition of the severe headaches have prevented her from fully pa

...eople this condition is simply an annoyance; however it may result in both pain and weakness interfering with the patient’s functional mobility.<ref>Konc == Characteristics/Clinical Presentation ==

...e foot and ankle, causing [[Joint Classification|joint]] [[Pain Behaviours|pain]], swelling and stiffness. ...ot and ankle: assessments and treatment options.] Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2012 Jun 1;26(3):345-68. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.

...nts presenting to physiotherapists with neuromusculoskeletal neck and head pain who may have an increased risk of developing an associated pathology. ...ntify underlying vascular pathologies masquerading as neuromusculoskeletal pain;

...ding exercise therapy in patients with patellar tendinopathy: a randomised clinical trial]. British journal of sports medicine. 2021 May 1;55(9):501-9.</ref>. ...lm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5725181/ The Royal London Hospital Test for the clinical diagnosis of patellar tendinopathy.] ''Muscles Ligaments Tendons J''. 2017

...bing the syndrome. Many professionals accepted the NIDDK definition as the clinical care definition although the primary purpose was to formulate a basis for r ...nicians because it defines interstitial cystitis as a syndrome of chronic pain, pressure, or discomfort associated with the bladder, usually accompanied b

...untiful supply of theoretical research but little in terms of high quality clinical trials. By this I mean that we have established a host of theories on [[Ten ...d patellar tendinopathy loading programmes : a systematic review comparing clinical outcomes and identifying potential mechanisms for effectiveness]. Sports Me

...: https://www.woundsinternational.com/resources/details/wound-infection-in-clinical-practice-principles-of-best-practice (accessed 26/11/2022).</ref></blockquo ...uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/15234902/Manuscript&#x20;draft&#x20;accepted.docx Clinical indicators of wound infection and biofilm: reaching international consensus

Cervicaobrachial Syndrome (Cervicobrachalgia) is a term that describes pain and stiffness of the cervical spine with symptoms in the shoulder girdle an This term is outdated and not commonly used in clinical practice, although it may still be used in some parts of the world.

...hape as either Educational Projects, Professional Organization Projects or Clinical Projects. *'''Clinical Projects''' - led by clinics as professional development projects for staff

...ture<ref>McCrory P, Bell S (1999) Nerve entrapment syndromes as a cause of pain in the hip, groin and buttock. Sports Med 27(4):261–274</ref>. ...ep_Gluteal_Syndrome__A_Pain_in_the_Buttock.2.aspx Deep gluteal syndrome: a pain in the buttock.] Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2021 Jun 1;20(6):279-85.<

...ute to the&nbsp;[[Talk:Feasibility of Applying a Simple Method to Quantify Clinical Experience: A Case Report|Open Peer Review]]''' ...fication system, the quantification process provided concrete awareness of clinical experience.<br>

...nal cord can cause cervical myelopathy.<ref name="Richard">Richard K. Root Clinical Infectious Diseases: A Practical Approach, 1999</ref><ref name="Kong">Kong ...at the foramen magnum.<ref name="Cramer">Cramer GD and Darby SA. Basic and Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and ANS. 2nd Edition. Elsevier 2008.</re

...c/articles/PMC7059532/pdf/SAJP-76-1390.pdf State of the art: What have the pain sciences brought to physiotherapy?]. The South African journal of physiothe ...alcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1092&context=pt_articles Clinical reasoning in physical therapy: a concept analysis]. Physical therapy. 2019

...eproducible with isometric movements. The clicking and popping, as well as pain usually decreases when crossing the arm across the chest, this causes the s ...s|rhomboid]] weakness, multidirectional instability, voluntary action, and pain in the [[shoulder]] which can cause reverse scapulohumeral rhythm.

[[File:Neck Pain Diagram.png|alt=|thumb|Pain in the neck.]] ...ishing. Available from:https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/7-faces-of-neck-pain [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref>

...cribe Saturday night palsy.<ref>Han BR, Cho YJ, Yang JS, Kang SH, Choi HJ. Clinical features of wrist drop caused by compressive radial neuropathy and its anat ...oneymoon palsy."'' Despite the fact that these are the more commonly known presentations, it is important to remember that Saturday night palsy can result from abno

...g large surges in patient numbers, limited equipment, and complex clinical presentations in disaster and conflict settings<ref>WHO. [https://www.who.int/activities/ .../36199-Humanity--Inclusion-Clinical-Handbook-web_1.pdf Humanity--Inclusion-Clinical-Handbook.] Jan 2020.</ref> While Article 11 of the United Nations (UN) conv

...name=":0">Goodman C, Fuller K. Chapter 3: Pain Types and Viscerogenic&nbsp;Pain Patterns. In:DifferentialDiagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for ...oform disorders that are also recognized under this new heading. Different presentations of conversion disorder can be reported under the ICD-10-CM codes of F44.4,

== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation == [[Image:EDS2.jpg|alt=|thumb|Hyperextension from the PIPJs]]Patient presentations vary widely based on the respective underlying subtype.

== Clinical Presentation == ...Neuromyelitis optica: clinical features, immunopathogenesis and treatment. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 2014 May;176(2):149-64.</ref>:

...y treatment in the [[shoulder]] region of a patient with [[Pain Behaviours|pain]] is a precise and comprehensive picture of the signs and symptoms as they ...975572/ Towards an integrated clinical framework for patient with shoulder pain]. Archives of physiotherapy. 2018 Dec;8(1):1-1. Available: https://www.ncbi

...">Fu R, Sutcliffe D, Zhao H, Huang X, Schretlen DJ, Benkovic S, Jinnah HA. Clinical severity in Lesch-Nyhan disease: the role of residual enzyme and compensato ...inherited metabolic disease because of the familial occurrence and unusual clinical features.<ref>Lesch M, Nyhan WL. A familial disorder of uric acid metabolis

...tion have been described, since the time of Hippocrates, for the relief of pain.<ref name="Saunders">Saunders HD. Lumbar traction*. J Orthop Sports Phys Th ... Jacobs WC, van Limbeek J. No effect of traction in patients with low back pain: a single centre, single blind, randomized controlled trial of Intervertebr

...t of the disease<ref name="Kim">Kim JS. Pure lateral medullary infarction: clinical–radiological correlation of 130 acute, consecutive patients. Brain. 2003 == Clinical Presentation ==

== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation == Patients with tetraplegia have different clinical presentations, depending on the level of the injury. In general, all patients have motor

...als must be able to assess, analyse, and determine the cause of a client’s pain or impairment. Exercises are then prescribed in order to address deficits i ...=":0" /> Moreover, there is a large body of research to support its use in clinical practice.<ref>Maestroni L, Read P, Bishop C, Papadopoulos K, Suchomel TJ, C

* Psychological – what are the patient’s beliefs about the pain? What was their psychological state before the illness or injury?   === Low Back Pain ===

...f name=":0">Alshami AM, Souvlis T, Coppieters MW. A review of plantar heel pain of neural origin: differential diagnosis and management. Manual therapy. 20 ...Burns J. Determinants of footwear difficulties in people with plantar heel pain. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 2015 Dec;8(1):1-7.</ref>

...ick TR. Effects of running speed on a probabilistic stress fracture model. Clinical Biomechanics. 2010;25:372-377.</ref> They are a consequence of exceeding re == Clinical Presentation ==

...ity causes a lifetime of disability as the affected individual experiences pain and difficulty in walking. People with untreated clubfoot find it difficult ...clinical considerations. It will not teach practical skills or lead to any clinical qualification. The global network formed through this course allows for sha

...6 Examination of and intervention for a patient with chronic lateral elbow pain with signs of nerve entrapment.] Physical therapy 2002;82(11):1077-86.</ref ...Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. 2018;24:782.</ref> The causes of posterior interosseous nerve sy

...lic disorders in the United States: a comprehensive review. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2009 Jun 1;94(6):1853-78.</ref> == Clinical Presentation ==

[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Presentations_and_Publications See presentations and publications list here]. ...embers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/chris-worsfold/ Chris Worsfold], Neck Pain Specialist, UK''

...e acetabulum and the proximal femur, which results in particular symptoms, clinical signs and imaging findings.<ref>Murphy NJ, Eyles J, Bennell KL, Bohensky M, == Clinical Presentation ==

...20. Available from: https://www.groovimovements.co.za/greater-trochanteric-pain-syndrome-recommended-exercises-progressions/</ref>. ...cently in the research compared to other structures that can cause gluteal pain such as [[Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome|Sacroiliac Joint]] and the [https://phy

...G, Larose TL. Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2018 Dec 12;36(36):3574.</ref>. == Characteristics/Clinical Presentation ==

...case was created for educational purposes, and highlights some of the key clinical findings of a 17-year old male athlete who experienced a [[Assessment and M ...used on patient education, increasing cervical range of motion, decreasing pain with movement, improving balance and eye movements, aerobic exercise and fu

...mani R, Anderson L. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4168242/ Clinical understanding of spasticity: implications for practice]. Rehabilitation res ...) <ref name="Pandyan">Pandyan AD, Gregoric M, Barnes MP et al. Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disabil Reh

== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation == * Chest pain

...link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12185-019-02814-8.pdf Molecular and clinical profile of type 2 von Willebrand disease in Iran: a thirteen-year experienc ...une reactions''' in people with cardiac defects; certain forms of [[Cancer pain|cancer]]<nowiki/>s; [[Diabetes|diabetes mellitus]]; [[Autoimmune Disorders|

...io-pedia.com/Pregnancy_Related_Pelvic_Pain pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP)]. The last two patterns can occur separately or combined.<ref name=" ...=1&isAllowed=y Identification and management of pregnancy-related low back pain]. Journal of nurse-midwifery. 1998 Sep 1;43(5):331-40.</ref><br>

...outlet syndrome: a controversial clinical condition. Part 1: anatomy, and clinical examination/diagnosis.] Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2010 Jun ...><ref name=":4">César Fernàndez et al.; Manual Therapy for Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes; Elsevier, 2016&nbsp;</ref>

#[[Spinal Cord Injury Clinical Guidelines]] (complete) #[[Pain Management in Spinal Cord Injury]]

...in late adolescence. Wilson's disease typically manifests into two common presentations: Liver disease or neurological symptoms, due to these organ's large involve == Characteristics/Clinical Presentation ==

...neonatal brachial plexus palsy: integrative literature review]. Journal of clinical medicine. 2019 Jul 5;8(7):980.</ref> NBPP causes flaccid paralysis or weakn ...V (full function) to I (no function). This test is easy to administer in a clinical setting and has been found to have good internal consistency, inter-observe

...siologic [[Stress and Health|stress]] or, in some cases, maybe the initial clinical presentation in patients with previously undiagnosed diabetes. Some of the #* Abdominal pain

== Clinical Presentation == ...th HSP <ref name=":3">Harding AE. Hereditary "pure" spastic paraplegia: a clinical and genetic study of 22 families. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psych

...each with different epidemiologies, etiologies, immunophenotypic, genetic, clinical features, and response to therapy. It can be divided into two groups, 'indo ...B Saunders; 2003.</ref> have a wide range of histological appearances and clinical features at presentation, which can make diagnosis difficult<ref name=":0">

...n the patient’s gait.<ref>Passias.P, Cervical myelopathy (2015), chapter 4:clinical diagnosis of cervical myelopathy</ref> This evaluation has demonstrated its ...auma and the mode of onset are primordial to assessing the myelopathy into clinical categories.<ref name=":0" />

* Adult-onset [[focal dystonia]] syndromes are by far the most frequent presentations of this disease. In recent research on focal syndromes, the majority of pat ...’s cramp or musician’s dystonia. Cervical dystonia and dystonia-associated pain negatively affect employment status and productivity. The influence of neur

* [https://physio-pedia.com/Patellofemoral_Pain_Syndrome Patellofemoral pain] ...trings and calf problems were reported by male marathon runners, while hip pain problems were common among women<ref>Fredericson M, Misra AK. Epidemiology

[[File:Fibromyalgia Pain Chart.JPG|right|frameless]] ...source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal chronic pain], stiffness, and tenderness of [[Muscle|muscles]], [[Tendon Anatomy|tendons

...merican Academy of Neurology recommend the clinicians discuss the clinical presentations of the PwP at least once yearly with a physiotherapist to consider when wou ...ing extra attention to their gait hence it is challenging to assess FOG in clinical situations.

== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation/Examination == ...r, headache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, jaundice, red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rash. The second stage presents with more severe symptoms su

...patient’s challenges/dysfunctions and, from there, develop an appropriate clinical plan to achieve the best outcomes for a patient.<ref name=":0">van der Walt ...ression in Relation to Catastrophizing and Pain-Related Anxiety in Chronic Pain Patients.] PLoS One. 2015; 10(4): e0126351. </ref> negative expectations o

...clinical features such as decreased cervical range of movement, weakness, pain on palpation and the presence of trigger points to name a few. ...ut the need for a chair but use a chair for more effective, appropriate or pain-free ways of getting around.<ref>NHS England. (2014). Improving Wheelchair

...(CNS) disorders are responsible for >20% of deaths.<ref name=":0" /> Late clinical presentation, advanced immunosuppression and a high burden of infectious di .../content/clinmedicine/11/6/571.full.pdf Neurological complications in HIV. Clinical Medicine]. 2011 Dec;11(6):571.</ref>CNS conditions can result in long hospi

Sternum pain is pain or discomfort in the area of the chest that contains the sternum and the ca ...today [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320185 Causes of sternal pain] Available from:https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320185 (last acce

.../36199-Humanity--Inclusion-Clinical-Handbook-web_1.pdf Humanity--Inclusion-Clinical-Handbook.]</ref> ...g large surges in patient numbers, limited equipment, and complex clinical presentations. They also need to be aware of the impact of these factors when considering

== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation == *Fractures &amp; bone pain&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <ref name

...e worldwide impact of all diseases and risk factors included back and neck pain, osteoarthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders in the leading ten caus ...ists of painful musculoskeletal conditions such as osteoarthritis and back pain. Risk factors include physical inactivity, obesity and injury.

...he deep neck flexors has been shown through clinical trials to reduce neck pain and headache. This type of training has been shown to enhance the pattern o ...ability of isometric muscle endurance tests in subjects with postural neck pain]. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2008; 31(5): 348-

'''''Discussion:''''' This case analyzes the clinical presentation and course of inpatient rehabilitation in a young male with NM ...iteria for NMO are summarized in Table 1.⁵ The six listed core clinical characteristics involve 1 of 6 central nervous system regions: optic nerve,

...ndrome (CTS): The role of occupational factors. Best Practice and Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2011;25:31–42.</ref> == Clinical Presentation ==

..., a Stroke is defined as an accident to the brain with "rapidly developing clinical signs of focal or global disturbance to cerebral function, with symptoms la == Clinical Presentation ==

....nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7137406/pdf/13054_2020_Article_2851.pdf A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19]. Crit Care. 20 ...10.1093/ageing/afy169. Erratum in: Age Ageing. 2019 Jul 1;48(4):601.</ref>Clinical assessment should follow recommendations published by the International Wor

...sion) of the spinal nerves. Spinal stenosis can cause back pain and/or leg pain. Most often it occurs when you walk. Weakness of the legs may make you feel ...tinue to rise in the future, increasing the financial burden of lower back pain.

...skin forms on the weight-bearing surface and the deformed position causes pain and leaves the feet open to injury and infection. The person will not be ab Failure in the formation of the tibia. There is a spectrum of presentations from complete absence to a slightly short tibia. In this case there is only

==Impact on clinical practice== ...the course. These instances relate to re-evaluation of service delivery in clinical departments and/or individuals who have been motivated to try to makes chan

...Shukla D, Devi BI, Agrawal A. Outcome measures for traumatic brain injury. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery. 2011;113(6):435-41.</ref> ...g collected is both valid and accurate wit ha consistent recording of both clinical and research information. Despitethe increased use of validated outcome an

** <u>Physical activity</u>: pain increases to 8/10 with ~20 min of moderate activity, particularly when the ** <u>Cognitive activity</u>: pain level increases to 5/10 with ~30 min of activities such as reading, plannin

...</ref> Effective management of spinal cord injury is reliant upon accurate clinical examination and classification of the neurological injury combined with det ...back to the brain. <ref name=":2">Moore KL, Agur AM, Dalley AF. Essential Clinical Anatomy. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002 Mar.</ref><ref n

..." /><ref name=":4">Zarour AM, El-Menyar A, Al-Thani H, Scalea TM, Chiu WC. Presentations and outcomes in patients with traumatic diaphragmatic injury: a 15-year exp == Clinical Presentation ==

[[File:Pain stress brain.png|thumb]] ...g, pain-related anxiety, stress and learned helplessness can impact upon a pain experience and a patient's coping strategies. While this is unlikely to be

...ent. As such, it is important to bear in mind that those with poly-trauma, pain or post-operative medications may be unable to complete the assessment with ==== Pain ====

...to facilitate a muscle response, which uses a combination of coolness and pain sensation to produce the desired response. ...nd align the body. Proper positioning can be useful to minimize or prevent pain and stiffness that are commonly present post-impairment. It can also regain

== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation == Hamstring strain results in a sudden, minimal to severe pain in the posterior thigh. Also, a "popping" or tearing impression can be desc

== Clinical Presentation == ...with Mast Cell Activation Syndrome. Some of the variation in symptoms and clinical presentation are due to the different mediators that may be released by the

...-Aspects-of-Assessment-and-Management.pdf Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy: Clinical Aspects of Assessment and Management.] J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Jun; </ref> Pain is usually worse during or after activities such as running, lunging, squat

...Brief ICF Core Set can be used in '''assessing patients participating in a clinical study on osteoporosis'''. <ref>ICF Research Branch. ICF Core Set for Osteop |Sensation of pain

...ng programs in conjunction with hydrotherapy in order to limit fatigue and pain during treatment. Finally, aerobic recovery and function was addressed thro ...sensory, speech, and respiratory categories of symptoms<ref name=":0" />. Clinical tests focused on motor disability should encompass impairments in strength,

...g their [[Clinical Reasoning|clinical reasoning]] process when considering presentations involving the head and neck<ref>Rushton A, Carlesso L, Flynn T, Hing W, Ru ...ty regarding screening tools,<ref>Bolton PS, Stick PE, Lord RS. Failure of clinical tests to predict cerebral ischemia before neck manipulation. J Manipulative

== Clinical Signs and Symptoms == Joint pain: People with skeletal dysplasia may experience joint pain and stiffness, especially in the hips and knees.

...e Shoulder: Selected Disorders and Their Management with Physical Therapy. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 2007;22(4):171-82.</ref> ...eley BJ, McConnell JF. Comparison between shoulder computed tomography and clinical findings in 89 dogs presented for thoracic limb lameness. Vet Radiol Ultras

...common pathologies such as [[Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome|patella femoral pain syndrome (PFPS)]], [[Plantarfasciitis|plantar fasciitis]], and [[Iliotibial ...Gender differences in walking and running on level and inclined surfaces. Clinical Biomechanics 2008; 23: 1260-1268.</ref> This cluster of positions is common

...ay improve patient’s symptoms when suffering from thoracic and/or referred pain. * thoracic pain of lower cervical origin,

...pically affects the spine and the sacroilliac (SI) joints. Common clinical presentations of this disease can include: <ref name=":0">Zhu W., He X., Cheng K., Zhang * Inflammatory nature of [[Chronic Low Back Pain|chronic back pain]] which improves with exercise

Respiratory failure is a clinical condition that happens when the [[Respiratory Assessment|respiratory]] syst == Clinical Presentation ==

...or cruciate ligament reconstructions in Italy: a 15-year study. Journal of clinical medicine.] 2021 Feb 1;10(3):499.</ref>PCL injury alone accounts for approxi ...ak TG. Arthroscopic Transtibial PCL Reconstruction: Surgical Technique and Clinical Outcomes. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018;11(2):307-15.</ref> They occur l

...mentia</nowiki> (accessed 8 May 2021).</ref>. There are extensive clinical presentations and patient challenges of LBD, including fluctuating cognitive deficits, im == Clinical impression ==

...late pregnancy to 6 months postpartum, and relationship with lumbo-pelvic pain. Manual therapy. 2015 Feb 1;20(1):200-5.</ref> which studied 84 first-time ...itative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. 2021 Feb;11(2):706.</ref>. In the clinical practice, different measurement methods of IRD are applied.<ref>Michalska A

...-6.</ref>. The first symptoms noticed are typically numbness, tingling, or pain (alone or in combination) beginning in the feet and ascending proximally to * Bilateral numbness, tingling, or pain (alone or in combination) that begins in the hands and feet

...ficial or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctio ..., Van der Merwe J. The psychological impact of torture. British Journal of Pain. 2013 May;7(2):101-6.</ref> <ref>Ojha P. Survivors of Torture. InDiversity

.../Secondary-progressive-MS</nowiki> </ref>. Progression is measured through clinical evaluation of the patient’s status and outcome measures, at least once a ...o walk with single-point cane for at least 30 minutes without experiencing pain or fatigue.

...gement-of-displaced-persons-with-pain-course/ Assessment and Management of Pain for Displaced Persons] # [https://members.physio-pedia.com/pain-assessment-and-management-for-displaced-persons-webinar-course/ Trauma Info

...nt to that of some well-known, very severe medical conditions.<ref>Wichita clinical study [Internet]. Me-pedia.org. [cited 2020m Oct 24]. Available from: https ...ng controversy of whether the symptoms are even representative of a unique clinical disease or possibly several overlapping illnesses. Originally considered to

...nical-case-studies-of-lower-limb-rehabilitation-techniques-webinar-course/ Clinical Case Studies of the Lower Limb] ...nical-case-studies-of-upper-limb-rehabilitation-techniques-webinar-course/ Clinical Case Studies of the Upper Limb]

...will help students gain a comprehensive understanding of typical clinical presentations, physiotherapy assessments, interventions, interdisciplinary management, an ...toms over the duration of the disease. <ref name=":3">Ghosh R, Tabrizi SJ. Clinical Features of Huntington’s Disease. Polyglutamine Disorders. 2018;1049:1–

...hyper- or hypo-sensitive to sound, taste, touch, smells, lights, colours, pain or temperature. This can cause anxiety or on the other hand they may be fas ...ea that is quiet to avoid distractions. This applies to both community and clinical settings. If your location can be difficult to find, offer to meet them at

...increased sedentary lifestyle has been shown to predispose individuals to pain, disabling conditions, and musculoskeletal complaints. In the workplace, th ...njunction with themselves or their environment.<ref>National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Behaviour change: the principles for effective interventions. L

...sion over the next five years. Common conditions highlighted were low back pain, neurological conditions, and hearing loss. This forum highlighted just how ...s://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.7453/gahmj.2015.048 Preventing Chronic Pain: A Human Systems Approach - Results from a Massive Open Online Course]. Glo

== Clinical Syndromes == The World Health Organisation outlines the following Clinical Syndromes associated with COVID-19: <ref name=":1" />

* 1025 clinical placement hours ...tting. Physiotherapists can be involved in any overlap of settings such as clinical, teaching and training, emergency relief from disasters, disease outbreaks

...t Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study of Clinical Profile and Co-morbidity]. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2023; ...ng in Children with ADHD: An Investigation of the Role of Impairment, ADHD Presentations, and Psychiatric Comorbidity. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2017; 21(9):