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...nical Practice Guidelines|neck]], [[Lumbar Anatomy|back,]] or [[shoulder]] pain.<ref>Ghan GM, Babu VS. Immediate effect of cervico-thoracic mobilization on ...be defined as a form of manual therapy that is used in an effort to reduce pain and improve range of motion<ref>Di Fabio RP . Efficacy of manual therapy. P

The deep neck flexors (or prevertebral [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical muscles]]) are the equivalent of the [[Core Muscles|core]] for the ...hey prevertebral layer of the cervical [[fascia]], encloses [[Spinal cord anatomy|vertebral]] column, longus colli and longus capitis muscles.<ref name=":0"

# Intermediate: attached to the posterior [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]] ...:0">Modes RJ, Fahrioglu SL. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539746/ Anatomy, Back]. StatPearls [Internet]. 2021 Mar 27. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.

...teal-muscles Gluteal Muscles] Available: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteal-muscles<nowiki/>(accessed 11.1.2022)</ref>. Image 1: Rotating image of the anatomy of muscles of the gluteal region. The Maximus (yellow), medius (blue) and m

...(SOR) on craniovertebral angle, cervical range of motion and chronic neck pain in medical students with upper cross syndrome at the end of 6 weeks: A comp == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...r positioning in testing and strengthening the supraspinatus. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1996 Jun 1;28(6):661-4.</ref> ==Relevant anatomy==

[[File:Back pain image.jpg|right]] ...t, depression, anxiety, pain-related disability and pain intensity]. Eur J Pain [Internet]. 2022 June 12 [cited 2023 May 22]. 26:1611–1635</ref>.

.../articles/PMC3445210/ Influence of the hip on patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review]. Sports health. 2011 Sep;3(5):455-65.Availab ...al Knee-Based Strengthening More Effective in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?] A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of S

...tive surgery. 2005 May 1;115(6):1752-8.</ref><ref name=":2">Yu M, Wang SM. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Occipital Nerves. [Updated 2022 Oct 31]. In: StatPearls [In ...SR. Neuralgias of the head: occipital neuralgia. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2016 Apr 1;31(4):479-88.</ref>]]

...cles]].<ref name=":0">Moore KL. Dalley AF. Agur AMR. Clinically Orientated Anatomy. 7^th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014. ...Capitis Muscle Syndrome Available: https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/pain/maxillofacial/splenius-capitis-muscle-syndrome (accessed 3.2.2022)</ref>

...:0">Keith, L., Arthur, F. and Anne, M. (n.d.). ''Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy''. 7th ed.</ref> ...n green) - lateral view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/levator-scapulae-muscle </ref>

Image: Four [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] lobes:frontal lobe(red); parietal lobe(orange); temporal lobe(green *[[File:Basal ganglia anatomy.jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]]The cerebrum is the largest part of the brai

...ly throughout the [[lumbar]], [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] regions. It lies in the groove to the side of the vertebral colu ...r Musculature Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/lumbar-musculature-anatomy-and-function/ (accessed 5.3.2022)</ref>

...a review of mechanisms and clinical presentation.] Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2019;27.</ref> == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...st’. It is found that up to 32-73% of youth athletes are affected by wrist pain from overuse injuries<ref name=":1" />, and 15% of which involves the grow == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...nd femoral nerves.<ref name=":1">Farrell C, Shamrock AG, Black AC, Kiel J. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Medial Meniscus. InStatPearls [Internet] 2023 == Anatomy and Attachment ==

...S">Travell JG, Simons DG, Simons LS (1998). Travell and Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual, Volume 1: Upper Half of Body (2n ...Jan 1;117(1):24-31.</ref><ref>Agur AMR, Dalley AF (2012). Grant's Atlas of Anatomy (13th ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref>

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == .../pii/S1058274607005009</nowiki></ref>[[File:Quad space.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Anatomy of the Quadrilateral Space ]]

...t was originated in ''Vedic'' time and is used as a modality in Ayurveda (Science of Life), the comprehensive, natural health care system.<ref name=":0">Shar == How is the human body viewed in Vedic Science? ==

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...ernal intercostals in their function<ref>https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/intercostal-muscles</ref>.

...abductors. Hip abduction strengthening exercises help to prevent and treat pain in the hips and knees<ref>Healthline The Benefits and Effectiveness of Hip ...post-menopausal women with greater trochanteric pain syndrome]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2017 Jan 1;20:e72.Available: https://www.researchgat

The [[hip]] hinge is a movement where the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]] and [[pelvis]] stay in a relatively ...o [[Lifting|lift]] from the ground while dealing with [[Low Back Pain|back pain.]]

...symptoms that often present together without identifying the cause of the pain and dysfunction, as is the case with other syndromes such as chronic fatigu == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...iling facts for contemporary management of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain]. Br J Sports Med. 2022 Nov;56(22):1262-5. </ref> * [[Pelvic Floor Anatomy|Pelvic Floor]]

== Anatomy == ...study of the proximal origin of hamstring muscles]. Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 2012 Sep 1;17(5):614-8.</ref>

...s of the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] or the central canal of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. They account for ~5% of all neuroepithelial neoplasms, ~10% ==Clinically Relevant Anatomy==

== Anatomy of Cycle == ...se injury in cycling. It is also known as cyclist's knee or patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS).

...me=":1">Gowda SN, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556078 Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Levator Ani Muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Mar == Anatomy ==

[[File:Pain experience.png|thumb|Pain experience]] ...related to sensitivity of peripheral pain receptors and variability in CNS pain processing. Reasons for this include:

...o not leave the pelvic cavity.<ref>Drake RL. Vogl AW. Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 20 # Cancers can invade the sacral plexus causing pain radiating pain syndromes similar to sciatic nerve lesions.<ref>Grisold W. Grisold A. Loche

...n) - anterolateral view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/transversus-abdominis-muscle</ref> ...t of the Transversus Abdominis in the Prevention and Treatment of Low Back Pain.] HSS Journal®. 2019 Oct 1;15(3):214-20.</ref>

...communis ).<ref>A.J. Larner; A Dictionary of Neurological Signs; Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 12-Nov-2010; page 369</ref> == Anatomy ==

# It is often prescribed for patients with back pain , and increases the activities of trunk stabilization muscles such as the [ ...bridging / pelvic bridging reveals the movement comprises of&nbsp;: [[Hip Anatomy|Hip]] Extension; [[Lumbar]] extension; and Posterior [[Pelvic Tilt|Pelvic t

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...scos, Diego F. Lemos, and Leonard E. Swischuk. Comprehensive Review of the Anatomy, Function, and Imaging of the Popliteus and Associated Pathologic Condition

...":1">Jeno SH, Schindler GS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534842/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh adductor magnus muscles.]Available: http == Anatomy ==

...e on thoracic shape and respiratory function]. Journal of physical therapy science. 2019;31(1):63-8. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=li ...d compressive forces through the neck joints and increased muscle tension, pain is the common outcome. Some of the types of problems associated with FHP ar

...of sports medicine and science. TD Fahey (Ed). Internet society for sports science: <nowiki>http://sportsci</nowiki>. org. 7th March. 1998 Mar.</ref> and stra == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...of this test, some studies have indicated a positive result as denoted by pain, some by weakness, and some by both<ref name=":0">Sgroi M, Loitsch T, Reich ...) activity compared with the [[Empty Can Test]], but that it provoked less pain. Their findings showed no significant difference in supraspinatus muscle ac

...vel to the scalp and the superior nuchal line<ref name=":0">Yu M, Wang SM. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Occipital Nerves. [Updated 2021 Nov 5]. In: StatPearls [Int ...tal neuralgia is a type of headache characterized by a paroxysmal stabbing pain in the posterior area of the scalp.

...avi SL, Wright AA, Hegedus EJ, Bleakley CM. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987717304243 Biotensegrity and myofascial chains: A global ...e body to move as a unit.  They can, however, also cause [[Myofascial Pain|pain]] and structural weakness.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, by understanding myofasci

...n, a Comprehensive Review: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019 Mar 11;23(3):23. doi: 10.1007/s11916-019-0757-1. PMID: 3 ...efinitions and physiology of back pain, referred pain, and radicular pain. PAIN 147 (2009) 17–19</ref>

...n accumulation of these ions—acidosis—causing exhaustion and intramuscular pain<ref>The fee dictionary [https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/la ...he body of elite endurance athletes Available: https://theconversation.com/science-of-champion-runners-inside-the-body-of-elite-endurance-athletes-146639<nowi

Sexual desire/interest, arousal, orgasm, and sexual pain are the four main categories of sexual dysfunction. ...ue)<ref>Hatzimouratidis K, Hatzichristou D. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743609515314892 Sexual dysfunctions: classifications and defi

...=":0">Flynn W, Vickerton P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551649/ Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Abdominal Wall.] Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go ...al wall (anterior view) image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/anterior-abdominal-wall</ref>

...0">Bonnel FT, Toullec E, Mabit C, Tourné Y. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877056810000794?via%3Dihub Chronic ankle instability: biomech ...an anterior talofibular ligament in relation to ankle sprains.] Journal of anatomy. 2002 May;200(5):457-65.</ref>

* It is a channel for the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] transmitting stimuli (sensory) from the head and body to the ...nd reflexes, letting you respond appropriately to situations like that<ref>Science trends The function of the midbrain Available from:https://sciencetrends.co

== Description<ref>Palastanga N & Soames R ''Anatomy and Human Movement, Structure and Function.'' 6th ed. China: Elsevier(Chur ...eroneal nerve (L4,5,S1,2)<ref name=":0">Ellis H ''Clinical Anatomy,Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors.'' 11th ed. Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell

...S, Cook J. [https://www.bodyinmind.org/wp-content/uploads/Rio2013.pdf The pain of tendinopathy: physiological or pathophysiological?]. Sports medicine. 20 ...TB, Pizzari T, Kinsella R, Hope D, Cook JL. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521694219300233?casa_token=y5irK5QLRAgAAAAA:C8IDouQjejbc5zvP6

...sitis]] (inflammation of a bursa) is one of the leading causes of shoulder pain. It can lead to lost workdays and, in some cases, even disability. ...erity, but may include swelling, excessive warmth at the site, tenderness, pain and/or fever.

...on, which would not seem appropriate for all patient suffering from tendon pain. So this has led to further research and theories.&nbsp;<ref name="(Maufful ...thy’. Cook and Purdum have proposed a new strategy when approaching tendon pain, and this is called the tendon continuum. They propose there are 3 stages t

...ion to approximate the teeth<ref name=":0">Basit H, Tariq MA, Siccardi MA. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Mastication Muscles. StatPearls [Internet], 2020. Available ...muscles of mastication image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-muscles-of-mastication</ref>

...y innervated fat pad beneath it, stimulating mechanoreceptors that lead to pain perception.<ref name=":0" /> Females are twice as likely to develop ITBS th ...t in compression forces that exceed tissue tolerance and progress into the pain associated with iliotibial band syndrome.

...e plank exercises on core muscle activity. Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science. 2016;5(1):29-33.</ref> ...h Isometric Contraction of Ankle Muscles in Subjects With Chronic Low Back Pain. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.May 2019. 1064-8011

...uated on the medial side.<ref name="lap">Laprade, R. F., et al., 2007. The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery [online]. ...l ligament of the knee and its significance in joint stability. Journal of Anatomy and Embryology [online]. 121(2), pp. 198-204. [viewed 12 September 2016]. A

...cbi.nlm.nih.gov/16244008/ Sacroiliac joint pain: a comprehensive review of anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005 Nov 1;101(5):1440- ...c joint: anatomy, function, biomechanics, sexual dimorphism, and causes of pain]. International journal of spine surgery. 2020 Feb 1;14(s1):S3-13.</ref>

...needs assistance with movement from an external force because of weakness, pain, or changes in muscle tone ...t 2009 Jan 1 (pp. 538-577). Mosby. Available:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323046794100280 (accessed 25.10.2021)</ref> Usually perfor

...for the Study of Pain. IASP Terminology. Available from: https://www.iasp-pain.org/Education/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1698. [Accessed 19 July 2020]</ref><b Pain is always '''subjective''' and everyone learns the use of this word through

== Cyclist's Knee - Relevant Anatomy == ...reer. A systematic review and various studies report the incidence of knee pain ranging from 36% to 62%<ref name=":2">Bini R, Hume PA, Croft JL. [https://w

[[File:BrainstemAnatomy.png|thumb|400x400px|Brainstem Anatomy]] ...pinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]].<ref>''[https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-brainstem Brainstem]''. Kenhub. </ref>

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == Please see the page "[[Pelvic Floor Anatomy]]," for further details regarding anatomy.

...effect on another.<ref name=":0">Howell, D, Gait Deviation Associated with Pain Syndromes in the Lower Leg and Foot. Gait Analysis. Plus. 2022</ref> == Anatomy Review ==

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]] * Symptoms of spinal instability may include neck or back pain, nerve pain and muscle spasms<ref name=":2">Beazell, J. R., Mullins, M., & Grindstaff,

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...houlder distally down the arm or proximally into the neck. The duration of pain is almost always self-limiting, lasting 1 to 2 weeks but on rare occasions

== Back Pain in AIS == ...le, H., Poitras, B., Duhaime, M., Rivard, C. and Le Blanc, R. Dorso-lumbal pain and idiopathic scoliosis in adolescence. ''Annales de Chirurgie''. 1996;50

Cuboid syndrome is an easily misdiagnosed source of lateral midfoot pain, and is believed to arise from a subtle disruption of the arthrokinematics == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...me=":2">Wang CS, Sakai M, Khurram A, Lee K. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468548821000370#fig2 Facial nerve palsy in children: a case s == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

The [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]] is a synovial joint with articulation between the femoral head ...rticles/PMC2717375/pdf/11999_2009_Article_927.pdf The Classic: On Rest and Pain: Lecture XIV.] Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Sep;467(9):2208-14. </ref>A join

...ebra.<ref>Miyuki Hirai P, Thomson O P, 2016 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1360859216301000 T4 syndrome – A distinct theoretical co ....com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031940605660774 The T4 Syndrome: Some Basic Science Aspects], Physiotherapy, 1997, Volume 83, Issue 4, P:186-189,</ref>&nbsp;

...go sustained amounts of pressure and compression which can cause numbness, pain and weakness eg [[cyclist's palsy]], [[Cyclist's Neck|cyclist's neck]]<ref> == Anatomy of Cycling ==

...c joint: anatomy, function, biomechanics, sexual dimorphism, and causes of pain.] International journal of spine surgery. 2020 Feb 1;14(s1):S3-13.</ref> ...s provide resistance to shear loads.<ref name=":1">Zlomislic V, Garfin SR. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Sacroiliac Joint. Techniques in Orthopaedics. 2019

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiolog ...horacic spine anatomy] Available from:https://eorthopod.com/thoracic-spine-anatomy/ (last accessed 12.4.2020)</ref>

...nd types of pointe shoes. Examples include:<ref name=":3">Green-Smerdon M. Anatomy of the Pointe Shoe Course. Plus. 2022.</ref> [[File:Anatomy of a Pointe Shoe.jpg|frameless|406x406px|alt=|right]]The main parts of a po

...to the reduction of subjective somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, and pain, but it can result in objective clinical improvement too. The nocebo respon ...ertain stimulus, the patient is more likely to describe similar amounts of pain when they experience the same stimulus. Because they observed the other per

...ew will provide clues to causative factors of the patient's patellofemoral pain. ...rogramme. Muscle Length Assessment and Treatment Related to Patellofemoral Pain. Physioplus. 2022.</ref>

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == • Arm pain worse than neck pain

...e=":1">Gold M, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470555/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Hip Joint]. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nl ...earing occur, and is thinner posteroinferiorly.<ref>Glenister R, Sharma S. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, hip. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52

...w, read this page: [[Shoe Analysis - Basic Anatomy of a Running Shoe|Basic Anatomy of a Running Shoe]] ...arts of the shoe - [[Shoe Analysis - Basic Anatomy of a Running Shoe|Basic Anatomy of a Running Shoe]]

* Both situations can give rise to knee pain. == Knee Anatomy ==

...horough assessment in order to identify pain or loss of function caused by pain, injury, disorders or disability.[[File:Gallop.jpg|thumb]] <ref name=":1" / * Good understanding of the anatomy, functional anatomy, and biomechanics of the horse

...ted behavioural approach for the targeted management of disabling low back pain. Physical therapy. 2018 May 1;98(5):408-23.</ref></blockquote>This page dis ...e from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/the-science-of-sleep-understanding-what-happens-when-you-sleep (accessed 17/01/2022).</

...lysis|synovial fluid]]. It appears for example at a junction of a [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]] on the [[bone]]. The iliopsoas bursa separates the muscle or tendo ...f> The iliopsoas bursitis is one of the causes related to anterior [[hip]] pain.

...1994. (level of evidence 1A)</ref>. However the usual presentation is back pain (over 90% of patients) and possibly fever (under 20% of patients). Patients *Pain on heelstrike, impactation and percussion

...bmj.com/content/36/4/239.long Achilles tendinopathy: some aspects of basic science and clinical management]. (Review). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 200 ...ng JHC, Guo Q, Li B. [https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.lib.uwaterloo.ca/science/article/pii/S089411301100086X?via%3Dihub Tendon Biomechanics and Mechanobio

...ics is a '''science-based discipline'''. It brings together knowledge from anatomy and physiology, psychology, engineering and statistics and ensures that the ...earn/neck-pain/ neck] and [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Low_Back_Pain back pain], and [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Carpal_Tunnel_Syndrome carpal tunnel sy

...35px|<ref>https://greenbayacupuncture.co/2017/05/17/metatarsalgia-forefoot-pain/</ref>|right|frameless]] ...angeal joints. This is often seen in clinical practice, the deformity and pain can deteriorate gait function and decrease quality of life<ref name=":5">Pa

...back pain.<ref name=":0">Will JS, Bury DC, Miller JA. Mechanical low back pain. American family physician. 2018 Oct 1;98(7):421-8.</ref> ...o T. What is the source of chronic low back pain and does age play a role? Pain medicine. 2011 Feb 1;12(2):224-33.</ref>

...ncurred, compensation can occur further up the kinetic chain, resulting in pain and injury. == The “Ideal” Anatomy for a Ballet Foot ==

...ique]] (VMO) of the [[Quadriceps Muscle|quadriceps]] led to patellofemoral pain. However, early research often used fixed cadavers rather than live subject ...up and down the kinetic chain for a more holistic cause of patellofemoral pain.

...450px]]Lung [[Oncology|cancer]] refers to tumors originating in the [[Lung Anatomy|lung]] parenchyma or within bronchi. It is: * Peripheral lesions may result in pleuritic chest pain.

* [[Hallux Valgus#Clinically Relevant Anatomy|Clinically Relevant Anatomy]] * pain management

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == Involved anatomy of this disorder includes the [[Elbow|radial head]] or the central and/or l

...www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/5/1275/pdf Associated risk factors with low back pain in white-collar workers—A cross-sectional study]. Journal of Clinical Med ...1186/s12891-019-2826-3 Psychosocial areas of worklife and chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.] BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(

...lekseeva, A. ''et al.'' The fifth cranial nerve in headaches. ''J Headache Pain'' 21, 65 (2020).</ref> ...rigeminal tract convey impulses concerned with thermal, tactile sense, and pain from the face, forehead, and mucous membranes of the nose and mouth<ref nam

...single leg standing tests for clinical assessment of chronic plantar heel pain syndrome: static stance, half-squat and heel rise]. Physiotherapy. 2017 Jun ...ols for PHPS <ref name=":0">Bernice Saban 2021. Assessment of Plantar Heel Pain - A Literature Review. Plus Course. 2021</ref>

...nts with a 7/9 score on the [[Beighton score|Beighton Scale]]<ref>Alter M. Science of Flexibility. Sheridan books 2004 (third edition); page 89</ref> which sh Ms E's main complaint is pain on the top of both feet when going up onto pointe, doing a rollover and in

...ly impact the [[Quality of Life|quality of life (QOL)]] by increasing back pain and the risk of [[falls]].<ref name=":5">Conder R, Zamani R, Akrami M. [htt ...Importance of Therapeutic Exercise]:... [Internet]. ResearchGate. Bentham Science Publishers; 2015 [cited 2022 Jan 23].</ref><ref name=":18">Forczek W, Ivane

== Basic Anatomy of a Tendon == ...ture of the tendon connective tissue. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 2000; 10: 312-320.</ref><ref name="Wagett et al 2006" />

...anatomy, biomechanics and physiology of the TMJ are discussed in detail [[Anatomy of the Temperomandibular Joint|here]] and [[Physiology and Biomechanics of == Causes of Facial Pain ==

...l neuralgia or tailbone pain, is the term used to describe the symptoms of pain that occur in the region of the coccyx.<ref name=":0">Patel R, Appannagari ...iduals, management can be difficult due to the complex nature of coccygeal pain.<ref name=":3" />

...technique with therapeutic intent..."<ref name="Lederman">Lederman E. The Science and Practice of Manual therapy. 2nd ed. Elsevier: London. (2005)</ref>. </b *'''Injuring Movement - '''Making the pain/symptoms 'come on' by moving the joint in a particular direction during the

...ld mobile device, which can lead to headaches, neck pain, shoulder and arm pain, breathing compromise.<ref>The Text Neck Institute. [https://www.text-neck. ...uloskeletal symptoms and university students]. Journal of physical therapy science. 2015;27(3):575-9.</ref>

[[File:Tibia - frontal view.png|thumb|Pain generally in the inner and lower 2/3rds of tibia.|alt=|240x240px]] ...drome-1<nowiki/>(accessed 2.6.2022)</ref>. It presents as exercise-induced pain over the anterior [[tibia]] and is an early stress injury in the continuum

...n of the Infrapatellar Fat Pad (IFP) is a common source of [[Anterior Knee Pain]]; also called Hoffa's disease, fat pad syndrome or hoffitis. Fat pad syndr == Anatomy/Biomechanics==

* Does pain / lameness improve when the horse has warmed up or does it get worse throug ...forelimb. Specific forelimb injuries and their management are discussed [[Anatomy and Common Injuries of the Equine Forelimb|here]].

...osture, movement patterns, and body awareness in women with chronic pelvic pain. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2006 Nov 1;61(5):637-44.</ref> [[fibrom == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...ak and influencing your [[Immune System|immune system]]<ref name=":2">Live science [https://www.livescience.com/vagus-nerve.html Vagus nerve] Available from:h ...the digestive tract (stomach and intestines), [[Lung Anatomy|lungs]] and [[Anatomy of the Human Heart|heart]], [[Ruptured Spleen|spleen]], [[Liver Disease|liv

...f=true Magnetic resonance imaging in orthopedic sports medicine.] Springer Science & Business Media; 2008 Oct 6. Accessed on 31.10.20 Flexor tendon pulley system maintains flexor [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s close to joint’s axis of motion and prevents bowstring

...slow at adaptation to training [[Load Management|load]], such as [[Tendon Anatomy|tendons]] and [[Ligament|ligaments]], are mainly at risk of injury.<ref>Wal ...the threshold that the tissue can handle and this causes [[Pain Behaviours|pain]] and dysfunction.<ref name=":0" />

* This may lead to an impairment (such as pain or loss of range of motion) and because of that there is a functional limit === Anatomy and Biomechanics ===

...omy content on Physiopedia has increased and this project is now closed. [[Anatomy Project|Go to the project page...]] to read more. ...Neuromotor Function II" course in the first year of the two year Master of Science in Physical Therapy (MScPT) program at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontari

...ed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. * Chronic [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]] often results from facet joint disease, with a prevalence of 15 to 41%<re

== Chronic Pain Explained == [[File:Back pain image.jpg|right|frameless]]

| {{#ev:youtube|aqifMmasQiM|300}}<ref>OrthoMed Pain &amp; Sports Medicine. Flexion Contracture KNEE. Available from: http://www === Anatomy ===

* [[Anatomy of the Human Heart|Heart]], sympathetic activation causes an increased hear .../sympathetic-nervous-system SNS] Available from:https://www.britannica.com/science/sympathetic-nervous-system (accessed 7.2.2021)</ref>.

...e. This procedure is performed to decompress the spinal canal. As medical science advances, there are several techniques to accomplish spinal decompression, ...osterior musculature, decreased intraoperative bleeding, and postoperative pain.<ref>Mobbs RJ, Li J, Sivabalan P, Raley D, Rao PJ. Outcomes after decompres

...lectrical stimulation with the specific intention of providing symptomatic pain relief. If you do a literature search on the term TENS, do not be surprised ...e are two primary pain relief mechanisms which can be activated&nbsp;: the Pain Gate Mechanism and the Endogenous Opioid System, the variation in stimulati

...e of pain in 15% to 30% of people with mechanical [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]]. ...s is specific to an inflammatory processes present in the SI joint and the pain sensed is a direct result of those inflammatory processes, whereas sacroil

...icient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain: a motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine. 1996 Nov 15;21 ...hnique on stature change in seated sedentary workers with chronic low back pain. Ergonomics. 2021 Jan 2;64(1):55-68.</ref>

...particularly in the athletic population, and even anterior thigh and knee pain<ref name=":2">Kuchera W, Kuchera ML. Diagnosis and manipulative treatment: ...iew Iliopsoas tendinitis] [Internet]. Background, epidemiology, functional anatomy. Medscape; 2019 [cited 2020Sep24]. Available from: <nowiki>https://emedicin

...l well-being, taking into account variations in health status.&nbsp; It is science-based, committed to extending, applying, evaluating and reviewing the evide ...listic approach to the prevention, diagnosis and therapeutic management of pain, disorders of movement or optimisation of function to enhance the health an

...l R, Weeks A. Pelvic girdle pain and low back pain in pregnancy: a review. Pain Practice. 2010 Jan;10(1):60-71.</ref> ...f its anatomy, function and potential clinical implications]. ''Journal of anatomy'', ''221''(6), pp.537-567.</ref>

...patients with CGH are also highly likely to have myofascial trigger point pain from overactivity in their anterior neck muscles (including sternocleidomas ...avicle and expansion of the thoracic cavity.<ref>Physiopedia. [[Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Spine]].</ref>

...eber SA. The normal width of the linea alba in nulliparous women. Clinical anatomy. 2009 Sep;22(6):706-11</ref> which can be measured at 1 or more regions alo ...late pregnancy to 6 months postpartum, and relationship with lumbo-pelvic pain. Manual therapy. 2015 Feb 1;20(1):200-5.</ref>.

== Relevant Anatomy == ...N. (2020). ''General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System'' (THIEME Atlas of Anatomy)</ref>.

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...its' counterparts<ref name="Gray's">Drake, R. Vogl, A. Mitchell, A. Gray's Anatomy for Students. 2nd ed. 2010: 609. Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier: Philadelp

...nge of straight leg raise (SLR) in subjects with LBP and/or referred thigh pain (Mulligan, 1999) <ref>Mulligan BR. Other spinal therapies. In: Manual thera *Low Back Pain with limited SLR or Painful SLR

* neck pain * shoulder complex pain

[[Image:Lower-back-pain.jpg|right|200px]] ...bi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363318 Urinary incontinence in women with low back pain.] Manual Therapy. June 2008;13(3):206-212.

...]][[Ergonomics]], often referred to as "Human Factors" ergonomics, is the science of applying physical and psychological principles within an environment to Physical Ergonomics places a greater emphasis on the human anatomy, physiology, and biomechanical factors influencing movement patterns and po

...ith patients post-mechanical ventilation or in individuals with lower back pain, gait or balance dysfunction, as the diaphragm has an important role in mai ...of the box.<ref name=":4">Johnson J. Functional Rehabilitation of Low Back Pain With Core Stabilization Exercises: Suggestions for Exercises and Progressio

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...sephson SA. Aminoff's Neurology and General Medicine.6th Edition. Elsevier Science & Technology. 2021.</ref>. Meningitis occurs through two routes of inoculat

...h in their turn create many effects in other organs, including the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. ...y a decrease in the outflow of motor impulses to the muscles.<ref>Coaching science abstracts reviews articles concerned with types of exercise fatigue and the

...“lock jaw”, is a medical condition in which the normal motion of the [[TMJ Anatomy|mandible (jaw)]] is reduced as a result of sustained, tetanic spasm of the == Relevant Anatomy/Pathological Process ==

...oot.2001.0698 Risk factors associated with the development of plantar heel pain in athletes]. The foot. 2001 Sep 1;11(3):119-25. ...neal spurs and plantar fascial thickening in individuals with plantar heel pain]. Rheumatology. 2019 Feb 1;58(2):237-45.

...nting and flexing) of the foot results in inflammation of the FHL [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]].<ref name=":5">Rowley KM, Jarvis DN, Kurihara T, Chang YJ, Fietzer ...d Derrière with Demi-Plié to Piqué Arabesque]. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science. 2019 Dec 15;23(4):150-8.</ref> This movement of action produces a force th

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...e knee joint.</span></span><ref name=":0">Palastanga N, Field D, Soames R. Anatomy and human movement: structure and function. 5th Ed.Edinurgh: Elsevier,2006.

...igament injured knee: A practical guide to management.] New York: Springer Science, 2004.</ref> == Clinically relevant anatomy ==

...ptomatic and functional effects of manual physical therapy on plantar heel pain: a systematic review]. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2017 Jan 1 ...in the “new protocol” for [[Introduction to Plantar Heel Pain|plantar heel pain syndrome]] (PHPS) refers to [[Deep Friction Massage]] therapy, which is bas

...gnise and manage the symptoms that occur with dysfunctional breathing. The science of breathing can essentially be broken down into three subcategories: === Brief Anatomy Review ===

* Patients with TFCC injury will present with ulnar-sided wrist pain that may present with clicking or point tenderness between the [[pisiform]] == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...and pelvic pain. Certain integrative strategies can be used to help manage pain and fear in these individuals, including mindfulness, mindful movements, br == Conceptualising Pain ==

...Miller |Chelsea Miller]] as part of the [[University of Oklahoma Exercise Science Project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}} ...the amount of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) released in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] during exercise<ref name="Zheng">Zheng X, Takatsu S, Wang H, Hasega

...ased oxygen supply to the [[Anatomy of the Human Heart|heart]] and [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. It is a medical emergency and should be referred to the emergency ...ev:youtube|uQp9iwVzN5Q|300}}<ref>How Much Force to Rupture a Spleen: Sport Science. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQp9iwVzN5Q [last accessed

The [[Thoracic Anatomy|Thoracic Spine]] has a complex and often overlooked role within the body. I ...rving and assessing client be aware of the common causes of thoracic spine pain, so you can screen for them, beginning the elimination process towards diag

...ro-Flores, E. and Romero-Morales, C., 2022. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011502921001905 Current understanding of the diagnosis and ma ...tudy by Rio et al.<ref name=":3" /> found that isometric exercises reduced pain in patellar tendinopathy. While this has promising applications for clinica

...ink (i.e. [[Muscle|muscles]], [[fascia]], [[Ligament|ligaments]], [[Tendon Anatomy|tendons]] etc). "A joint doesn’t have to just influence a joint and a mus ...sio-pedia.com/Patellofemoral_Pain_Syndrome#Exercise_Therapy Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome]<br>

...ports Exerc. 2016 Oct 1;48(10):1976-84</ref> found that [[Calf Strain|calf pain]] increased significantly in trail runners who wore a minimalist shoe compa ...ty in the lower extremities by running with different shoes]. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2002 Sep 10;34(9):1529-32</ref>

Symptoms of cervical spondylosis manifest as neck pain and neck stiffness and can be accompanied by radicular symptoms when there ...widespread condition, and the second most common complaint after low back pain. This condition is associated with a significant burden of disease with sub

== Anatomy of the Forelimb == An understanding of equine anatomy is essential in veterinary practice to ensure that an accurate diagnosis is

Myalgia is generally known as a muscle ache or muscle pain. ...r or disease but rather a symptom of an existing underlying condition. The pain in the muscle can last a few days or longer.

...101535.</ref>. Spondylolysis is a common cause of [[Low Back Pain|low back pain.]] == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...metric study of the arcade of Frohse in cadavers]. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 2005 Aug 1;27(3):171-5.</ref> The posterior interosseous nerve continues i

...ial band syndrome (ITBS) now known as Iliotibial Band Pain or lateral knee pain<ref>Bonoan, M., Morales, M., Liu, X.W. ''et al.'' Iliotibial Band Syndrome ...ref name="p2">Michael D. Clinical Testing for Extra-Articular Lateral Knee Pain: A Modification and Combination of Traditional Tests. North American Journa

*[[Pain Assessment|Pain.]] ...Ozden Gokcek and Esra Dogru Huzmeli. Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Health Science Faculty, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department,Hatay, Turkey</ref>

[[File:Neck Pain Diagram.png|alt=|thumb|Pain in the neck.]] ...ishing. Available from:https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/7-faces-of-neck-pain [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref>

Plantar fasciitis (Currently better referred to as [[Plantar Heel Pain]]) is the result of collagen degeneration of the plantar fascia at the orig ...n the normal [[Biomechanics of Foot and Ankle|biomechanics]] of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]].

...20. Available from: https://www.groovimovements.co.za/greater-trochanteric-pain-syndrome-recommended-exercises-progressions/</ref>. ...cently in the research compared to other structures that can cause gluteal pain such as [[Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome|Sacroiliac Joint]] and the [https://phy

...deviations on trunk and hip muscle activity]. Journal of physical therapy science. 2017;29(7):1212-5. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ki

...ane.org/CD012004/BACK_motor-control-exercise-chronic-non-specific-low-back-pain (accessed 3.1.2022)</ref>. ...CE) in patients with [[Chronic Low Back Pain|chronic non-specific low back pain]] concluded:

=== Diagnostic Injections to Evaluate Sacroiliac Joint Pain === ...suggests that there are other extra-articular sources of sacroiliac region pain.<ref name=":1" />

Postural control is a term used to describe the way our [[Brain Anatomy|central nervous system]] (CNS) regulates sensory information from other sys ...ref name=":2">Mancini M, Nutt JG, Horak FB. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128138748000015 How is balance controlled by the nervous s

...costs<ref>Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S. A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally. The spine ...outer LM. Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common int

...ere is evidence suggesting a relationship between respiration and low back pain (LBP). ...athing patterns during lumbopelvic motor control tests in chronic low back pain: a case–control study”, European Spine Journal, 2009, 18.7: 1066-1073.

...ve loading of the tissue, with symptoms presenting gradually. Little or no pain might be experienced in the early stages of these injuries and&nbsp;the ath ...ative tissue damage eventually exceeds a threshold for that tissue causing pain and tissue dysfunction.&nbsp;The adaptive capability of the tissue may be e

* Early symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain, numbness, and paresthesias. Sensory changes and paresthesia along with med ...e into upper extremity, shoulder and neck. With further progression, night pain, hand weakness, decreased fine motor coordination,decreased grip strength,

...we can do.] Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 2020 Dec;13(1):1-0.</ref> Pain is aggravated by loading and increased with the demand on the knee extensor == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...’s not only relaxing, but it helps increase movement of fluid toward the [[Anatomy of the Human Heart|heart]]<ref>Lymph care [https://www.lymphcareusa.com/pat *When comfort and pain relief is required but other therapies are no longer appropriate - palliati

...segment specific level and non-specific level spinal joint mobilization on pain and range of motion: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jour ...neck movements in asymptomatic young volunteers. ''Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 39'', 1069-1078

...in MK, Islam MW, Haque MO. The effects of closed kinetic chain exercise on pain and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a narrative rev ...astrocnemius]] muscles. The joints of movement include the [[knee]], [[Hip Anatomy|hip]], and [[Ankle and Foot|ankle]].

= Clinically Relevant Anatomy = ...ive procedures such as radial shortening or ulnar lengthening in relieving pain and preventing further collapse of the lunate is supportive. Overall, the n

* Knee pain that is gradual in onset and worsens with activity * Pain after prolonged sitting or resting

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...This curve is known as the lumbar lordosis.<ref>Bogduk, Nikolai. “Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum”. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2005 </ref>

.../doi/full/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021542#_i2 The placebo effect in pain therapies. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.] 2019 Jan 6;59:191 ..., osteopathy and physiotherapy: An invitation to reflect.] Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2022 Oct 21:102677.</ref>:

...ility from the self-locking mechanisms of the pelvis, which comes from the anatomy and shape of the bones in the SIJ (<nowiki/>Form Closure) and also the musc {{#ev:youtube|D6NTMgWCSaU|250}} <ref>SI Bone. SI Joint Anatomy, Biomechanics and Prevalence. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?

...e attacks ranging in severity from mild to moderate, dull aching bilateral pain around the temporal region, feeling not unlike a pressing or tightening ban ...ethodological factors on prevalence estimates. The journal of headache and pain. 2022 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s10194-022-01402-2 Dec;23(

...2/768.short Doha agreement meeting on terminology and definitions in groin pain in athletes. British journal of sports medicine]. 2015 Jun 1;49(12):768-74. ...ior and posterior views image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/hip-and-thigh-muscles</ref>

== Clinical Relevant Anatomy== ...sis ossis metatarsi <ref name=":0">PUTZ R, PABST R, Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy 14th edition. München (2009): Urban &amp; Fischer.</ref>. &nbsp;They form

...psilateral diffuse shoulder, and arm pain. ROM in the neck is reduced, and pain is relieved with anesthetic blockades. == Clinical Relevant Anatomy ==

...rminology. Arthroscopy. 1998;14:840-3.</ref>Also, it is characterised with pain , reduced function and exercise intolerance. <ref>Millar NL, Silbernagel KG == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...(AS).<ref name=":7">Sieper J, Poddubnyy D. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673616315914 Axial spondyloarthritis]. The Lancet. 2017 Ju ...EKAuBG3Zl_GwbU Lumbar spine syndromes: Evaluation and treatment]. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012 Dec 6. </ref>&nbsp;Affected joints progressively bec

...with a high risk of having a serious disorder like an infection, [[Cancer Pain|cancer]], or a [[fracture]].<ref name=":7">Finucane LM, Downie A, Mercer C, * [[Thoracic Back Pain|thoracic pain]]

...Stress Fractures|stress fracture]] is when a metatarsal bone of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]] experiences a crack or break due to biomechanical stresses applied t ...rapeutic interventions have positive effects in several domains, including pain, ROM, and functional status, thus have a potential role in the treatment of

...ally aimed at achieving comfort through the reduction of [[Pain Assessment|pain]] as well as increasing mobility. Both ultimately preventing dependence and ...to be nail problems, calluses, bunions, corns, hallux valgus, generalised pain, swollen feet and circulatory problems<ref name="NSW">NEW SOUTH WALES DEPAR

== Clinical Relevant Anatomy == For further information on the Anatomy and assessment of the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Wrist_and_Hand wrist]

[[Thoracic Anatomy|Thoracic]] hyperkyphosis is described as an excessive antero-posterior curv == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...of Female Classical Ballet Dancers and Predictors of Sciatica and Low Back Pain. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. 18( ...and Exercise Science''. </ref>, these injuries are typically presented as pain to the affected region<ref name=":8" />.

...<ref name=":2">Veeger HE, Van Der Helm FC. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021929006003812 Shoulder function: the perfect compromise bet {{#ev:youtube|D3GVKjeY1FM|500}}<ref>Randale Sechrest. Shoulder Anatomy Animated Tutorial. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3GVKjeY

== Anatomy and Biomechanics == An area most often involved in the cases of shoulder pain is the subacromial space, which includes the theoretical space between the

...&scisig=AAGBfm3XMGpCs2RSVbrXerNui_kriZlz6w a case report and review of its anatomy, biomechanics, and clinical implications. J Can Chiropr Assoc.] 2009;53(4): ...natomy. Iliopsoas Muscle: Action / Function, Anatomy & Innervation - Human Anatomy | Kenhub. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cHWjpQ06-cE [last

...ource=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal The hand anatomy] is efficiently organized to carry out a variety of complex tasks combining ...nd function. Addressing these conditions requires an understanding of hand anatomy and biomechanics.

...to 12th ribs, and the vertebral bodies of L1 to L3.<ref>Xuan D. Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Spine and Rib Cage. Plus Course 2023</ref> Its primary func ...led discussion of breathing is available [[How We Breathe|here]] and [[The Science of Breathing Well|here]]. However, specific postures such as [[Forward Head

...g compression of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] at the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] level of the spinal column resulting in [[spasticity]], hyperref == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...ial influence.<ref>Crivelli C, Fridlund AJ. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661318300299 Facial displays are tools for social influenc This article will overview the anatomy and physiology of skin, skin's response to injury, normal tissue healing, t

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...In: Byrd J, editor. Operative Hip Arthroscopy. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Science + Business Media, Inc; 2004.</ref>

...varian S. et al.; Trunk muscles strength and endurance in chronic low back pain patients with and without clinical instability; Journal of Back and Musculo ...uggests that the lack of muscle strength can itself contribute to low back pain even in the absence of degeneration.<ref>Studnicka K, Ampat G. [https://www

...Nervous System''': includes the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. The central nervous system (CNS) is the body's processing ce * Pain

...om this, by the likes of Andry Vleeming, Diane Lee, and Thomas Myers, that anatomy slings are a large part of these systems and our ability to generate effici ...d the term ‘myofascial’ relates to the structures involved within a sling. Anatomy slings aren’t comprised of only one type of tissue; they are comprised of

...that the underlying cause of the condition is coming from the [[Myofascial Pain|myofascial]] system. It can be difficult to initially pick up myofascial c == Chronic Non-Specific Neck Pain ==

...Back Pain in Pregnancy, Risk Factors, and Its Effects on Quality of Life]. Pain Management Nursing. 2020 Dec 1;21(6):579-86.</ref> ...nd psychiatric disorders]. Progress in molecular biology and translational science. 2018 Jan 1;157:175-232.</ref>

...se an athlete to injury. Some of these are non-modifiable predispositions (anatomy, genetics, previous injury, environmental factors) and some are modifiable ...onic-workload-ratio-science-or-religion/ The acute:chronic workload ratio. Science or religion?]

=== Myofascial Pain Symptoms === ...The complete guide to trigger points and myofascial pain [Internet]. Pain Science. 2021 [accessed 29 November 2021]. Available from: https://www.painscience.

...there may be instability of the knee joint. This article will discuss the anatomy of the knee joint in detail and provide some examples of knee joint patholo ...the body, the knee joint has a specific capsular pattern. A combination of pain, with or without limitation, points toward a joint problem. The knee joint

...revention in Low Back Pain. European guidelines for prevention in low back pain: November 2004. European Spine Journal. 2006 Mar;15(Suppl 2):s136.</ref> == Anatomy ==

...hout leg pain (sciatica). The most important symptoms of low back pain are pain and disability.. ...es BW, Van Tulder MW. Clinical Review, Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. BMJ 2006;332:1430</ref> Those specific pathologies can be defined as:

...la for healthcare professionals in the United Kingdom. European Journal of Pain. 15 (8) 789-795.</ref> ...ate the patient's knowledge base in order to help them make sense of their pain and guide them towards effective, ongoing self-management.

== <big>Relevant Anatomy</big> == ...s where a vertebral body slips out of line causing radicular or mechanical pain usually due to nerve root compression.

...ding in Runners Does Not Initiate Knee Osteoarthritis.] Exercise and Sport Science Reviews. 2017:45(2):87-95.</ref> * '''Previous injury''' - [[Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome]] (PFPS) has a possibility of leading to a risk of patellofemoral

...inger International Publishing. 2017:128-30.</ref><ref>Didesch JT, Tang P. Anatomy, etiology, and management of scapular winging. The Journal of hand surgery. ....ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7215460/ Scapular dyskinesis: from basic science to ultimate treatment.] International journal of environmental research and

...interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2003;10(2): 144–156.</ref> Mindfulness is a state of mind - * Improving pain management outcomes in [[Chronic Pain|chronic pain]] populations<ref>Creswell JD, Lindsay EK, Villalba DK, Chin B.Mindfulness

...ay improve patient’s symptoms when suffering from thoracic and/or referred pain. * thoracic pain of lower cervical origin,

...Manual Tests in the Treatment Evaluation of Chronic Tennis Elbow] . Clin J Pain 2002; 18(3):164-170 </ref><ref name=":3">Whaley A, Baker C. [https://pubmed == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...an CM, Stubbs NC, Jull GA. Equine physiotherapy: a comparative view of the science underlying the profession. Equine veterinary journal. 2007 Jan;39(1):90-4.< ...ment approach, including diet, exercise, environmental considerations, and pain relief, can help to ensure that these animals stay comfortable and maintain

...ringer; 2010.</ref> <ref>Travell J, Simons D. Travell & Simons’ myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual. Philadelphia: Lippincott William ...are DA. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236529/ Re-examining myofascial pain syndrome: toward biomarker development and mechanism-based diagnostic crite

...to the adjacent vertebral body causing mechanical or radicular symptoms or pain. It can be due to congenital, acquired, or idiopathic causes. Spondylolisth == <u></u> Clinical Anatomy ==

.../7/369.full.pdf Comparative effectiveness of treatments for patellofemoral pain: a living systematic review with network meta-analysis.] British journal of ...atelet-rich Plasma (PRP) Compared to Ozone Infiltrations on Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome and Chondromalacia: A Non-Randomized Parallel Controlled Trial. Di

[[Gait: Antalgic|'''Antalgic gait'''.]]  Antalgic gait is due to pain in the lower extremities that results in a limp that is associated with a s ...e result of dysfunctions or diagnoses related to back pain or lumbopelvic pain, chronic hip dysfunctions, or lumbopelvic surgery. The weakness of the invo

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...ef>Stathakios J., Carron M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554398/ Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck Triangle]. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Jul 31.</ref>]]

...causes inflammation of the spinal joints that can lead to severe, chronic pain and discomfort. In advanced stages, the inflammation can lead to new bone f == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

..., and blood vessels can get impinged by this movement causing excruciating pain. Depending on the severity of the dislocation the displaced bone can cause == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...t from centering – engaging core muscles (deep muscles such as [[Diaphragm Anatomy and Differential Diagnosis|diaphragm]], lumbar [[Lumbar Multifidus|multifid ...ed in MS patients by Pilates exercises.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211034819300069 Sánchez-Lastra MA, Martínez-Aldao D, Mo

== Clinical Relevant Anatomy == ...ndrome, and glenohumeral instability, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in sports, jrg20, nr3, 2011, p352</ref>

...laboration with the International Federation of Sports Medicine. Blackwell Science Ltd. 2003</ref> ** Pain reduction?

# This patient has chronic right hip pain. His baseline ambulation includes the following altered gait dynamics: (1) ...n swing phase. By generating less force, the patient will experience less pain in the right hip joint.<ref>Orthopeadia If you have right hip arthritis and

...ion, A. F., Pellisé, F., &amp; Cedraschi, C. (2012). Non-specific low back pain. The Lancet, 379(9814), 482-491.</ref><br> ...Peterson, S. and Setterlund, L., (2012). Adult acute and subacute low back pain. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. http://bit. ly. LBP1112. Updat

...ividuals with end-stage [[Knee Osteoarthritis|osteoarthritis]] by reducing pain and increasing function<ref name=":2" />, and was found to improve patients .../article/1250275-overview#:~:text=The%20primary%20indication%20for%20total,pain%20caused%20by%20severe%20arthritis. (accessed 28/07/2020).</ref>

* Reduces [[Pain Mechanisms|Pain]] [[File:Knee pain.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Knee pain]]

...sion) of the spinal nerves. Spinal stenosis can cause back pain and/or leg pain. Most often it occurs when you walk. Weakness of the legs may make you feel Image 1 of anatomy & location site of lumbar stenosis: [https://sciatica.clinic/lumbar-stenosi

...understanding of equine anatomy is essential and can be reviewed on the [[Anatomy of the Equine Hind Limb]] page. This page will cover the following hind li * Pain (superficial or deep – but usually results in adverse reaction to manipul

...name=":0" /><ref>Barrett JM, Callaghan JP. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002251932030343X#! A one-dimensional collagen-based biomec ...tissue to the point of eliciting type iv receptors (that is a nociceptive pain) suggests that the tissue mobilisation is no longer at a normal physiologic

...ubanks">Eubanks J. Cervical Radiculopathy: Nonoperative Management of Neck Pain and Radicular Symptoms. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Jan 1;81(1):33-40.</ref> ...nks,JD">Eubanks, JD.Cervical Radiculopathy:Nonoperative Management of Neck Pain and Radicular Symptoms.American Family Physician 2010;81,33-40</ref> Those

...Cuff Tendinopathy, according to Lewis et al <ref name=":5" />, "refers to pain and weakness, most commonly experienced with movements of shoulder external <h2> Clinically Relevant Anatomy </h2>

...tgen HG, Kraemer WJ. Terminology and measurement. Journal of applied sport science research. 1987;1(1):1-0.</ref> Essentially, it is the ability of skeletal m ...stem Control of Muscle Tension. Available from: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/10-4-nervous-system-control-of-muscle-tension#fig-ch10

...Stace R. and Gwilym S. « Whiplash associated disorder: a review of current pain concepts. » Bone &amp; Joint 360, vol. 4, nr. 1. 2015. </ref> == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...ion: a motor control approach for the treatment and prevention of low back pain. 2. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2004. </ref><ref>Richardson CA. The ...green) - posterior view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/trapezius-muscle</ref>

...ls. By this I mean that we have established a host of theories on [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]] pathology, function and rehab but we have surprisingly few high qu ...himenti R, Cuddeford T, Houck J, Matheson JW, McDonough CM et al. Achilles Pain, Stiffness, and Muscle Power Deficits: Midportion Achilles Tendinopathy Rev

...145-150. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12178-012-9117-z </ref> Pain is caused by mechanical obstruction due to osteophytes and/or entrapment of == Clinical Relevant Anatomy ==

...-bearing joints often fail to heal on their own and may be associated with pain, loss of function and long-term complications such as [[osteoarthritis]].<r == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...the [[Hamstrings]] article.{{#ev:youtube|zSby5sZDOSw}}<ref>Biceps Femoris Anatomy, Hamstrings - Everything You Need To Know - Dr. Nabil Ebraheim. Available f ...hamstring strain injury induced by high-speed running]. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2018 Dec;17(4):650.</ref>

...cine and science in sports and exercise. 2016 Mar;48(3):346-52.</ref>. The pain can at times prefer into the lateral thigh<ref>Redmond JM, Cregar WM, Gupta ...ten referred to as [[Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome|Greater Trochanter Pain Syndrome (GTPS)]] and was traditionally diagnosed as [[Trochanteric Bursiti

...cepted.pdf Comparative effectiveness of treatment options for plantar heel pain: a systematic review with network meta-analysis]. British journal of sports ...rcise plus education versus wait and see for the treatment of plantar heel pain (FEET trial): a protocol for a feasibility study]. Journal of foot and ankl

...washes these impurities away. Cleansing brings radiance and joy. Banishes  pain and sorrow. By this they see virtues in others. ...body balance. Int J Yoga. 2014 Jul;7(2):133-7.</ref><ref>Kaminoff L. Yoga Anatomy: Your Illustrated guide to Potures, Movement and breathing technique; Human

...;50(10):3145-52.</ref> Therefore, an adequate understanding of the complex anatomy, function, and biomechanics of the ACL is critical to elucidate the mechani ...llison AE, Berg EE. [https://europepmc.org/article/med/3969275 Embryology, anatomy, and function of the anterior cruciate ligament.] The Orthopedic clinics of

A frequent cause of knee pain and knee disability is patellofemoral instability. Patellofemoral instabili == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...Hertel J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164367/ Functional Anatomy, Pathomechanics, and Pathophysiology of Lateral Ankle Instability.] J Athl * Lateral ankle pain

* inability to control pain ...sion of Burns≥ 30% of the Total Body Surface Area in 63 Patients]. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Researc

...roft PR, Macfarlane GJ, Papageorgiou AC, et al. (1998) Outcome of low back pain in general practice: a prospective study. BMJ. 316 pp. 1356 –1359.</ref>< ...atients with LBP</span><ref>Riddle, D.L. 1998. Classification and low back pain: a review of the literature and critical analysis of selected systems. Phys

...specially in large doses, influences the metabolic activity of the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] due to imposing oxidative stress. Temperatures inside the brain als ...tem|cardiovascular]] system include:&nbsp;tachycardia, palpitations, chest pain, chronic hypertension, myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, and sudden

...bones or joint capsules by connective tissue structures, such as [[Tendon Anatomy|tendons]] or aponeuroses.<ref name=":1">Kruse A, Rivares C, Weide G, Tilp M ...s QT, McCreary J. Kendall's Muscles: Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2022 Nov 23.</ref><ref name=":0" />

...s motion in a particular direction.<ref>Cox R. Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science and Medicine. Reference Reviews. 2007 Sep 25;21(7):50-.</ref> In essence, i ...limitations of the bony structure or connective tissues, such as [[Tendon Anatomy|tendons,]] [[Ligament|ligaments]] and the [[Capsule Constrained Mechanism|j

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == [[File:Knee Anatomy.jpg|thumb|Knee anatomy]]

* '''Subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS)''' ...ture is considered by many to be one of the most common causes of shoulder pain.

...l signs and symptoms that are inconsistent or cannot be explained by known anatomy or physiology.<ref name=":1">American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic an '''Sensory:'''<br>• Altered touch or pain sensation (paresthesia or dysesthesia) <br>• Visual changes (double visio

...; 2023. p. 353–67.</ref>. Young athletes' most common reasons for low back pain differ from those found in adults. There is less degenerative disease and m * [[Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome|Sacroiliac joint pain]].

...mmon complications arising from an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) include pain from ischemia, thromboembolism, spontaneous dissection, and rupture of the ...oms are produced, they typically include deep, boring pain in the abdomen, pain and tenderness to palpation, and prominent pulsating mass (greater than 3-4

...of the Achilles tendon can be latently present, but the [[Pain Assessment|pain]] only appears when the tendon is overburdened. It is also noted that the a ...9 Jun 1;43(6):409-16.</ref>proposed a new strategy when approaching tendon pain, and this is called the [[Tendon Pathophysiology|Tendon Continuum]]. The co

...common pathologies such as [[Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome|patella femoral pain syndrome (PFPS)]], [[Plantarfasciitis|plantar fasciitis]], and [[Iliotibial ...running: implications for footwear design. International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering 2012; 6:2: 118-128</ref>. Further research is needed to det

* [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] radiation therapy  ...ctal carcinoma are a lump in the breast and breast tenderness (not usually pain).

...are the vascular sources for the deltoid.<ref name=":1">Lam JH, Bordoni B. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Arm Abductor Muscles. [Updated 2020 Mar 31]. In: ...ratios in participants with subacromial impingement syndrome.  Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Volume 12, Issue 6, November 2009, Pages 603-608]

...laboration with the International Federation of Sports Medicine. Blackwell Science Ltd. 2003</ref>&nbsp; === Pain Management ===

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == ...female youth participants in 12 sports, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2000: 10: 90-97. Level of evidence: 2A.</ref><ref name=":0">Majew

...se, which produces painful inflammation in cranial vessels and the [[Brain Anatomy|dura mater]]).<ref name="Merck Manual" /> ...or odors). Unilateral headache in a migraine often shifts sides, eg. with pain on the left going to the right and vice versa<ref>Sjaastad O, Fredriksen TA

...ar dyskinesis (Clifton-Smith & Rowley, 2011), low back pain (LBP) and neck pain have also been shown to exhibit faulty breathing mechanics. ...(Beeckmans et al, 2016) found a significant correlation between lower back pain and dysfunctional breathing including both pulmonary pathology and non-spec

..., Skinner JS. Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults.  Medicine & Science in Sports & exercise: Official Journal of the American College of Sports Me ...ection from injury in the elderly, as falling is strongly related to [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] weakness, poor [[balance]], and [[Postural Assessment Scale for Strok

...=The%20functions%20of%20the%20skin,%2C%20touch%2C%20and%20deep%20pressure. Anatomy, Skin (Integument).] StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Jul 10.</ref> ...e skin is innervated by sensory nerves expressing receptors that can sense pain (nociceptors), itch (pruriceptors), temperature (thermoreceptors), and touc

...s. J, 2012. [https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2012.42.4.A1 Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines Linked to the International Classification of ...abs/10.1002/msc.1079 Physiotherapists' understanding of red flags for back pain.] Musculoskeletal care. 2015 Mar;13(1):42-50.</ref>

For anatomy of the brain see [[Brain Anatomy|here]] ...<ref name=":6">Kandel, ER, Schwartz, JH, and Jessell. Principles of neural science. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill;  2000. p 853.</ref>. Therefore patients wi

*Pain Management [[File:FG14 06b.jpg|thumb|'''Figure.1''' Nerve Anatomy]]

...tages.<ref name=":1">Stables D, Rankin J. Physiology in childbearing: With anatomy and related biosciences. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2010 Apr 19.</ref> ...n’s Health. 2004;49(6):489–504.</ref><ref>Samanta A, Beardsley J. Low back pain: which is the best way forward?. Bmj. 1999 Apr 24;318(7191):1122-3.</ref>

...thigh, or leg particularly during walking or standing for a long time. The pain reduces usually when a patient is in resting, sits down, or bends forward. ...<ref>Melancia JL, Francisco AF, Antunes JL. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702040863000357 Spinal stenosis]. Handbook of clinical neu

== '''[[Pelvic Floor Anatomy]]''' == ...<ref>Moore, K.L., Dalley, A.F. and Agur, A.M., 2013. ''Clinically oriented anatomy''. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref>

[[Parkinson's - Anatomy, Pathology, Prognosis and Diagnosis|Parkinson’s]] (PD) is ...isease: A controlled randomized study]. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2019;29(12):1957–67.</ref>.

...ell A, Brumbaugh D, et al. [https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.queensu.ca/science/article/pii/S1474442218300243?via%3Dihub Diagnosis and management of Duchen ...playing outside during recess. The results indicated an increased level of pain with increased levels of activity.

== Clinically Relevant Anatomy&nbsp; == ...[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] of the spine resulting in neck and back pain&nbsp;

* Pain Disability Index ...lheri V, Vicary C, Stray S, Bear N, Hill K. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1836955323000024?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-2&rr=86918d3c592035b8

...-41.</ref><ref name="Watson 2008">Watson T. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041624X0800036X Ultrasound in contemporary physiotherapy prac ...achines and Pye <ref name="Pye 1996">Pye S. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031940605669969 Ultrasound therapy equipment—does it perfor

...C, Vermeulen MJ, Boss S, Wyatt PR, Cole DE. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673602119945 Association of neural tube defects and folic ...and Barriers to treatment in underdeveloped countries.|club foot]], [[Hip Anatomy|hip/]][[knee]] contracture)

[[Exercise Physiology]] has evolved from this study of anatomy and physiology, and examines how the body's structures and functions are al ...Hall GM. Physiological effects of exercise. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2004 Jan 12;4(6):185–8.</ref>

...ee">Nagano Y, Ida H, Akai M, Fukubayashi T. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968016008001956 Biomechanical characteristics of the knee == Clinically Relevant Anatomy ==

...neonatology 2016; 57(4): 333-7. Full version: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875957215001916 (Accessed 6 October 2016).</ref>. ...he Journal of Pediatrics 2005; 146(6): 732-7. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347605001009 (accessed 7 October 2016).</ref><ref name="Hi

...Relave I, Froger J, Mottet D, Pelissier JY. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877065709000384?via%3Dihub Rehabilitation of arm function aft ...unction in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Researc