[[File:Long Bone Structure.png|thumb|350x350px|Long Bone Structure]]
...edia Cancellous bone Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cancellous-bone (accessed 12.11.2022)_</ref>
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...name '''(''os naviculare pedis; scaphoid bone'')''' derives from the human bone's resemblance to a small boat. It articulates with ''four'' bones: the ta
...e rare in the general population, stress fractures of the tarsal navicular bone are frequently incurred by professional athletes.<ref>Shakked RJ, Walters E
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== What is a bone bruise? ==
A bone bruise is a type of bone injury.
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...name=":1">Rubin J, Bozentka DJ, Bora FW. Diagnosis of closed central slip injuries. A cadaveric analysis of non-invasive tests. J Hand Surg Br. 1996 Oct;21(5
...was the only one to accurately discern central slip integrity in simulated injuries.<ref name=":1" />
2 KB (301 words) - 19:53, 31 January 2021
...s A, Tuckermann J. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoids on skeleton and bone regeneration after fracture. ''J Mol Endocrinol''. 2018;61(1):R75-R90.</re
...ref name=":3" />. To limit the accompanying adverse effects, strengthening bone and musculature through weight-bearing activities is recommended.
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...injuries. Traditionally, the first aid method of treating musculoskeletal injuries has been taught through the Mnemonic, [[RICE|R.I.C.E]], (Rest, Ice, Compres
...ent|Optimal loading]] will stimulate the healing process as [[Bone Healing|bone]], [[Tendon Pathophysiology|tendon]], [[Ligament Sprain|ligament]], and [[M
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...owth and development it aides in bone elongation and modelling, and when a bone is [[Fracture|fractured]], participates in its recovery. It is not present
# The periosteum separates the bone from surrounding structures. It contains small blood vessels that provide n
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**[[Kienbock's Disease|Kienbock Disease]] (affects the lunate carpal bone);
...Found more commonly in boys, possibly because boys are at higher risk for injuries than girls.
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.../02/2019).</ref> that means 'head') is the largest and most central carpal bone, that forms the [[Wrist and Hand|wrist]].
...iably the capitate can also articulate with the base of the 4th metacarpal bone.
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...the 4th and 5th [[metatarsals]] anteriorly. On the inferior aspect of the bone, there is a small bony prominence named the cuboid tuberosity and a sulcus
File:Cuboid bone 06 superior view01.png|''Superior view of Cuboid bone''
4 KB (613 words) - 09:08, 23 February 2024
...he [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. Running along the base of the foot from the heel bone ([[calcaneus]]) to the base of the metatarsal bones, it assists in forming
...the base of the second to fifth metatarsal bones, and the posterior cuboid bone. <ref name=":2" />
4 KB (530 words) - 22:17, 2 November 2020
...xpanding as it ascends, is attached to the basilar groove of the occipital bone, in front of the foramen magnum.
...multiple calcified areas are noted that interdigitated with the underlying bone. Also near this cephalic bony attachment, there is an increase in the numbe
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Groin injuries are common sports injuries especially in sports that involve running, kicking, side to side movements,
The adductor squeeze test is used in the diagnosis of groin injuries and for the measurement of adductor muscles strength.<ref name=":0" />
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* In both cases, bone forms in and around soft tissue (usually muscle).
...sificans (MO) occurs after trauma to the muscle or a broken [[bone]]. New bone cells form between the torn muscle fibers. This happens most often around t
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...arches with two bony masses laterally. It articulates with the [[Occipital Bone|Occiput]] above and C2 (the [[Axis]]) below.
...anterior atlantoaxial ligament; the former connects it with the occipital bone above, and the latter with the axis below.
5 KB (730 words) - 13:40, 23 August 2019
The [[Femur]] is the longest bone in the body and extends from the hip to the knee.
The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates w
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...art of the myotendinous unit. The myotendinous unit consists usually of [[bone]], enthesis, [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]], myotendinous junction and [[Muscle
...and produce large tensile stresses are the most likely to suffer from MTJ injuries e.g. [[Biceps Femoris|biceps femoris]], [[Quadratus Femoris|quadratus femor
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...one side of the bone and it remains uninterrupted on the other side of the bone.<ref name=":0">Atanelov Z, Bentley TP. Greenstick fracture.</ref>Usually ha
...It can also occur because of trauma such as road traffic accident, sports injuries or even a non accidental trauma (child hitting an object).<ref name=":0" />
5 KB (629 words) - 09:52, 20 November 2023
[[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone.
...joints (cf [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s which attach [[muscle]] to bone).
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...make up the upper part of the ankle joint). The talus sits above the heel bone (calcaneus). Together, the talus and calcaneus form the subtalar joint, whi
The talus is the second largest tarsal bone. It is uniquely shaped and consists of a body, head, and neck. Approximatel
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...Cancellous|cortical]] thickness, and travels along through the trabecular bone.<ref name=":4">Basso T, Klaksvik J, Syversen U, Foss OA. [https://www.scien
...leads to decreased tissue tolerance. The micro-fractures that occur on the bone cannot be repaired fast enough and turn into fractures.<ref name=":6" />
7 KB (1,114 words) - 12:08, 19 December 2022
...f the Ankle|avulsion fracture]] also occurs (the ligament pulls a piece of bone with it on injury). The image shows an example of a sprain of the ankle.
...2012). Treating Sports Injuries. In Bahr R. (Ed). The IOC Manual of Sports Injuries. Wiley Blackwell 2012.p 25-39. </ref>
9 KB (1,273 words) - 14:46, 24 November 2020
...f name=":0">Konopka G, Chim H. Optimal management of scapholunate ligament injuries. ''Orthop Res Rev''. 2018;10:41-54
...is a C shaped ligament that binds the [[scaphoid]] bone to the [[lunate]] bone of the wrist. The SLL inserts to the most proximal and superior parts of th
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...cting the knee and ankle joints. It is considered to be the second largest bone in the body and it plays an important role in weight bearing.<ref>Teach me
...trient artery in the human body. Posterior tibial artery mainly enters the bone through its posterior surface and nutrient artery is the branch of this pos
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...nto a median fibrous raphe extending from the symphysis menti to the hyoid bone, where they join at an angle with the fibers of the opposite muscle. This m
...arters: midline raphe. posterior quarter: superior border of body of hyoid bone<br>
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...ng=us (accessed 12.12.2022)</ref> Stress fractures represent a spectrum of injuries ranging from periostitis, caused by inflammation of the [[periosteum]], to
...he lower extremities and are specific to the sport. Upper extremity stress injuries (usually of ulna) are much less common and are also the result of overuse a
15 KB (2,064 words) - 07:07, 12 December 2022
...ondral injuries to the talus. </blockquote>The talus is the second largest bone in the hindfoot region of the human body. Responsible for transmitting body
[[File:Talus bone - animation03.gif|right|frameless]]
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A Jefferson fracture is a bone [[fracture]] of the vertebra C1. The vertebra C1 is a bony ring, with two w
...n a four-yearold child. T. Hagino et al. 2006 British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery.</ref>. The injury in children due to falling at the play
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...flexible tissue, made up of lots of individual fibres, which connect the [[bone]]<nowiki/>s of the body together, being a dense type of [[Connective Tissue
...h joint movement, some fibres appear to tighten or loosen depending on the bone positions and the forces that are applied confirming that these structures
9 KB (1,336 words) - 06:40, 9 September 2022
...cally observed in adults.<ref name=":0" /> This page discusses some common injuries that are specific to children and teenagers.
...ir:<ref name=":0">Prowse T. Developing Physically Active and Sporty Kids - Injuries Specific to Children and Teens Course. Plus , 2021.</ref>
15 KB (2,097 words) - 23:39, 17 October 2023
...i/>s]] and wrists working, there is ample opportunity for injury. In fact, injuries to the hand and wrists are some of the most common ailments facing athletes
* Approximately 25% of all sports-related injuries involve the hand or wrist.
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..., Winquist RA, Hansen ST. Ipsilateral fractures of the femur and tibia. J Bone and Joint Surgery. 1984; 66-A(7):991-1002.</ref>.<br>The fractures range fr
...tures of the femur and tibia. A report of fifty seven consecutive cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1984;66:991–1002</ref><br>
9 KB (1,405 words) - 15:42, 16 September 2019
[[File:Femur bone.png|right|frameless|801x801px]]
The femur is the longest, heaviest, and strongest [[bone]] in the human body. The main function of the femur is [[weight bearing]] a
7 KB (1,066 words) - 10:00, 10 May 2024
Each metatarsal bone consists of the following:
Each base of the metatarsal bone articulates with at least one of the tarsal bones, forming the tarsometatar
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...herefore specifically applied to bone fractures in children. The commonest injuries seen in children with open growth plates are fractures involving epiphyseal
...ef name="Moore" />[[File:Long Bone Structure.png|thumb|Structure of a long bone including diaphysis, metaphysis, and epiphysis.|center]]
9 KB (1,281 words) - 21:08, 16 June 2020
...lcaneal_fracture fractures of the calcaneus], [[cuboid]] and [[navicular]] bone.
...talus]] and [[calcaneus]] proximally, and the [[navicular]] and [[cuboid]] bone distally. When the foot skeleton is viewed from above, the joint line of th
10 KB (1,506 words) - 04:38, 21 April 2022
...termine the need for radiographs in acute [[Ankle and Foot Fractures|ankle injuries]]. This screening tool was developed because of the need for a rapid and ac
...rt JP, Maloney J. Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. JAMA 1993;269:1127-32.</ref>
9 KB (1,349 words) - 05:43, 21 December 2023
...ly.<ref>Zacharopoulos AN, Tzanakakis NE, Douka MI. Skiing and snowboarding injuries in Greece: a two-year case-control study. Journal of ASTM International. 20
...d also be considered.<ref>Koehle MS, Lloyd-Smith R, Taunton JE. Alpine ski injuries and their prevention. Sports Medicine. 2002 Oct;32(12):785-93.</ref>
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# Muscles that hold onto bone ie the stabilisers -Predominantly type 1 muscle fibres, with a postural rol
# Muscles that move bone, ie mobilisers - Predominantly type 2 muscle fibres, for faster action.<ref
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...s that clinicians may deal with in the management of athletes with overuse injuries.
== Definition of Overuse Injuries ==
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...er is the term applied to extensor avulsion fractures or [[Extensor Tendon Injuries of the Hand|distal extensor tendon ruptures]]. Either one results in an ina
Mallet finger injuries are<ref name=":0" />:
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...eads to microfractures which are unable to heal due to bone resorption and bone formation imbalances, causing a stress reaction leading to fractures<ref na
...7/0915/p817.html</nowiki></ref>. The fifth metatarsal the most susceptible bone to these shear forces. This combination puts the fifth metatarsal at the hi
10 KB (1,554 words) - 18:34, 16 July 2021
...-4.pdf The second most common bone disease: a review on Paget’s disease of bone.] European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. 2008 Dec 1;34(6):549-53
...D, Hofmann MT,Peterson JA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Paget’s Disease of Bone. American Family Physician. 2002; 65(10):2069-72</ref>. Paget's disease is
10 KB (1,436 words) - 06:04, 26 March 2023
...ngs (brain swelling, a 'tight' brain, or difficulties in repositioning the bone flap), or both
...ase its rigidity, and sectioning of the falx among others. Localization of bone removal can be unilateral, bilateral, bifrontal, or subtemporal; or it can
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...or hyperextension can also lead to avulsion fractures, but these types of injuries are less common. <ref name=":2" />
...laced fractures''' involve partial or complete separation of the fractured bone(s). <ref name=":5">American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Toe and Forefo
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* Most commonly caused by blunt, anterior chest-wall trauma and deceleration injuries, with a reported incidence of 3% to 6.8% in motor vehicle collisions.
* Athletic injuries, [[falls]], and assaults are the frequent causes of the remaining cases.
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...g sports, in particular, male soccer players who account for 10% to 18% of injuries per year.<ref name=":1" />
...or view.png|right|frameless|294x294px|Image 2: Anterior view pelvis, pubis bone red.]]
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[[File:Bone marrow image.png|right|frameless|450x450px]]
...ref>Gobbi A, Dallo I, Frank RM, Bradsell H, Saenz I, Murrel W. A review of bone marrow lesions in the arthritic knee and description of a technique for tre
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...eletal Key Hip Flexors Available:https://musculoskeletalkey.com/hip-flexor-injuries-in-the-athlete/ (accessed 14.1.2022)</ref>
...scle. The iliacus muscle is a triangular sheet that connects the [[ilium]] bone to the lesser trochanter.
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[[File:Right-femoral-stress-fracture.png|thumb|Bone scan]]
...abnormal stresses are placed on [[Bone Cortical And Cancellous|cancellous bone]] of the [[Femur|femoral]] shaft resulting in microfractures. Most common i
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...ield athletes. <ref name=":0">Roche M, Fredericson M, Kraus E. Bone Stress Injuries. In: Harrast, M editor. Clinical Care of the Runner - Assessment, Biomechan
...phase of the [[Running Biomechanics|running gait cycle]], when the injured bone would be maximally loaded. In the initial stages of the injury, pain can su
15 KB (2,262 words) - 13:55, 13 July 2023
...hat up to 32-73% of youth athletes are affected by wrist pain from overuse injuries<ref name=":1" />, and 15% of which involves the growth plate<ref name=":2"
</ref>, which is located at the end of the long bone where secondary ossification centres for growth and development occur <ref>
8 KB (1,056 words) - 06:34, 28 June 2023
..., one on the right and the other one on the left side. It is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally.
...found distributed at either the lateral third or medial two-thirds of the bone.
9 KB (1,214 words) - 23:09, 23 December 2023
...a [[bone]] (or cartilage) resulting from mechanical forces that exceed the bone's ability to withstand them.<ref name=":0">Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.
* A normal bone subjected to acute overwhelming force, usually in the setting of trauma
15 KB (2,099 words) - 12:04, 19 December 2022
Most [[Bone Healing|bone]] injuries heal normally. But some patients do experience complications during the hea
...ed complications include delayed union and nonunion, avascular necrosis of bone, reaction to internal fixation devices, [[Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (C
14 KB (1,819 words) - 23:43, 25 January 2023
...spring ligament fills the gap between the [[calcaneus]] and the navicular bone, it attaches from the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus to the medial-pla
Acute isolated spring ligament injuries (without posterior tibial tendon involvement) are uncommon, they result in
4 KB (587 words) - 15:22, 19 July 2020
Temporal bone, spanning from the temporal fossa to the inferior temporal line of the late
...temple at the hairline, anterior to the ear and superior to the zygomatic bone.
4 KB (556 words) - 16:45, 25 January 2024
...e to a twisting force), comminuted (when there are three or more resulting bone pieces), open or closed.
...uries due to thigh deformity and instability; however, occasionally, these injuries are not evident, and further assessment and imaging are required, such as [
11 KB (1,651 words) - 02:48, 11 December 2022
...sidered a [[fracture]] when there is visible indication of fracture of the bone from medical imaging <ref name=":1">Romani WA, Gieck JH, Perrin DH, Saliba
...fracture occurs when there are abnormal loads applied to a healthy aligned bone and are common in the athletic and healthy population<ref name=":1" />
12 KB (1,728 words) - 09:49, 6 August 2022
...ant cartilaginous tumours, accounting for ~25% of all primary malignant [[bone]] tumours. They are most commonly found in [[Older People - Patterns of Ill
...rm spontaneously, or due to malignant changes in a preexisting (secondary) bone tumour.<ref name="p1" /><ref name=":0">Radiopedia Chondrosarcoma Available:
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...front of the knee joint.<ref name="neumann" /> It is the largest sesamoid bone, developed in the tendon of the [[Quadriceps Muscle|Quadriceps femoris,]] a
...one, they radiate from the articular surface toward the other parts of the bone.
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...heir posterolateral aspects, convex spur-like ridges, consisting of spongy bone and covered by cartilage, are the [[Uncinate Process|uncinate process]]. On
...torticollis when edematous and be acutely damaged in severe head and neck injuries<ref name="Hartman" />
3 KB (381 words) - 12:29, 28 January 2020
...lnerable in 21st-century armed conflicts. Gunshot injuries are high-energy injuries which can cause significant tissue damage, paralysis or death. The extent o
The epidemiology of gunshot injuries is difficult to assess, and it varies based on the population, conflict set
20 KB (2,770 words) - 11:25, 2 May 2024
...fracture.<ref name=":0">T.G. Williams. Hangman’s Fracture. The journal of bone and Joint surgery, pp. 82-89</ref><ref name=":1" />
...ligament and the disc below the axis, both may be disrupted. Neurological injuries are rare because the spinal canal is sufficiently wide at this level.
8 KB (1,237 words) - 18:59, 19 November 2023
...be used to get a 3 dimensional view in the case of a suspected fracture. A bone scan can be used to detect small fractures or [[Stress Fractures|stress fra
...k of congruency in a bone and/or a low radiodensity black line through the bone.
12 KB (1,858 words) - 09:29, 25 March 2024
...incidence rate of fracture seen in association with each digit metacarpal bone increases from the radial to the ulnar side. The incidence rate of 2nd meta
...axial load to a clenched fist which causes direct trauma to the metacarpal bone, commonly resulting in apex dorsal angulation due in part to the forces exe
8 KB (1,273 words) - 16:41, 25 September 2022
...foot]] (e.g. Pott's fracture)<ref name="p1">Khan K, Bruker P. Ankle acute injuries. Encyclopaedia of sports medicine and science. TD Fahey (Ed). Internet soci
...erate-to-severe ligament sprain. Both conditions may result from inversion injuries, with severe pain and varying degrees of swelling and disability.
11 KB (1,655 words) - 10:33, 10 December 2022
...ncidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
Many people develop joint and soft tissues disorders ranging from minor injuries to long-term conditions. Two long-term conditions that are well documented
10 KB (1,391 words) - 13:23, 25 February 2022
Majority of injuries occur in the ring finger at the point of insertion which is the weakest poi
...nd fracture fragment retract to the [[Pulley A2 and A4|A4 pulley]], as the bone fragment limits further retraction.
9 KB (1,407 words) - 19:54, 10 April 2022
Sports injuries are diverse in terms of the mechanism of injury, how they present in indivi
...e IOC manual of sports injuries: an illustrated guide to the management of injuries in physical activity]. John Wiley & Sons; 2012 Jun 12.
26 KB (3,778 words) - 06:56, 15 October 2023
The Ottawa Knee Rules determine the need for radiographs in acute knee injuries. This screening tool was developed because of the need for a rapid and accu
...al. Derivation of a decision rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;26:405-413.</ref>
10 KB (1,484 words) - 01:20, 8 May 2020
The cervical sprain from whiplash is one of the injuries that occurs most frequently in minor or moderate traffic accidents. Where t
...sents neck pain and / or joint stiffness, does not present neurological or bone alterations.
4 KB (562 words) - 15:13, 6 September 2021
...5lywYu_xEsKN6rQP-9Ca6AM&scisig=AAGBfm1zee7umg5uN42e02OpIHG5FnNW6w Shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: the “dead arm” revisited]. Clinics in sports medi
...tion, it can also be caused by calcification in the ball and socket joint, bone spurs in the [[Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders|acromion]], impingement of
9 KB (1,434 words) - 09:20, 5 February 2023
...[[knee]] joint and ankle joint. The tibial spine is a specialized ridge of bone in the tibia where the anterior cruciate ligament ([[Anterior Cruciate Liga
...(also called Tibial Eminence Fracture) is a break at the top of the tibia bone in the lower leg near the knee as a result of high amounts of tension place
10 KB (1,398 words) - 12:22, 16 October 2023
...ion to refect upon a similar condition with symptoms including bone stress injuries with a combination of low energy availability, low BMD, and hypogonadotropi
...are its effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and on [[bone]] health.
10 KB (1,516 words) - 11:51, 17 November 2022
...zbarsky JJ, Boyle C, Marx RG. Complications in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Related Surgery. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2020;28(1):30-3. </ref>
...or cruciate ligament injury. In: Coleman N., editor. Common pediatric knee injuries. Springer, Cham, 2021. p133-41.</ref>
12 KB (1,717 words) - 09:12, 20 November 2022
...es on each hand. These muscles are unusual in that they do not attach to [[bone]]. Instead, they attach proximally to the tendons of [[Flexor Digitorum Pro
...cles on each hand. These muscles are unusual in that they do not attach to bone. Instead, they attach proximally to the tendons of flexor digitorum profun
8 KB (1,211 words) - 17:58, 17 March 2023
[[File:Hamate bone (left hand) - animation.gif|right|frameless]]
[[Hamate]] fractures are rare and underreported. These injuries are usually misdiagnosed or confused with simple [[Wrist Sprain|wrist spra
12 KB (1,793 words) - 15:46, 31 May 2022
...epending upon the degree of mineralization, collagen tissues may be rigid (bone) or compliant (tendon) or have a gradient from rigid to compliant.
* [[Osteogenesis Imperfecta|Osteogenesis imperfecta]] (Brittle Bone disease)
7 KB (915 words) - 02:39, 20 June 2022
...ptible to chronic mechanical injuries, commonly resulting in the growth of bone spurs which are also known as osteophytes.
Severe injuries to the head and neck commonly effect the uncovertebral joints of the cervic
10 KB (1,468 words) - 06:11, 30 November 2020
...rts training. During the time away from National Training Alan had 2 major injuries.
Alan has Type 3 Osteogenesis Imperfecta and has had 105 long bone fractures (majority occurred during childhood and adolescence with a decrea
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...normal physiological loading, this micro-damage will be healed through the bone remodelling. With repetitive loading, however, an imbalance between the rem
...the affected rower, and on crew members and coaches. Furthermore, because injuries can require up to 6–8 weeks of rest, a rib stress fracture can be a seaso
14 KB (2,205 words) - 02:24, 27 January 2023
...2017 Oct;45(12):2713-22.</ref> Groin injuries accounts for 14 - 19% of all injuries in male football clubs and 2 - 14% in women. <ref>Waldén M, Hägglund M, E
...iencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0949328X17301175?via%3Dihub Groin injuries in athletes–new stepping stones. Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology]. 2
10 KB (1,378 words) - 10:35, 22 November 2021
== Location of Injuries ==
Labral injuries are named according to their location:
8 KB (1,041 words) - 15:32, 26 July 2023
{{#ev:youtube|dEX43YHaOxQ}}<ref>Sports Injuries And Rehabilitation. Bowstring test. Available from:https://www.youtube.com/
...Slump and Bowstring tests are useful for the diagnosis of sciatica.] Joint bone spine. 2020 Jun 16:105030.</ref>
3 KB (432 words) - 19:07, 17 January 2024
...nt Capsular Anatomy, Mechanics, and Surgical Management." ''The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume'' ''101'', no. 23 (2019): 2141-2151. Acc
Injuries to the ischiofemoral ligament can occur in dislocations, leading to lesions
3 KB (405 words) - 17:19, 30 March 2024
...g for idiopathic clubfoot in infants: a prospective randomized trial]. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2020 Oct 3;102(10):1399-404.</ref>
|Finger Injuries
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[[File: Bone stress injury-Running.jpg|thumb|]]
...es are present. Stress fractures account for > 10% of total sports-related injuries and it could be as high as 30% in running. <ref name=":3">Robertson GA, Woo
29 KB (4,291 words) - 10:00, 10 May 2024
...injury]. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2020 Feb 13;6(1):1-25.</ref> Burn injuries are a significant problem with more than 500,000 people seeking medical tre
Burn injuries can have devastating sequelae that can cause long term morbidity. The best
15 KB (2,184 words) - 08:24, 21 November 2022
...contains both bone and cartilage and usually occurs near the end of a long bone (osteochondroma) or bony tumours. Tenderness of palpation over the tendons
=== Tendinopathy and muscle complex injuries<ref name="p1" /> ===
18 KB (2,693 words) - 01:28, 29 August 2019
== Common Injuries to the Rotator Cuff ==
...e to overhead activities (e.g. volleyball, tennis, pitching). Incidence of injuries increases with age, however some individuals with rotator cuff pathology ma
13 KB (1,786 words) - 18:27, 7 December 2023
...orts injury <ref name="G" />. Furthermore, at primary care clinics, sports injuries are reported to be the main reason for a pediatric visit <ref name="G" />.
...ame="SS" />. Individuals in the 13-17 year old age group tend to have more injuries of the pelvis, spine, and chest <ref name="SS" />.
21 KB (3,129 words) - 19:34, 4 July 2023
...me out of the glenoid labrum. Contact [[Sport Injury Classification|sports injuries]] are a common cause a dislocated shoulder as are motor trauma and [[falls]
...n cause the humeral head to come out of the glenoid labrum. Contact sports injuries are a common cause a dislocated shoulder as are motor trauma and falls.<ref
14 KB (1,958 words) - 18:58, 8 March 2024
...P HEAT AND JOINT MOBILIZATIONS INCREASE RANGE OF MOTION IN TRAUMATIC ELBOW INJURIES. Medical Research Archives. 2016 Jul 19(3).</ref>For improved results, it i
*Force is applied at the proximal ulna at 45 degree angle to the shaft of the bone.<ref name=":0">Carolyn Kisner. Therapeutic Exercise. Foundations and techni
9 KB (1,305 words) - 15:50, 15 December 2022
...w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431095/ Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Knee] Injuries.4.6.2019 Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431095/ (last
.... F., et al., 2007. The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery [online]. 89(9), pp. 2000-2010. [viewed 12 September 2016
11 KB (1,589 words) - 11:04, 22 January 2024
...rocess in older individuals. The acute tears frequently result from sports injuries where there is a twisting motion on the partially flexed, weight-bearing kn
...ed: Evaluation of various methods of performing McMurrays test, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume, Vol 90-B, Issue SUPP_II, 320.]</ref>
5 KB (695 words) - 19:07, 29 November 2022
...hout any precipitating trauma but typically occurs after a long [[Fracture|bone fracture]], with tibial fractures being the most common cause of the condit
...ctures, the most common cause of acute compartment syndrome is soft tissue injuries.
10 KB (1,413 words) - 11:45, 3 August 2022
...agnostic imaging is under-utilised such as x-rays identifying fractures or bone scans identifying osteoporosis<ref>Van Tulder MW, Tuut M, Pennick V, Bombar
#Air and cortical bone appears dark
15 KB (2,244 words) - 21:58, 11 November 2022
[[Category:Sports Injuries]]
[[Category:Bone - Conditions]]
3 KB (456 words) - 16:36, 28 June 2020
...luding changes in athletic training, specific anatomic features, decreased bone density, and diseases.<ref name=":0" /> Fractures of the fibula sometimes o
...J, Singh D. The peroneus quartus muscle. Anatomy and clinical relevance. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003; 85:1134.</ref> The fibrous attachment between the tibi
15 KB (2,120 words) - 13:56, 11 January 2024
...oi/abs/10.1302/0301-620X.42B4.788 Javelin thrower's elbow]. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume. 1960 Nov;42(4):788-92.</ref> </blockquot
...p1">J.E. Miller. (4 November 1960). Javelin throwers elbow. The journal of bone and joint surgery (level: A1)</ref>
10 KB (1,446 words) - 16:08, 8 April 2022
...="p3">Physioroom. Os Trigonum Syndrome in Depth. http://www.physioroom.com/injuries/ankle_and_foot/os_trigonum_full.php (accessed 21 November 2011).</ref><ref
...ooth or serrated margins. The os trigonum is usually seen as an individual bone, but can also exist of two or more pieces. It is less than 1cm in size, but
10 KB (1,455 words) - 18:29, 16 July 2021
...in general, during disasters and conflicts, patients present with multiple injuries, and open and complex fractures are common, which can complicate your rehab
...employed.<ref name=":4" /> Initial evaluations are conducted to assess the injuries and are categorised on the severity and probability of survivorship.<ref na
30 KB (4,278 words) - 23:43, 25 January 2023
...lles tendon reduces friction to allow free movement of the tendon over the bone.<ref name="Moore" />
...leus muscles. It inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus (heel bone). The [[plantaris]] tendon also fuses with the medial side of the Achilles
11 KB (1,626 words) - 14:43, 19 April 2022
...n as lunatomalacia (coined by Robert Kienbock to describe softening of the bone in the acute process). Kienbock's disease (KD) is defined by avascular necr
[[File:Lunate bone (left hand) - animation01.gif|right|frameless]]
15 KB (2,164 words) - 20:04, 15 March 2022
* Resistive mode: affects tissues with higher resistance (joint, bone, tendon)
* Acute or chronic injuries / inflammation
4 KB (465 words) - 11:02, 11 April 2024
...cation.jpeg|none|thumb|424x424px|Classification of Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries sourced from Frank et al <ref name=":0" />]]
...ame=":0">Frank RM, Cotter EJ, Leroux TS, Romeo AA. Acromioclavicular joint injuries: evidence-based treatment. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopa
11 KB (1,526 words) - 01:02, 21 October 2023
...ch weight on the midfoot leads to excessive dorsiflexion of the [[Lisfranc Injuries|Lisfranc]]’s joint. Subsequently, the [[talus]] is pressed downwards, and
...ibutions shifts to other parts of your foot and puts strain on different [[bone]]<nowiki/>s, [[Joint Classification|joint]]<nowiki/>s and ligaments than us
9 KB (1,325 words) - 21:03, 27 January 2022
...hlights some factors to consider in persons with amputations and / or burn injuries.
** Burn injuries produce a definable zone of injury. The Jackson’s Burn Model divides the
15 KB (2,107 words) - 22:54, 18 October 2023
...name=":1">Ring D, Jupiter JB, Simpson NS. Monteggia fractures in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998 Dec;80(12):1733-44. PMID: 9875931.</ref>
...assified it into 4 types<ref name=":1" />. This defines a set of traumatic injuries having in common a Monteggia fracture with the dislocation of the radial he
11 KB (1,538 words) - 12:01, 28 June 2023
...ory nerve terminates at the olfactory bulb, located just above the ethmoid bone and below the [[Frontal Lobe|frontal lobe]]. The olfactory bulb acts as a r
* These collection of axons crosses the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, through its perforations, and reach the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] where it i
7 KB (1,020 words) - 17:17, 4 October 2021
...emiology]], injury surveillance is important as it is key to understanding injuries and it contributes to the development of [[Injury Prevention in Sport|injur
...241/pdf/main.pdf Time for a paradigm shift in the classification of muscle injuries.] Journal of sport and health science. 2017 Sep 1;6(3):255-61.</ref>
27 KB (3,829 words) - 10:53, 13 July 2023
* The mechanisms of these injuries vary from axial loading forces to direct blows to the dorsal hand<ref>Thoma
* Work-related injuries are often the cause in middle-aged patients
15 KB (2,130 words) - 13:16, 9 January 2023
...article reviews conservative and surgical treatment principles in Lisfranc injuries.
The [[Lisfranc Injuries|Lisfranc joint]] is where the tarsal bones connect to the metatarsal bones
19 KB (2,676 words) - 19:21, 22 October 2023
...l ways; it is avascular and its microarchitecture is less organized than [[bone]].
...cartilage is the most widespread type and resembles glass. In the embryo, bone begins as hyaline cartilage and later ossifies.
12 KB (1,705 words) - 11:35, 6 October 2022
...trauma’s little the ankle, the body will respond to this by building extra bone tissue called “osteophytes”. There are 3 types of osteophytes:
...d cause can be arthritis, the body responds to arthritis by building extra bone tissue, these are called osteophytes, the body acts this way because it pre
14 KB (2,186 words) - 12:33, 23 August 2019
...benign, meta-plasmatic, mostly self-limiting process in which [[bone]] or bone-like tissue formation takes place in [[Muscle Cells (Myocyte)|skeletal musc
...ess where normal muscle cells known as fibroblast are replaced by immature bone cells<ref>Beiner JM, Jokl P. Muscle contusion injury and myositis ossifican
7 KB (978 words) - 09:40, 24 October 2021
...imal and a volar one. The volar and dorsal portions attach directly to the bone, while the proximal portion attaches to the hyaline articular cartilage of
...>Butterfield, W.L., Joshi, A.B., & Lichtman, D. (2002). Lunotriquetral injuries. Journal of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. (4), 195- 203. (5
9 KB (1,335 words) - 18:12, 25 April 2024
...ed for osteoblastic differentiation, which is involved in the formation of bone and cartilage cells. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant ma
It is considered a rare or orphan disease within the group of primary bone dysplasias.<ref>Segovia‐Fuentes JI, Egurrola‐Pedraza JA, Castro‐Mendo
7 KB (1,004 words) - 05:19, 28 June 2023
...inly at risk of injury.<ref>Walther M, Reuter I, Leonhard T, Engelhardt M. Injuries and response to overload stress in running as a sport. Der Orthopade. 2005
Assessment is always a process, especially when managing overuse injuries. The assessment process is tailor-made in an optimal way and continues thro
26 KB (3,968 words) - 00:27, 25 January 2023
...rauma resulting in ligament injuries in adults might in children result in bone or growth plate fractures. Isolated knee ligament injury is rare in childre
4 KB (495 words) - 11:16, 16 November 2023
...shot, road traffic accidents (RTAs), falling masonry, flying glass, sports injuries, and blunt force trauma. Soft tissue injury comprises lacerations, abrasion
...are particularly common in the mandible and nose - and also [[Soft Tissue Injuries|soft tissue injury]]. [[CT Scans|CT scanning]] is essential for diagnosis a
17 KB (2,598 words) - 18:55, 17 January 2023
...the digital flexor sheath. The sheath holds the flexor tendons near to the bone, enabling them to successfully "turn a corner" and convert the force genera
...t is composed of visceral and parietal component extending from metacarpal bone to the distal inter-phalangeal joint. It is overlaid by a series of retinac
17 KB (2,623 words) - 12:20, 16 April 2024
[[Burns Overview|Burns injuries]] can be the result of thermal (flames, hot liquid, contact with hot surfac
...nt-reported outcome measures are important to get an idea of the impact of injuries on an individuals life. There should be a focus on both the physical and ps
17 KB (2,438 words) - 21:33, 19 November 2023
...single trauma may sometimes be sufficient to induce arthropathy, repeated injuries and excess body weight are known to increase the risk for PTA.<ref name=":1
...ult into catching and subsequent pain. These defects does not heal as with bone, but are instead filled with scar tissue. Broken off cartilage need to be s
10 KB (1,500 words) - 15:42, 29 August 2023
...multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in children. Front. Neur. 3:96. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00096</ref>.
Congenital and acquired paediatric spinal cord injuries pose unique management challenges because of the dynamic nature of cognitiv
13 KB (1,818 words) - 17:48, 16 March 2022
...FFPs). Studies have shown a significant increase in low-energy pelvic ring injuries in ages 60 and older<ref name=":0">Ghassibi M, Boyalakuntla DS, Gentile J.
* In some patients, an insidious progress of bone damage leads to increasing displacement, nonunion and persisting instabilit
9 KB (1,237 words) - 20:29, 22 October 2020
Ankle sprains are one of the most common musculoskeletal and sports-related injuries, constituting nearly 25% of all musculoskeletal trauma cases and almost 40%
...t of the talus. It is the strongest and least injured part of the complex. Injuries to PTFL usually occur in severe ankle sprains which also involve the ATFL a
8 KB (1,224 words) - 10:30, 21 June 2021
* Anterior glenoid bone loss (in cases of recurrent instability)<ref name="kim">Kim DS, Yoon YS, Yi
...efect in the articular surface down to (but not including) the subchondral bone
20 KB (2,736 words) - 16:37, 25 December 2023
[[Scapula]]/shoulder blade is a large triangular bone that lies postero-lateral on the upper back/throracic cage and connects wit
...e fractures. 80% to 95% of all scapular fractures are accompanied by other injuries like fractures of shoulder, collarbone and [[ribs]], or during injury to th
15 KB (2,081 words) - 13:32, 13 March 2023
...Dance Injuries of the Ankle and Foot Course. Plus , 2022.</ref> Moreover, injuries which are higher up in the chain will have an effect on the ankle and foot.
...0 hours of training, the injuries incidence diagnosed was from 0.62 to 5.6 injuries per dancers. Bearing in mind that the technical demand for a professional d
19 KB (2,472 words) - 18:25, 9 January 2024
...eochondral ankle defect is a lesion of the talar cartilage and subchondral bone mostly caused by a single or multiple traumatic events, leading to partial
...escribed as chondral (cartilage only), chondral-subchondral (cartilage and bone), subchondral (intact overlying cartilage), or cystic. Lesions can then be
11 KB (1,705 words) - 21:36, 4 August 2022
Injuries occur when the load placed on a tendon exceeds its capacity.<ref>Snedeker J
</ref><blockquote>"So the capacity of your tendon or muscle or
bone or any tissue in our body, only ever just exceeds the loads that we put on
8 KB (1,282 words) - 11:21, 21 October 2023
...of a shaft (diaphysis) and two extremities (epiphysis). It is the longest bone of the upper extremity.
...m of physiotherapy. Understanding the intricacies of the humerus, the long bone that forms the upper arm, is paramount for physiotherapists seeking to opti
10 KB (1,446 words) - 16:41, 27 December 2023
...usted Life Year|QOL]]). This page outlines the main issues arising from BP injuries and the rationale behind their management.<ref name=":2" />
...nd preventing him from wielding his bow.<ref>Luo TD, Li Z. Brachial Plexus Injuries. [Updated 2018 Dec 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): St
22 KB (3,271 words) - 00:23, 10 March 2024
[[File:Scaphoid bone (left hand) - animation.gif|right|frameless|200x200px]]
...dren and the elderly population, scaphoid fractures are rare. The scaphoid bone is stronger than the relatively weak distal [[radius]] in these age groups.
18 KB (2,659 words) - 11:47, 21 February 2022
...of injury is a direct blow to the quadriceps causing significant [[Muscle Injuries|muscle damage]]. Contusions cause rupture to the [[Muscle Cells (Myocyte)|m
...|Myonecrosis]] and hematoma forms followed by scar formation then [[Muscle Injuries: Regeneration Strategies|muscle regeneration]]
13 KB (1,850 words) - 07:19, 5 December 2022
...name=":0">Wild H, Stewart BT, LeBoa C, Stave CD, Wren SM. Epidemiology of injuries sustained by civilians and local combatants in contemporary armed conflict:
...e some paediatric expertise including some understanding of these types of injuries on children.<ref>Ankomah J, Stewart BT, Oppong-Nketia V, et al. Strategic a
16 KB (2,272 words) - 19:19, 23 November 2022
Fractures of the dens represent almost 15% of all cervical spine injuries and represent the most common axial fracture type. The demographic group va
* Type I: avulsion fracture of the apex. Stable injuries.
12 KB (1,851 words) - 22:29, 15 June 2020
...int replacements, and [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injuries (TBI)]].<ref name=":0">Sun E, Hanyu-Deutmeyer AA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih
...small, clinically insignificant foci of ossification to large deposits of bone that cause pain and restriction.
15 KB (1,985 words) - 02:02, 9 March 2023
The patient is an elderly woman who sustained bilateral LE injuries when she was hit by a car. Following failed attempts at limb salvage she ev
...ft distal comminuted displaced Tib/Fib fractures with degloving injury and bone loss, as well as a left calcaneus fracture. Limb salvaging surgery was atte
8 KB (1,245 words) - 18:53, 11 April 2020
...increase and the crack will enlarge. This increase in damage can cause the bone to break on a macroscopic level.<ref name="Maffulli" /> <br>
...physio-pedia.com/Tibia tibia]; however, a stress fracture can occur in any bone. The foot, especially the second metatarsal, is another common place for st
21 KB (3,193 words) - 14:14, 1 June 2020
...dislocation of the elbow joint: relationship to medial instability.] J of Bone and Joint Surg, 82-A(4): 555-560, 2000.</ref><ref name="Haan">Haan J, Schep
...cation of the elbow joint. A prospective randomized study]. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume. 1987 Apr;69(4):605-8.</ref>
15 KB (2,138 words) - 09:11, 22 February 2022
...n">Bain LG, Sun QF, Zhao WG, Shen JK, Tirakotai W, Bertalanffy H. Temporal bone chondroblastoma: A review. Neuropathology 2005; 25, 159–164.</ref>. The m
...ilaginous tumour, accounting for approximately 1% of the benign tumours of bone. The peak incidence is in the second decade of life and is slightly more co
15 KB (2,196 words) - 08:01, 31 July 2020
* decreased bone density (especially spine),
* [[kyphosis]] and back pain (secondary to bone loss),
9 KB (1,179 words) - 16:25, 7 February 2023
A [[Metatarsals|metatarsal]] bone fracture is a complete or incomplete break in one of the five metatarsal bo
The foot consists out of 5 metatarsal bones per foot. Every metatarsal bone consists out of three parts: caput ossis metatarsi, corpus ossis metarisi a
26 KB (3,860 words) - 22:31, 15 March 2024
** '''Origin''' - [[pisiform]] bone and the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
...tion are due to the involvement of the extrinsic muscles, intrinsic muscle injuries are yet relevant. Median nerve compression at carpal's tunnel will affect t
12 KB (1,871 words) - 14:47, 24 June 2023
....<ref name=":0" />. Most occur as a result of physical trauma or [[Overuse Injuries - an Individualised Approach|repetitive activity]].<ref name=":4" />
...ndrome|Subacromial impingement syndrome]], or in tandem with subscapularis injuries.
9 KB (1,385 words) - 13:09, 14 March 2023
*Asymmetrical collection of fluid high signal intensity peripheral of bone
...tis from oedema and inflammation in the left & nbsp; hip, with no apparent bone pathology. Reprinted from tall et al, 2011.<ref name="Tall" /></sub><b
14 KB (1,994 words) - 20:50, 2 January 2024
...he pituitary gland (a small structure at the base of the brain), and helps bone, muscle and organs grow. <ref>Bioserum Not all growth factors are equal Ava
...L, Hamilton B. Growth factor delivery methods in the management of sports injuries: the state of play. British journal of sports medicine. 2008 May 1;42(5):31
7 KB (897 words) - 11:06, 18 October 2023
...e lower back to the lower pelvis. Some of these fibers extend to the femur bone, or thighbone.<ref>Iliacus Muscle Origin, Function & Anatomy | Body Maps ww
...stretching. As this muscle shortens, it can start to cause dysfunction and injuries in the hip and pelvic regions of the body, such as:
9 KB (1,315 words) - 14:34, 15 June 2023
...ent is often at the origin of carpal injury: the trauma causes ligamentous injuries that lead to misalignments of the joint surfaces, or badly healed fractures
...ent lesions are frequent in a young population. Resulting from high-energy injuries they principally include perilunate dislocation and scapholunate dissociati
27 KB (3,860 words) - 15:01, 31 August 2023
The ulnar nerve then travels alongside the ulnar bone of the forearm into the wrist. As the nerve descends into the forearm, it
At the wrist, the ulnar nerve lies just lateral to the [[pisiform]] bone. The superficial branch of the ulnar nerve supplies and passes under the Pa
8 KB (1,117 words) - 12:04, 19 March 2024
...muscles can overcome minor tears and bruising without intervention, major injuries commonly caused by motor vehicle accidents, other traumas, or nerve damage
...e tissue loss include: high-energy traffic accidents; blast trauma; combat injuries; surgical procedures; orthopedic situations (e.g., after compartment syndro
12 KB (1,656 words) - 09:27, 19 August 2022
...sheets/craniotomy/ Craniotomy Factsheet.] </ref>. If the removed part of [[bone]] is not put back, the operation is instead called a craniectomy, and the f
*[[Occipital Bone|Occipital]]
8 KB (1,049 words) - 16:03, 28 October 2023
...t. <ref name=":1">Wozasek GE, Laske H; 1991; The ligaments of the scaphoid bone; Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. Volume 23(1):18-22 evidence level: E
...interosseous ligament(SLIL) is the link between carpal scaphoid and lunate bone. It ensures stability of the scapholunate joint and helps keep the entire w
8 KB (1,238 words) - 18:55, 7 August 2023
The patella is the largest sesamoid bone. It is located within the complex of the quadriceps and patellar tendon. Th
...-Smith DR, Zumbo BD. A retrospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries. Br J Sports Med 2002;36:95-101.</ref><ref name="p8">I.A. Kapanji. The phys
7 KB (969 words) - 09:58, 24 January 2022
...J, Astion D, Schweitzer ME, Rokito A, Sheskier S: MRI Features of Chronic Injuries of the Superior Peroneal Retinaculum. AJR:181, December 2003</ref>.
Peroneal subluxations account for 0.3-0.5% of traumatic ankle injuries<ref name=":0" />.
14 KB (2,026 words) - 17:44, 5 January 2023
...Physical Examination is sufficient for the diagnosis of sprained ankles. J Bone Joint Surg. 1996; 78-B: 958-962.</ref> In a prospective, blinded, diagnosti
[[Category:Sports Injuries]]
4 KB (536 words) - 14:58, 1 April 2021
...ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303793/ Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries.] World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):8. Available from:https://
...revent joint contractures and the loss of muscle strength, conservation of bone density, and to ensure normal functioning of the respiratory and digestive
10 KB (1,547 words) - 07:47, 4 November 2022
...rpose of the tendon is to transmit forces generated from the muscle to the bone to elicit movement. The proximal attachment of the tendon is also known as
...inburger B, Birman V, Genin G. Collagen fiber orientation at the tendon to bone insertion and its influence on stress concentrations. Journal of Biomechani
11 KB (1,713 words) - 03:11, 18 June 2022
[[File:Sesamoid Bone.png|thumb|Sesamoid Bone in the distal end of the first metatarsal ]]
An [[X-Rays|X-ray]] can help to investigate bone and soft tissue:
20 KB (3,014 words) - 15:38, 22 October 2023
# [[Occipital Bone]]
...Model Systems to develop resources for people living with traumatic brain injuries and their supporters. These evidence-based materials are available in a var
9 KB (1,352 words) - 11:27, 24 April 2023
OSD usually develops during the stage of bone maturation (10-12 yrs in girls and 12-14 yrs in boys) . The underlying etio
OSD is an [[Overuse Injuries in Sport|overuse injury]] that mostly appears in active, adolescent patient
13 KB (1,753 words) - 18:25, 9 January 2024
...a significant role in the management of forelimb injuries in horses. These injuries tend to require veterinarian management. However, equine therapists must st
...s well as the basics of physiotherapy assessment and treatment of forelimb injuries.
18 KB (2,538 words) - 18:25, 9 January 2024
...sen L, LaPrade RF, Hackett TR. [https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/48/1/11.short Injuries in elite and recreational snowboarders.] British journal of sports medicine
[[File:Talus_bone_lateral_view.png|thumb|Talus bone (lateral view)]]
20 KB (3,080 words) - 12:11, 23 September 2022
...dancers may be higher, accounting for up to 17% of reported foot and ankle injuries in this population.<ref name=":1">Marshall P, Hamilton WG. Cuboid subluxati
The cuboid is a pyramid-shaped, short bone on the lateral aspect of the foot with 6 surfaces. It articulates anteriorl
13 KB (1,811 words) - 14:42, 14 December 2022
...rs of the knee and internal rotators<ref name="Miller">Miller RH III. Knee injuries. In: Canale ST, ed. Campbell's operative orthopaedics. St Louis: Mosby; 199
...lateral ligament bursa. Anatomical study and magnetic resonance imaging. J Bone Joint Surg 1994; 76A:1322-1327.</ref><ref name="Kerlan">Kerlan RK, Glousman
15 KB (2,116 words) - 15:34, 19 October 2023
...n. An avulsion fracture occurs because tendons can bear more load than the bone.<ref name="orthopedics">Cluett J. 2022. Avulsion Fracture Causes and Treame
...Exercises. Available from:http://www.epainassist.com/sports-injuries/ankle-injuries/ankle-avulsion-fracture-symptoms-causes-treatment (accessed 25 February 202
11 KB (1,612 words) - 14:08, 25 February 2024
...ople: Finnish statistics during 1970–2000 and projections for the future.] Bone. 2002 Sep 1;31(3):430-3.</ref> Fractures of the foot are less common.<br>
...increase and the crack will enlarge. This increase in damage can cause the bone to break on a macroscopic level.<ref name="Maffulli" /> <br>
25 KB (3,614 words) - 17:24, 27 June 2023
...Guide the Rehabilitation of a Patient With Bilateral Suspected Deep Tissue Injuries and Hip Repair]. Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy. 2015 Dec 1;6(3):87
...ase see [[Inflammation Acute and Chronic]], [[Soft Tissue Healing]] and [[Bone Healing]].
10 KB (1,360 words) - 07:54, 9 January 2023
...t and ankle anatomy is necessary for the proper diagnosis and treatment of injuries.
...name=":0" /> In addition to the navicular and cuneiforms bones, the cuboid bone has a distal articulation with the base of the fourth and fifth metatarsal
20 KB (2,870 words) - 09:19, 23 November 2022
..., by understanding myofascial chains, you may be better able to understand injuries and movement limitations.
...Line.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Figure 3. Superficial back arm line.]][[Occipital Bone|Occipital ridge]]
7 KB (964 words) - 18:21, 13 January 2023
...and cartilage. This can result in localized necrosis and fragmentation of bone and cartilage. [[File:Foto_met_pijl.jpg|Arrow points to calcific flake in d
...bony fragmentation and ultimately detachment of the bony fragment from the bone.<ref name="Felix" />
17 KB (2,340 words) - 17:18, 12 January 2022
...les]].<ref name=":1" /> Patella fractures make up about 1% of all skeletal injuries and are found in all age groups.<ref>Crowther M., Mandal A., Sarangi P. [ht
...ace of the knee at the distal end of the femur. It is the largest sesamoid bone in the body and makes part of the [[Knee|knee joint]].<ref>Cedars-Sinai. Fr
17 KB (2,331 words) - 00:06, 11 January 2023
...ral cystic changes, disruption of the articular cartilage, and metaplastic bone formation with increased osteoclastic activity.<ref name=":1" />
An additional cause of DCO was synovial invasion of the subchondral bone, leading to osteolysis. However, this mechanism is debated.<ref name=":1" /
10 KB (1,388 words) - 14:25, 13 February 2023
...s, although it is worth noting that true focal injuries are rare and blast injuries lack a pure neuropathological correlate. The clinical presentation and prog
==1.Primary v Secondary Injuries==
14 KB (2,045 words) - 15:48, 24 July 2023
...[[Image:ClavicleFracture2.jpg|thumb|right]] The clavicle is the first bone in the human body to begin intramembranous ossification directly from mesen
...also known as a broken collarbone. Clavicle fractures are very common injuries in adults (2–5%) and children (10–15%) and represent the 44–66% of al
22 KB (3,141 words) - 13:33, 13 March 2023
...c accuracy).<ref name="Laprade">Laprade RF, Wijdicks CA. The Management of Injuries to the Medial Side of the Knee. Journal of Orthopaedic Sports Physical Ther
...us stress radiograph of grade III LCL tear. Reprinted from The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. http://jbjs.org/article.aspx?Volume=90&page=2069
12 KB (1,773 words) - 11:14, 16 November 2023
== '''Classification of Peripheral Nerve Injuries''' ==
...shers, Rockville, MD 1989</ref><ref name=":1">Hershman EB. Brachial plexus injuries. Clin Sports Med 1990; 9:311.</ref>. Axonal integrity is preserved, and rem
20 KB (2,818 words) - 16:02, 29 June 2023
...orm of exercise, throughout the world, over the last few decades. Although injuries are possible, there are many health benefits to running. However, there is
* Positively affects [[Bone Density|bone mineral density]], and weight control
27 KB (3,985 words) - 03:38, 3 September 2023
...ntity as primarily an instability of the subtalar joint due to ligamentous injuries that results in a synovitis and infiltration of fibrotic tissue into the si
...in Athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Jul;42(7):1549-57.</ref> which leads to injuries of the interosseus and cervical ligaments.
20 KB (3,019 words) - 20:21, 15 July 2022
...one?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal bone]. A bursa is filled with a thin layer of [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Syno
*Can rule out arthritis and bone deformities<ref name=":1" />
8 KB (1,067 words) - 14:45, 5 October 2023
...vere consequences. A vertebral fracture is less obvious compared to a long bone fracture but is often very painful. <ref>Todd S., Di Marco M. Vertebral Fra
Cervical spine injuries in children usually occur in the upper [[Cervical Spine Case Studies|cervic
29 KB (4,213 words) - 11:30, 12 March 2023
It is important to remember, that in acute injuries, the finding of hyperalgesia is a normal adaptive response. Since the injur
'''Acute injuries'''
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The lower leg is composed of two bone pieces, the tibia and the fibula. Those two bones form a fibrous joint, a s
...bular diastasis can also be associated with external rotation or abduction injuries of the ankle or eversion of the talus and hyperdorsiflexion that can cause
24 KB (3,742 words) - 01:39, 31 August 2019
** Penetrating injuries affecting the articular surface (e.g. panga wounds)
...aspx Cyclic loading of olecranon fracture fixation constructs.] Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2003;85(5):831-7.</ref><ref name=":2">Koslowsky TC, Mader
10 KB (1,339 words) - 14:35, 7 December 2023
...and smoking, but in disaster and conflict settings, the following types of injuries and conditions significantly increase the risk of infections:
* Open injuries with high levels of contamination (crush or blast injuries) - associated with a very high risk of infection.
26 KB (3,595 words) - 11:15, 17 February 2023
It represents a comprehensive approach to managing sports injuries and promoting recovery. This protocol emphasizes the importance of movement
...temporary approach used for the treatment of [[Soft Tissue Injuries|sports injuries]]. It is a comprehensive strategy that focuses on promoting healing and res
13 KB (1,876 words) - 21:27, 1 April 2024
...nd Disability Drivers Model, which can be used to assess and treat gunshot injuries.
== General Management Principles for Individuals with Gunshot Injuries ==
17 KB (2,269 words) - 12:56, 1 May 2024
...StgXx9g}}<ref>Wall Street Journal. How Children and Teens Can Avoid Sports Injuries. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Igl_StgXx9g [last accessed
== Defining Overuse Injuries and Burnout ==
26 KB (3,591 words) - 19:29, 26 August 2022
...ften used after fracture injuries to support and reduce forces through the bone while healing. The air cells can be inflated around the foot and ankle, com
...foot. This reduces the risk of further injury to lower limb structures, or injuries secondary to a fall.
8 KB (1,219 words) - 09:10, 29 July 2021
...-intensity aerobic activities, as well as those that strengthen muscle and bone, at least 3 days a week.
* High-impact activities can increase (or help to maintain) [[Bone|bone density]]<ref name=":0" />.
15 KB (2,018 words) - 02:04, 19 October 2021
...hondritis dissecans is an idiopathic disease which affects the subchondral bone and its overlying articular cartilage due to loss of blood flow. <ref name=
...1A</ref> In patients with osteochondritis dissecans, the subchondral bone with his articular cartilage doesn’t get any blood supply anymore and deg
19 KB (2,919 words) - 01:18, 30 August 2019
...ulzbacher I, Grampp S, Czerny C, Youssefzadeh S, Kainberger F. Subchondral bone and cartilage disease: a rediscovered functional unit. Investigative radiol
...ting the structure of the cartilaginous surface and underlying subchondral bone. When the lesion's healing phase begins and tissue forms, the new tissue is
16 KB (2,239 words) - 22:47, 25 January 2023
...Syndrome (PCS) is the rarest form of incomplete [[Overview of Spinal Cord Injuries|spinal cord injury]]. An individual with this form of spinal cord injury (S
...Cord Injury Statistical Center reports that 67.2% of traumatic spinal cord injuries are incomplete.<ref>National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. [https:
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* Tendons and Ligament Injuries
* If lameness persists, this could be due to chronic or deep bone pain
21 KB (2,990 words) - 19:46, 4 January 2023
...The quadriceps tendon in combination with patellar tendon and the patella bone make up the extensor mechanism of the lower leg. These muscles derive their
...tears, which commonly occur before age 40, and are often related to sports injuries. <ref name=":3" /><br>A muscle rupture often happens during a high impact a
17 KB (2,438 words) - 17:50, 27 June 2023
...res|fractures]]. Of these injuries, the most common injuries discussed are injuries to the [[Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction|ACL]].<ref name="C
Overall, it has been accepted that the majority of musculoskeletal injuries tend to be more sports specific rather than gender-specific, but over recen
33 KB (4,946 words) - 11:21, 21 April 2023
* Further joint space narrowing with cystic changes and sclerotic bone
* Cystic and sclerotic subchondral bone changes
15 KB (1,983 words) - 07:40, 3 September 2023
...youths. Physical Education and Sport 2009;7:189-196</ref> Most of the injuries reported are due to inappropriate training techniques, lack of or inadequat
...es, enhancing overall health and well-being<ref name="AAP" />, increase in bone mineral density and cardio-respiratory fitness, weight management and impro
7 KB (1,031 words) - 12:08, 25 December 2021
...s://pmj.bmj.com/content/81/952/108.full History of the treatment of spinal injuries]. Postgraduate medical journal. 2005 Feb 1;81(952):108-14.</ref>
...48–1900) in Germany developed the first treatment protocol for spinal cord injuries. Together with Paul Stolper (1865–1906), he co-authored a book on spinal
26 KB (3,756 words) - 05:18, 5 August 2022
...ut they can also occur during knee hyperextension<ref name=":0" />. These injuries typically occur during motor vehicle accidents and contact sports<ref name=
...be injured by falling onto a flexed knee. The most common sports where PCL injuries occur are football, skiing, basketball and baseball<ref>Bernhardson AS, DeP
15 KB (2,167 words) - 15:02, 17 April 2023
...rr DB, Turner CH, Qiu J, Tu Y, Onyia JE, Duncan RL. Mechanotransduction in bone: osteoblasts are more responsive to fluid forces than mechanical strain. Am
...ical influences in disc degeneration and prolapse: medico-legal relevance. Bone & Joint360. 2014;3(2):1-4.</ref>.
14 KB (1,917 words) - 14:29, 2 May 2024
...is makes these tendons susceptible to injuries such as lacerations or open injuries.<ref name=":1" /> Another reason is the lack of subcutaneous tissue between
...ints.<ref name=":1">Yoon AP, Chung KC. Management of acute extensor tendon injuries. Clinics in plastic surgery. 2019 Jul 1;46(3):383-91.
31 KB (4,793 words) - 09:57, 12 December 2022
...015; 4:360</ref> Most whiplash associated disorders are minor soft tissue injuries lacking evidence for fractures.<ref>Bragg KJ, Varacallo M. Cervical Sprain.
...ing with [[anterior longitudinal ligament]], cadaveric studies of whiplash injuries have found tears as well as rim lesions of the anterior anulus fibrosus. <r
10 KB (1,440 words) - 19:47, 26 December 2023
...rearm/wrist and leg/ankle areas. This study demonstrates that instances of injuries among athletes with a disability was nearly equal when compared to athletes
...g participants with injuries was approximately equal to the number of injuries among athletes without a disability. <br>
22 KB (3,262 words) - 10:43, 30 August 2018
Back problems in horses are often related to chronic or long-standing injuries. There may also be more than one spinal lesion affecting the horse’s perf
...nal structures, including muscle, ligament, osseous / vertebral, and nerve injuries.<ref name=":2" /> The following table, adapted from Hinchcliffe and colle
18 KB (2,628 words) - 11:48, 18 August 2022
...hing to be defined as a stress fracture there must be a clear crack in the bone without it being a complete crack as that would be a different type of frac
...surpassing the rate of osteoblastic activity, this causes weakening of the bone making it susceptible to stress fracture. Over time the fracture develops.
22 KB (3,212 words) - 11:22, 10 May 2024
...ificant trauma and may require X-Ray to rule out tibial plateau fractures, bone bruises or an MRI to investigate the integrity of the ligaments.
...4k|300}}<ref>BJSM Videos. Knee Exam (20 of 27): Acute patellofemoral joint injuries. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDJXSYlMK4k [last accessed
12 KB (1,651 words) - 11:13, 16 November 2023
...A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3871955/ Preventing dance injuries: current perspectives]. Open access journal of sports medicine. 2013;4:199.
...njuries_in.13.aspx?context=LatestArticles Risk factors for lower-extremity injuries in female ballet dancers: a systematic review.] Clinical journal of sport m
16 KB (2,329 words) - 11:32, 18 August 2022
Tibial plateau fractures are complex injuries of the knee. The tibial plateau is one of the most critical load-bearing ar
...al Lesions|menisci]] and [[Articular Cartilage Lesions|articular cartilage injuries]]<ref name="two" />
16 KB (2,245 words) - 17:17, 28 November 2019
Superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) tears are injuries of the [[Glenoid Labrum|glenoid labrum]]. They involve the superior glenoid
...et-handle tear of the labrum with an intact biceps tendon insertion to the bone.
13 KB (1,831 words) - 07:12, 11 January 2023
...le, with separations of the AC Joint accounting for 40% of shoulder girdle injuries in athletes. Commonly, injury happens when falling onto an outstretched han
...racoclavicular ligaments.<ref name="Beim">Beim GM. Acromioclavicular joint injuries. Journal of Athletic Training 2000;35(3):261-267.</ref><br>[[Image:AC injur
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'''Origin''': pectineal line (pecten pubis) and adjacent bone of pelvis
...hing a leg or legs too far out to the side or front of the body. Pectineus injuries can also be caused by rapid movements like kicking or sprinting, changing d
6 KB (807 words) - 13:19, 3 October 2023
...MC, Bendall SP. Synovial impingement in the ankle. A new physical sign. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003;85(3):330-333.</ref>
[[Category:Sports Injuries]]
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...of many diseases. Even in healthy and active people; strength, endurance, bone density, and flexibility all decline at a rate of approximately 10% per dec
...ubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644982/ Trends in Nonfatal Falls and Fall-Related Injuries Among Adults Aged≥ 65 Years—United States, 2012–2018. MMWR.] Morbidit
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...at in humans. It is distributed within subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, and bone marrow fat.
* White adipose tissue is also present in the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]] and can be found in the pericardium surrounding the [[Anatomy of t
11 KB (1,535 words) - 11:01, 5 January 2023
...on of the rider’s weight as well.<ref name=":1">Legg K. Anatomy and Common Injuries of the Equine Forelimb Course. Plus , 2021.</ref>
...ow consists of the first, second, third and fourth carpal bones. The first bone is small and inconsistent
24 KB (3,509 words) - 06:55, 4 January 2023
[[Category:Sports Injuries]]
...nal of Sports Medicine (BJSM). Paediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MM6UY1MpqAE. Published on 1
29 KB (4,132 words) - 14:53, 15 March 2021
...lection of all sound waves back into the transducer head upon contact with bone<ref name=":0" />
...easingly available, leading to prompt ultrasonographic diagnosis of sports injuries on the field<ref>Chiang YP, Wang TG, Hsieh SF. [https://www.sciencedirect.c
14 KB (2,046 words) - 12:39, 21 September 2023
...cognition and effective management of autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injuries. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy.] 2007 May 1;8(7):945-56.</ref><ref name
# [[Bone|Bones]] ([[Fracture|fractures]], dislocations)
12 KB (1,634 words) - 23:08, 19 June 2023
...uring sport activities.<ref name=":1">Brukner P. Clinical sports medicine: Injuries. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Limited; 2017.</ref> Mechanics is a
...injury. Some examples of the relationship between technique and associated injuries are listed in the table below.
22 KB (3,209 words) - 09:58, 18 August 2022
...ar old baseball players. <ref name="Adirim">Adirim T, Cheng T. Overview of injuries in the young athlete. Sports Medicine [serial online]. 2003;33(1):75-81. Av
'''''Medial sided injuries'''''
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...adiocarpal joint, where the radius interfaces with the lunate and scaphoid bone of the wrist. A fracture of the distal radius is usually caused by falling
...hrane Library. 2008;4:1-67.</ref>. The radius is the most commonly broken bone in the arm.<br>
32 KB (4,507 words) - 11:40, 22 November 2023
...r by high-energy impact. They can range in severity from relatively benign injuries to life-threatening, unstable fractures.
...s that form the lateral and anterior aspects of the pelvis. Each adult hip bone is formed by three separate bones that fuse together during the late teenag
26 KB (3,813 words) - 23:30, 3 December 2022
...ence the development or exacerbation of musculoskeletal overuse or stress injuries.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Ahn J, Simpkins C, Yang F. Ground reaction forces and
...In general, the greater the forces, the greater risk for stress or overuse injuries.<ref name=":0" />
17 KB (2,602 words) - 05:57, 30 January 2023
[[Osteoporosis]] is a characterised by a decrease in bone density which results in bones become increasingly porous and brittle leadi
Osteopenia is a milder reduction in bone density, which can be described as being a midpoint between having healthy
10 KB (1,420 words) - 18:45, 14 November 2022
*[[Accessory Navicular Bone]]
*Bone
11 KB (1,341 words) - 18:21, 7 December 2023
...e have fused on either or both sides to form articular pillars, columns of bone that project laterally from the junction of the pedicle and lamina.
...sterior part. These two parts are joined, outside the foramen, by a bar of bone that exhibits a deep sulcus on its upper surface for the passage of the cor
15 KB (2,243 words) - 10:15, 24 January 2022
...rontal lobe(red); parietal lobe(orange); temporal lobe(green); [[Occipital Bone|occipital]] lobe(yellow) and [[Brainstem|Brain stem]](black); [[Cerebellum]
...om incidents such as road trauma, [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injuries]], [[Stroke|stroke,]] or other [[Neurodegenerative Disease|neurodegenerativ
6 KB (890 words) - 12:04, 8 January 2021
...prain#cite_note-Roos-1 Lateral ankle ligament injury] make up 85% of ankle injuries<ref name=":0">Roos KG, Kerr ZY, Mauntel TC, Djoko A, Dompier TP, Wickstrom
...:885. </ref> are used to determine the need for radiography in acute ankle injuries. If these rules are positive, the patient/athlete needs an x-ray to rule ou
10 KB (1,403 words) - 10:35, 30 November 2023
Panner's disease is [[bone]] growth disorder (osteochondrosis) of the humeral capitellum ossification
..., Ganley T. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25840494/ Common medial elbow injuries in the adolescent athlete]. J Hand Ther. 2015 Apr-Jun;28(2):201-10; quiz 21
5 KB (693 words) - 13:33, 14 October 2022
...s but is not limited to impairments on metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, and cardiovascular health’<ref name=
...the low energy availability extend far further than menstrual function and bone health.
22 KB (3,018 words) - 13:30, 20 July 2023
...iomechanics of the Wrist and Hand]. In: Doral M., Karlsson J. (eds) Sports Injuries. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Available from:https://link.springer.com/refe
* '''[[Pisiform]]''' – (pea shaped) = a small round bone found in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris. It articulates with the palm
24 KB (3,535 words) - 14:25, 31 August 2023
...in MTSS is related to unrepaired microdamage accumulation in the cortical bone of the distal tibia, however this has not been definitively established. Tw
...the [[Tibialis Posterior|tibialis posterior]] or [[soleus]], supported by bone scintigraphy findings of a broad linear band of increased uptake along the
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...during childhood but its contributions are less significant in adulthood. Injuries to the ligamentum teres and foveal artery can result in osteonecrosis of th
The acetabulum is the area of the pelvic bone where the ilium, ischium, and pubis converge. The articulation of the head
10 KB (1,544 words) - 00:57, 10 May 2024
* [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]] or organ transplant
...pg|right|frameless]]Severe Immunosuppression - eg. Chemotherapy, HIV, and bone marrow ablation are examples of severe immunosuppression that can make a pe
12 KB (1,608 words) - 08:34, 22 February 2023
...tivity|physical activity]]/[[Therapeutic Exercise|exercise]], and [[Muscle Injuries|injury]] or [[Muscle Disorders|disease]].<ref name=":0">Frontera WR, Ochala
5 KB (687 words) - 06:02, 21 April 2023
* Increases in [[Bone Density|bone density]] and the ability to recover bone mass <ref name=":1" />
*Injuries to the skin or joints (blisters, pressure sores, muscle tears, etc) <ref na
15 KB (2,141 words) - 20:41, 23 January 2024
.... Available from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/nerve-injuries/ (last accessed 15.3.2019)</ref> These symptoms are similar to those caused
* Injection injuries - also referred to as injection palsy<ref name=":2">Toopchizadeh V, Barzega
12 KB (1,768 words) - 14:18, 7 May 2023
...ysio-pedia.com/Cervical_Vertebrae cervical vertebrae] from C1 to C7, hyoid bone, manubrium of sternum and clavicles<ref name=":0" />. The cervical spine ha
...two articular facets (anterior and posterior) which articulate with atlas bone and atlas transverse ligament. C2 has a smaller and triangular vertebral fo
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...ic (ie, without infection) and usually occur when trauma or repeated small injuries lead to bleeding into the bursa or release of inflammatory mediators.<ref n
* This condition can be caused by acute injuries (trauma) during sports activities because they can include any action that
12 KB (1,787 words) - 08:25, 2 January 2024
...tendinous unit is the iliopsoas bursa, which separates the tendon from the bone surface and the proximal portion of the femur.
...A, Whiteley R, Thorborg K, Robinson M, Hölmich P. Diagnosis of acute groin injuries: a prospective study of 110 athletes. The American journal of sports medici
8 KB (1,218 words) - 23:54, 31 March 2024
...ghegan L, Wormald JC, Adami RZ, Rodrigues JN. Central slip extensor tendon injuries: a systematic review of treatments. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volum
...injuries can occur when lacerations disrupt the central slip. Central slip injuries may also occur in the setting of passively forced flexion of an actively ex
15 KB (2,239 words) - 14:25, 4 May 2021
...disciplines and athletic populations.<ref name=":1" /> Calf muscle strain injuries (CMSI) occur commonly in sports involving high-speed running or increased v
...ocnemius vs. soleus strain: how to differentiate and deal with calf muscle injuries]. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2009 Jun 1;2(2):74-7. </ref
24 KB (3,601 words) - 21:33, 12 April 2023
* It increases bone mineral density and promotes fracture healing and joint stability. <ref nam
...g), and high cumulative dose (≈ 7000 min) to improve lumbar spine area of bone mineral density (aBMD) in postmenopausal women.
12 KB (1,648 words) - 20:07, 26 March 2024
...hological changes and their potential role in childhood meniscal injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Apr 1983;65(4):538-47. (level: A2)</ref>.
== Associated Injuries/Differential Diagnosis ==
11 KB (1,679 words) - 01:28, 29 August 2019
...toid process (orthotropic) or in the vicinity of the base of the occipital bone, more precisely in the area of the foramen magnum (dystopic) with no bony l
...atlantoaxial joint dislocation is less than 2% among upper cervical spine injuries<ref name="Moreau">Moreau, PE, et al. traumatic atlantoaxial dislocation wit
12 KB (1,876 words) - 21:45, 20 October 2020
...st inadvertently on the ground or floor or other lower level. Fall-related injuries are mostly non-fatal but can also be fatal.<ref name=":0">WHO. Falls Factsh
...6/2123182/ Contralateral cochlear labyrinthine concussion without temporal bone fracture: unusual posttraumatic consequence]. Case reports in otolaryngolog
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