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...y fixed and rotating your lower extremity. It is a twisting motion of your lower trunk area. ...arms in the opposite direction.<ref>[http://morphopedics.wikidot.com/lumbar-rotation#:~:text=Lumbar%20rotation%20can%20be%20preformed,of%20your%20lower%

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 0-2 - Patient is in side lying ('gravity minimal' position)

[[File:Leg Lowering Test.gif|right|frameless]] ...ength Test] Available: https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/abdominal-strength.htm (accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>

...[[Gracilis|gracillis]]. These muscles primarily function to move the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's central axis. Additionally, the Pectineus mu ...clelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ (ac

...ngthen the [[Gluteal Muscles|gluteal]] and [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal]] muscles to avoid from the pain getting worse. <ref name=":0">Dydyk AM, Sapra A. Wil ...on exercises is an exercise technique that aims to correct posture, relax muscles, increase endurance, stretch and increase lordosis.<ref name=":0" />

...]] (ES) group (the intermediate layer of the intrinsic [[Back Muscles|back muscles]]). The ES is made of three subgroups, with the group divisions occurring b The erector spinae muscles, which spinalis belong to, are the most powerful extensors of the spine.<re

...muscles which predominantly act to flex the knee. Hamstrings consist of 3 muscles; ...InSeminars in musculoskeletal radiology 2010 Jun (Vol. 14, No. 02, pp. 131-161). © Thieme Medical Publishers.</ref>

[[File:250px-Iliostalis.png|thumb|400x400px|Iliocostalis]] ...ia Erector Spinae Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/erector-spinae-group?lang=us (accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>.

[[File:Superficial muscles of the knee posterior aspect Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the knee (posterior)]] == Muscles Involved ==

...finally resting with the leg in the horizontal position, aimed to improve leg and feet circulation. Finally, the patient lies flat with his leg rested in a horizontal position and covered with a warm blanket for about 5

...ome (greek: myo=muscle, tome = a section, volume) is defined as a group of muscles which is innervated by single spinal nerve root. Myotome testing is an ess ...ssessment (4th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 467–566. ISBN 978-1-4160-3109-3. </ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Leana_Louw Leana Louw] There are two bones in the lower leg - the [[tibia]] and fibula. The fibula plays a key role in muscle attachme

...//bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1660-8<nowiki/>(accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>. ...htm SLS] Available:https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/squat-single-leg.htm (accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>.

...achieve it. Below are generally accepted values for muscle length for some muscles as measured in degrees:<ref name=":0">Izraelski J. Assessment and treatment |Pectoralis Major - Sternal Portion Lower Fibres

...my and basic approach. Ultrasonography. 2017 Apr; 36(2):120. </ref>.[[File:Leg veins.png|thumb|375x375px]] ...vein: where does reflux go? Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2013 Jun; 12(2):123-8.

...is 1 of 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. The other muscles in the anterior compartment include: [[Tibialis Anterior|tibialis anterior] ...orium longus. Available from:https://www.anatomynext.com/extensor-digitorum-longus/ (24july 2019)</ref>

...A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535427/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Foot Peroneus Brevis Muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 May 19. St It is one of the three ankle everters known as the fibularis muscles (Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis and [[Peroneus Tertius|Fibularis Tertiu

...is often conducted using a stopwatch and a 50 cm-long metal beam with a non-slip surface. ...ight, body weight, gender, and test conditions. Perform an appropriate warm-up.

...ol of the lower limb are likely to result in altered positioning and weight-bearing in the foot. *[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Diabetic_Neuropathy Diabetic Neuropathy]

...view of its anatomy and pathology.] Skeletal radiology. 2019 Sep;48(9):1329-44.</ref> [[File:148px-Gray439-Musculus peroneus longus.png|frame]]

...nch which joins the [[Sural Nerve|sural]] nerve in the middle third of the leg. ...In addition it supplies the skin over the lateral lower two-thirds of the leg and the whole of the dorsum of the foot except for the area between the 1st

...nd deep peroneal nerves.] J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;65(5):798-9. </ref> ...medial and lateral. It provides motor and sensory innervation to the foot muscles.

..., Function & Anatomy | Body Maps www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/iliacus-muscle/male#1 (accessed 17 June 2018)</ref> === Anatomy<ref>Iliacus - UW Radiology https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/iliacus/ (accessed 18 june 2018)

...ese muscles are vital for allowing free movement of the spine.[[Image:250px-Iliostalis.png|Iliocostalis lumborum bottom R, iliocostalis dorsi at centre| ...sterior|serratus posterior inferior]] muscle. Iliocostalis lumborum is the lower (lumbar) portion of that muscle.

...C. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556144/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Gluteus Minimus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Apr 11. StatPea ...|350x350px|alt=|thumb|Gluteus minimus of right side: outline and attachment-areas.]]

== What Are Nocturnal Leg Cramps? == ...xisting prevalence data suggest that 37–50% of older adults have Nocturnal leg cramps (NLC) commonly occurring in the calf, hamstrings, or foot which are

...wellhealth.com)[https://www.verywellhealth.com/gastrocnemius-muscle-anatomy-4684083]</ref> ...ew image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gastrocnemius-muscle</ref>

...lis Posterior''' is located deep in the posterior compartment of the lower leg and situated between the [[Flexor Digitorum Longus|Flexor Digitorium Longus Proximal postero-lateral aspect of the tibia.

...Longus]]<ref name=":3">Chaurasia BD. [https://www.pdfdrive.com/bd-chaurasia-books.html Human Anatomy Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical.] Vol * India: 87-90%

...scopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2022 Apr 1;38(4):1189-92.</ref> [[File:Lower back pain.png|center|thumb|260x260px|Low Back Pain ]]

[[File:Kitera-dent-jWv1ILisuSc-unsplash.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ng] Available: https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/muscles-walking-exercise-1837.html<nowiki/>(accessed 21.12.2021)</ref>

...teal Muscles] Available: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteal-muscles<nowiki/>(accessed 11.1.2022)</ref>. Image 1: Rotating image of the anatomy of muscles of the gluteal region. The Maximus (yellow), medius (blue) and minimus (red

...aft: an ultrasound study. The Journal of hand surgery. 1991 Jul 1;16(4):708-11.</ref>. ...the gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus muscle in the middle third of the leg.

Semitendinosus is one of the three muscles that make up the [[hamstrings]] muscle group, and it is located at the post ...yle of the tibia and passes over the medial collateral ligament of the knee-joint, from which it is separated by a bursa, and is inserted into the upper

[[File:Hip flexors.png|alt=Hip muscles anterior aspect.|thumb|324x324px|Hip muscles anterior aspect.]] ...4.1.2022)</ref>. Every time you take a step, you are using your hip flexor muscles.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment|alt=]] ...2018 Oct 23.Available:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/hip-extensors (accessed 21.1.2022)</ref>.

Hemiplegia is paralysis of the muscles of the lower face, arm, and leg on one side of the body. In addition to motor problems other losses may occ ...Dr. V.S.Nandakumar<nowiki/>https://www.slideshare.net/danny14871/hemiplegia-43636165 ''(accessed 29 June 2018)''</ref>

...f the femur. |Adductor longus]]The adductor longus is one of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinicall This large fan-shaped muscle is situated most anteriorly of this group and covers the middl

...uis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref> [[Weight bearing|Weight-bearing]] is a primary function of the foot and ankle - each structure has a == Lower Leg Muscle Compartments ==

Lower limb amputation is one of the oldest known surgically performed procedures< ...nt on his way to the farm and had a comminuted tibia fracture of the right leg. He was taken to a primary health center within the village but due to lack

...ht bearing]] and stability of [[Gait|gait.]] An essential component of the lower [[Closed Chain Exercise|kinetic chain]]. ...hip]] and [[:Category:Knee - Muscles|knee]] that contribute to [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] and other propulsive movements.<ref name="Moore">Moore KL, A

...tilting in sagittal plane.] Physical therapy research. 2016 Dec 20;19(1):50-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5342962/ (la ...used to correct the alignment of the lumbar spine of patients with chronic lower back pain (LBP). A posture that reinforces lumbar lordosis was identified a

...s://www.sportsperformancebulletin.com/endurance-training/techniques/cycling-biomechanics/ (accessed 17.12.2021)</ref> ...2028 Available:https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/bicycle-market (accessed 17.12.2021)</ref>

...m (Latin: ''os ischii'') is a paired bone of the [[pelvis]] that forms the lower and back part of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone, as well as the posterior and # Body of the ischium - the portion that forms the posterior one-third of the acetabulum.

...uctor Longus]], [[Adductor Brevis]], [[Adductor Magnus]], and [[Gracilis]] muscles, which primarily function in hip adduction.. ...s muscle Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/pectineus-muscle-anatomy-5084562<nowiki/>(accessed 15.1.2022)</ref>

...nsor_hallucis_longus_muscle</ref> in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. It&nbsp;provides the only active extension force to the interphalangeal jo [[Image:Extensor-hallucis-longus.jpg|right|300x400px]]

* Freestyle gives a full body workout. It works the muscles in your arms, legs, [[Core Strengthening|core]] and back. ...and Their Benefits Available:https://allamericanswim.com/different-swimming-strokes (accessed 20.12.2021)</ref>.

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> ==== Muscles ====

*Long head: tibial division of the [[Sciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] (L5-S2)<ref name="Netter" /> ...flexes the [[knee]], extends [[Hip Anatomy|hip]], laterally rotates lower leg when knee slightly flexed, assists in lateral rotation of the thigh when hi

...when the bone at the knee joint is angled out and away from the body's mid-line. This deformity is defined as a valgus angle '''[[Q Angle|(Q angle)]]'' * The patello-femoral joint can be affected with lateral subluxation of the patella and tr

..." is a [[Muscle Energy Technique|Muscle Energy Technique (MET)]] used to re-align the pelvis and treat a variety of pelvic dysfunctions. ...Pain" ''Journal of Osteopathic Medicine'', vol. 119, no. 11, 2019, pp. e42-e43. </ref>

...p;anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. ...anx of the great toe. The Tibiofascialis anterior, a small muscle from the lower part of the tibia to the transverse or cruciate crural ligaments or deep fa

The femoral triangle is&nbsp;a hollow region located in the supero-medial part of the anterior thigh. It appears most prominently with hip flex ...Artery|Femoral artery]] and branches - Arterial supply for majority of the lower limb

transtibial, bilateral amputee, diabetic amputee, below-knee prosthesis ...is L leg amputation was secondary to a necrotic diabetic foot ulcer. His co-morbidities include: poorly controlled Type II diabetes, sleep apnoea, smoki

...ll athletes<ref name=":2">Bordoni B, Varacallo M. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh quadriceps muscle. Available:https://www.statpearls.com/Article The gracilis muscle decends almost vertically down the leg and inserts on the medial [[tibia]] at the [[Pes Anserinus Bursitis|Pes ans

* A relatively benign condition that is under-recognized mainly because it is typically asymptomatic. It only becomes a co ...egulate blood pressure. Eg the autonomic nervous system sends the “fight-or-flight” signal that, depending on the situation, tells the [[Anatomy of th

...randomized-controlled trial. Physical Therapy in sport. 2005 May 1;6(2):60-6.</ref> == Muscles ==

[[File:Lower back extension.jpeg|thumb|419x419px|A back exercise]] ...Exercise is the best way to increase functional capacity and prevent health-related problems.

...1">Florence Peterson Kendall, McCreary E, Provance P, Rodgers M, Romani W. Muscles : Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippin ...tellofemoral Pain Syndrome|patellofemoral pain syndrome]]; [[Low Back Pain|lower back pain]]; [[osteoarthritis]]; [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthriti

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...e [[balance]], decrease the risk of falling, help with weak musculature of lower legs, and to return to previous activity or facilitate patient mobility.

...Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

The [[Core Muscles|core]] is the centre of our body and it functions to stabilize the trunk wh # Muscles that stabilize the [[Hip|hips]].

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ ...de to get sufficient power at bottom of stroke. Putting stress on low back muscles.

...ankle joint]], an articulation between the [[tibia]] and [[fibula]] of the leg and the [[talus]] of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. See the page for [[Ankle Jo ...together create an architectural vault, which is one of the strongest load-bearing structures known to mankind.<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britan

The Piriformis test is a lower limb provocation test to evaluate the impact of the piriformis muscle on th ...rmis muscle is innervated by the direct branches from the sacral plexus (L5-S2).&nbsp;

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...] The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1985 Nov;67(5):741-6.</ref>This is often referred to as the Trendelenburg test but should not b

...Adductorius. https://www.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy/Anatomical-Parts/Adductor-canal (accessed 25 June 2018).</ref> ...i. The Adductor Canal. http://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/areas/adductor-canal/ (accessed on 25 June 2018).</ref>

[[File:Dead-lifts.png|thumb|Romanian Dead Lift]] ...tionary Romanian Deadlift Available:https://www.yourdictionary.com/romanian-deadlift (accessed 18.2.2022)</ref>. The deadlift is a [[Strength Training|s

...ndrome Picture Wikipedia.jpeg|right|frameless|alt=|Compartment syndrome in leg]] The anterior compartment of the leg is the most common location for compartment syndrome. Other locations in wh

...l border of the popliteus muscle, deep to gastrocnemius and soleus. In the leg, it is accompanied by the posterior tibial vessels and lies in the tarsal t ...erve#1 .] Available from: https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/tibial-nerve#1 (last accessed 17/03/2019).</ref> It also has articular and cutaneou

[[File:Nerves anterior lower limb.jpeg|alt=1. femoral nerve. 2. obturator nerve. 3. saphenous nerve|thum ...xit of the obturator canal or more distally by [[fascia]], causing exercise-induced medial thigh pain, typically in athletes<ref name=":2">Koh M, Markov

...earance. The [[Gluteus Maximus|gluteus maximus]] covers all of the gluteal muscles except for the anterosuperior third of the gluteus medius[[Gluteus Medius| ...enhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteus-medius-and-minimus-muscles</ref>

[[File:Human-heart-chambers.jpg|right|frameless|399x399px]] ....<ref>Dictionary Vena Cava Available:https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vena-cava (accessed 16.7.2021)</ref>

...Janda's work. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2010 July;14:299-301</ref> The [[Hamstrings|hamstrings]] are frequently found to be tight in ...p; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure 1: lower crossed syndrome&nbsp;<ref name="Janda" />

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Chelsea_Mclene Chelsea Mclene] ...tdirect.com/training-delivery/client-assessment/taking-body-dimension-girth-measurements [last accessed 05/11/2020]</ref>Girths are circumference measur

...VanBlarcom CW, editor. [https://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913(99)70234-9/fulltext The glossary of prosthodontic terms]. Mosby; 1999.</ref>, support ...indications and methods]. American family physician. 2009 Sep 1;80(5):491-9.</ref>

Interdisciplinary care of an 84-year-old patient, following a trans-femoral amputation. ...n due to a sepsis on a prosthesis of knee. His wishes were to be able to re-walk with crutches inside his apartment, and be able to drive again. The obj

...erve and psoas quartus muscle. Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2019 Jun 1;52(2):208-10.</ref>. It controls: ...xors|hip flexor muscles]], as well as [[Quadriceps Muscle|knee extension]] muscles.

<div class="editorbox">'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Wendy_Walker Wendy Walker] [[File:Muscles of the scapular region anterior aspect Primal.png|thumb]]The subscapularis

...he fascial compartment affected by increased compartment pressures include muscles, [[Neurone|nerves]] and vasculature. ...r leg: a review.] The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2016 Apr 1;12(4):265-70. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4970751/<nowiki/

...y and reduce LBP and physical impairment. It stretches the lower extremity muscles in combination of hamstring, adductors and rotators. <br> ...sagittall plane isometric contract-relax technique on passive straight leg-raise angle. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1994;20:138�

...ed by clinicians. This approach highly focuses synergic pattern of spastic muscles on the recovery of [[stroke]] patients through various stages. There is no ...associated reactions are combined with voluntary effort which produces semi-voluntary movement thus providing sensory feedback and satisfaction.

...ood]] and nutrients throughout the body. At any point in time, nearly three-fourths of the circulating blood volume is contained in the venous system.<r ...vailable: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/524180/11-amazing-facts-about-veins (accessed 15.7.2021)</ref>

...chin-up Chin up] Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chin-up<nowiki/>(accessed 1.1.2022)</ref> ...bicep curls will all be beneficial if the ultimate goal is achieving a chin-up with correct form. A chin up is an example of a [[Closed Chain Exercise|c

...h lower Quality of Life (QoL), depression and extremely high annual medical-care costs. * Higher body-mass-index (BMI)

...in the posterior compartment of the thigh and supplies a major part of the lower extremity. At the upper aspect of the popliteal fossa, it branches medially ...sterior surface of [[Adductor Magnus]]. Nerves branch off to the hamstring muscles. The nerve is crossed obliquely on its superficial aspect by the long head

...Dec. 2020, pp. 2408–2416, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06354-1</nowiki>. ...originates from the gluteal fossa, the gluteal aponeurosis and the postero-inferior iliac crest, and inserts onto the lateral aspect of the greater tro

...B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538262/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Femoral Artery]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Sta ...e changes to the [[Popliteal Fossa|popliteal]] artery which provides oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the knee compartment. The deep femoral artery give

...gether with the semispinalis and rotatores form the [[transversospinales]] muscles group. Multifidusi lies deep to the semispinalis and superficial to the rot ...<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatomy for Students E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009 Apr 4.</ref>

...kins; 2014.</ref>. Its primary action is flexion of [[Foot Anatomy|digits 2-5]] in the foot.<br> ...&amp; physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2010.</ref>

[[Image:Gait-cycle.png|frame|center|Running Gait cycle]] ...ov">Novacheck TF; The Biomechanics of running; Gait and Posture 7; 1998; 77-95</ref>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...total hip arthroplasty. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2017 Aug;51(4):359-67.</ref>

...Andrew TL. Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise. A Comprehensive Guide to Multiple-Joint Exercises. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2002;1(4):200.</ref> In a ...able from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UylQlk50gjg (last accessed 20-11-2013)</ref>

...healthy individuals]. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 Jun 1;124(6):1438-46.</ref> ...aniya VH. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5713709/pdf/jcdr-11-AC01.pdf Variation in morphometry of vastus medialis muscle]. Journal of Cli

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"> The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Physiopedia:Terms_of_Service informational purposes only]. Physiop

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...bate]. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2019 Jun;49(6):425-36.</ref> </blockquote>

...Orthopaedic &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Sports Physical Therapy , pp. 218-224. Level of evidence: 2b</ref>&nbsp;(Level of evidence: 2b) ...itting on the table. The elastic resistance strap is attached to the table leg 10 cm above the ground. The other side of the resistance strap is attached

Lower Limb Amputation: Diabetic Case Presentation A case presentation summarising the 21 day acute in-patient journey of a diabetic below knee amputee through to discharge to a c

...sed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/alexandra-kopelovich/ Alexandra Kopelovich]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Con ...xis of the joint, the proximal segment of the joint with move posteriorly. Muscles can contract concentrically or eccentrically to overcome the external momen

*This position facilitates accessability to independant upper and lower limbs and head movement&nbsp; *Bend her hips – this helps to release tension in her lower back which is often arched, and it

...k Bhatt|Hardik Bhatt]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...4x504px|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteus_muscle#/media/File:Gray439-Musculus_popliteus.png Popliteus]]]

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME} ...ot, the following features could be considered optimal:<ref name=":2">Green-Smerdon M. Biomechanics of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot Course. Plus , 2022

...</nowiki>. org. 7th March. 1998 Mar.</ref> and straining or rupture of the muscles around the ankle (e.g. [[Calf Strain|calf]], [[Peroneal Tendinopathy|perone [[File:Cross-section_of_ankle.png|right|frameless|300x300px]]

...ent syndrome. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/307668-overview (accessed 06/04/2020).</ref> ...ilable from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/compartment-syndrome/ (accessed 04/06/2020). </ref>

...he distance of heel strike from one leg to the heel strike of the opposite leg<ref name="Perry">Perry J and Burnfield J.M Gait Analysis, Normal and Pathol ...be split into 2 stages.<ref>Masood H, Farooq H. [https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/15/2386 Utilizing spatio temporal gait pattern and quadratic SVM for

[[File:Psoas_major.gif|alt=Rotating image of the Psoas muscle of the upper leg|right|frameless|200x200px]] ...liopsoas Muscle.</ref>. The psoas muscle is one of the [[Core Muscles|core muscles]].

..., diagnosis, and treatment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005 Nov 1;101(5):1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis] ...mbosacral Biomechanics|effective load transfer]] between the spine and the lower extremities.

...e abdominal wall (anterior view)|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the muscles of the abdominal wall (anterior view)]] The abdominal [[Muscle|muscles]] are the muscles forming the abdominal walls, the abdomen being the portion of the trunk con

...he lower back and core by engaging (pulling in) the abdominal muscles. Push-ups are a fast and effective exercise for building strength. == Execution of conventional push-up ==

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> * Initially, the rib cage in infants is barrel-shaped and rigid; ribs are elevated and perpendicular to the spine

...embers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon/ Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}} ...and are designed to showcase a beautiful work of art."<ref name=":3">Green-Smerdon M. Basic Anatomy of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot course. Plus , 202

...icial muscles of the gluteal region Primal.png|thumb|250x250px|Superficial muscles of the gluteal region.]] ...nimus|Gluteus minimus]] the deep layer and the smallest one of the gluteal muscles and helps with hip abduction and internal rotation.

...on the concepts of Autogenic Inhibition and Reciprocal Inhibition. If a sub-maximal contraction of the muscle is followed by stretching of the same musc ...e two musculotendinous proprioceptors located in and around the joints and muscles respond to changes in muscle tension and length, which helps manage muscula

* Typically refers to lower extremity [[Peripheral Edema|edema]], skin trophic changes, and discomfort * Disability-related to chronic venous insufficiency attributes to diminished [[Qualit

...px|Sagittal T1-weighted MR image in plantar flexion showing the “nutcracker-phenomenon”. The os trigonum together with surrounding soft tissues are we ...posterior of the ankle and reduced plantarflexion caused by “the nutcracker-phenomenon”. When an os trigonum is present, this accessory ossicle togeth

...in superficial posterior compartment of the leg '''Soleus''' is a powerful lower limb muscle, which is situated deep to the gastronemius muscle.  Together ...JA, Day MK, Lee PL, et al. Physiological cross-sectional area of human leg muscles based on magnetic resonance imaging. J Orthop Res. 1992;10(6):928–34.</re

...registered clinical trial. Journal of Athletic Training. 2017 Jun;52(6):592-605. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5488851/<nowiki # Strength of lower extremity

...practice.] Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation. 2012 Jan 1;18(1):28-33</ref> For example, FES can be used to activate [[Tibialis Anterior|tibial .../canada’s-first-arm-cycling-program-parkwood-institute-patients-spinal-cord-injury]</ref>

...n.com/walking-can-relieve-leg-pain-in-people-with-peripheral-artery-disease-151240<nowiki/>(accessed 6.6.2021)</ref> [[File:Smoking-1026556 960 720-2.jpg|right|frameless]]

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/bernice-saban/ Bernice Saban]<br> ...matic review]. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2017 Jan 1;25(1):3-10.

...1">Gray H. Anatomy of the human body, by Henry Gray, thoroughly rev. and re-edited by Warren H. Lewis. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.</ref>]] ...sei dorsales pedis originate on the base of the metatarsal [[Bone|bones]] I-V<ref name=":2">Putz R, Pabst R. Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen Limitierte

...evention.] Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2010 Mar 1;2(2):135-46.</ref>. * wind-up,

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br> ...es]] (AFOs). They are designed for patients with extensive weakness in the lower limbs. The purpose of these complex orthoses are to:

...of the nervous system that is being tested and are divided into upper and lower limb tests. ...h joint is done as "sensitiser". The ULTT's are equivalent to the straight leg raise designed for the lumbar spine.

...askowski P, Rexroth D. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001 Nov;49(11):1471-7. Medical co-morbidity and rehabilitation efficiency in geriatric inpatients.</ref>. ...mission was due to an exacerbation of CCF and likely new diagnosis of left lower lobe lung carcinoma.

...of 2002 running injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002;36(2):95-101.</ref> ...ing-Related Injuries: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine. 2019;49(7):1095-1115.</ref> It is evident though, that not every runner, cyclist, or individ

[[File:1452198295 lateral-femoral-cutaneous-nerve.jpg|right|frameless|612x612px]] ..., knee pain, and paresthesias in the nerve’s cutaneous distribution in the leg and foot.

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME} ...ballet dancers.] Journal of Dance Medicine & Science. 2018 Dec 1;22(4):209-17.</ref>

...image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteus-maximus-muscle</ref>.]] ...]]. It is the largest muscle at the hip representing 16% of the total cross-sectional area.<ref name=":0">Keith L. , Anne M. R .

Lower limb disease especially linked to diabetes causes a significant number of a ...t coals that burned through the sole of his shoe. Poor blood supply in his leg and foot hindered wound healing, the blisters got infected and turned into

# The articular facet of the lateral malleolus (bony prominence on the lower fibula) forms the lateral border of the ankle joint # The articular facet of the medial malleolus (bony prominence on the lower tibia) forms the medial border of the joint

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/bernice-saban/ Bernice Saban]<br> ...inical reasoning and patient values]. Br J Sports Med. 2021 Oct;55(19):1106-18. </ref>

[[File: Biking.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Biking-Up hills]] ...ad cyclists]. The American journal of sports medicine. 2010 Dec;38(12):2494-501.</ref>

...muscles. TFL/ITB is a synergist of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles in hip abduction<ref>Arab AM, Nourbakhsh MR. The relationship between hip a ...rstanding iliotibial band syndrome. Journal of Anatomy. 2006 Mar;208(3):309-16.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2100245/ (accessed on 25/07/

.... [https://now.aapmr.org/biomechanic-of-gait-and-treatment-of-abnormal-gait-patterns/ Biomechanic of Gait and Treatment of Abnormal Gait Patterns].</ref * Something as simple as ill-fitting shoes

...ent syndrome: evaluation and management. ''Hand clinics'', ''34''(1), pp.53-60.</ref>. ...ournal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2011 Jan 1;19(1):49-58.</ref> (most common)

...the distal part fixed, movement at any one joint in the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Kinetic_Chain kinetic chain] requires motion as well at the other ...;28(1):48. [https://bfpt.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43161-023-00161-8#:~:text=Results%20showed%20that%20CKCEs%20are,OA%20knee%20joint%20%5B16%5D

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...lobal (also known as stabiliser and global movers, see [[Core Muscles|core muscles]]).

# Hinge at the hip and bend at the knee to lower the torso to the bar. Grasp the bar just outside of the shins. ...Aug 1;27(8):2338–45. Available from: <nowiki>https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2013/08000/the_valsalva_maneuver__its_effect_on.39.aspx#:~:tex

A 59 year old man with left hip disarticulation after left lower limb cellulitis/gangrene was admitted for inpatient rehabilitation after mu Diagnosis : Left Total Hip Disarticulation secondary to left lower limb cellulitis complicated by gangrene (started with TTA and thereafter TF

...itor '''- [[User:Lorenza Perez|Lorena Perez]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_dev ...: Dyskinetic and Ataxic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s-n4eFypPc [last accessed 13/08/16]</ref>

...ef name=":0">http://rotationplasty.com/A-Surgeons-Approach--The-Dynamics-of-Rotationplasty</ref> ...f Rotationplasty procedure]. Aesthetic Cosmetology and Medicine. 2021;10:55-8.</ref>

...after Surgery|acute management after ACL reconstruction]], creating a long-term rehabilitation plan can be challenging for physiotherapists. It is impo ...t?]. Arthroscopy, sports medicine, and rehabilitation. 2022 Jan 1;4(1):e175-9.</ref>within pain tolerance.

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...www.physioadvisor.com.au/10426550/adductor-tendonitis-adductor-tendinopathy-phys.htmfckLRfckLRfckLRfckLR </ref>

[[Category:Muscles]] ...M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513334/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Thigh Quadriceps Muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2018 Dec 15. StatPe

[[File:Tibia - frontal view.png|thumb|Pain generally in the inner and lower 2/3rds of tibia.|alt=|240x240px]] ...tress-syndrome-1<nowiki/>(accessed 2.6.2022)</ref>. It presents as exercise-induced pain over the anterior [[tibia]] and is an early stress injury in th

...calf complex<ref>Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:1123 Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes b.png," Wikimedia Commons, the free media repos ...ue injury study]. British journal of sports medicine. 2013 Aug 1;47(12):743-7.</ref>

...lbeing of elderly: A review]. Indian journal of Gerontology. 2020;34(3):394-402.</ref> ....uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/OP-103.15-Safety-information-leaflet-walking-sticks.pdf (accessed 9.4.2021)</ref>

Physiotherapy Management of Lower Limb Amputation Secondary to Diabetic Foot *Co-morbidities: Nil

...rge tensile forces.<ref name=":0">Wong M, Kiel J. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, Achilles tendon. StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: h ...ite for the gastrocnemius (lateral and medial heads) as well as the soleus muscles. It inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus (heel bone). The [[

[[File:Leg length discrepancy after hip replacement.jpg|right|frameless|500x500px]] ...n which the paired lower extremity limbs have a noticeably unequal length. Leg length discrepancy (LLD) has been a controversial issue among researchers a

'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...patory way and that these muscles are activated and fire before the global muscles are activated.

...ing pain along the course of the [[Sciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] from the lower back or buttock to one or both legs or an associated [[Sacral Plexus|lumbos ...ring to any [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]] or [[Radiculopathy|radicular]] leg pain as sciatica<ref name=":6" />.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...f patellar tendon ruptures: Evidence today.] The Knee. 2015 Jun 1;22(3):148-55.</ref> The tear can be partial, with only some fibers torn, or complete

...ological muscle and joint  parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the lower extremity. Clin Biomech, 22: 239–247.</ref> Just like an S-shaped tape, the muscle belly twists around the anterior, and medial s

...lum tali on the [[calcaneus]], where its passes through a fibrous, synovial-lined tunnel.<ref name="pala">Palastanga N, Soames R. Anatomy and Human Move Lower two-thirds of posterior [[fibula]].

...Femoral stress fractures. Clinics in sports medicine.] 1997 Apr 1;16(2):307-17.</ref> ...rming the knee joint. It serves as a site of origin and insertion for many muscles and ligaments.

...103''(2), 81-89.</ref> The purpose of this page is to describe the evidence-based physical therapy practice including diagnosis, assessment and interven ...sociation.] ''Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy'', (7), CPG1-CPG70.</ref>

...prevention and treatment of chronic inguinodynia. Hernia]. 2015 Aug;19:539-48.</ref>. ...inate from the anterior rami from [[Lumbar Anatomy|L1]] nerve roots in the lower back, in some cases it receives contribution from T12 or l2 in other cases

...Based Clinical Guidelines for the Physiotherapy Management of Adults with Lower limb Prosthesis]. CSP Clinical Guideline 03. November 2012</ref>. &nbsp;A c ...om all angles. Knowledge of normal gait patterns for the prosthetic and non-prosthetic user is required to help analysis of movement. On observation of

...ditors ''' - [[User:Jacob Wong|Jacob Wong]] as part of [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:The_University_of_Waterloo_Biomechanics_Project The Unive ...is not just a sports injury]</nowiki>]. Ugeskrift for laeger. 2010;172:3325-9.</ref>. Tendinopathy is a term that describes clinical conditions of tendo

...on the treatment of Achilles tendon rupture]. JBJS. 2010 Oct 20;92(14):2466-8.</ref>. Achilles tendon rupture is either managed conservatively with a c ...hilles Tendon Rupture. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kr84-NEoYiE [last accessed 10/6/2021]</ref>

A 72-year-old male with right TF amputation was admitted to the provincial rehabilitat ...raft, the patient had a right TF amputation on January 5, 2015. He is a non-smoker X 40 years and recovering ETOH abuse.

The ankle or tibiotalar joint constitutes the junction of the lower leg and foot. The osseous components of the ankle joint include the distal [[ti == Bon<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_4-0"></span>es ==

...bs: a protocol of a systematic review]. Systematic Reviews. 2019 Dec;8(1):1-6.</ref> ...A thorough assessment is required to not only diagnose tendinopathy in the lower limb but also to identify the contributing and aggravating factors that hav

...JI, Ingebrigtsen T. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-14-206 Accuracy of physical examination for chronic lumbar radiculopathy]. BMC ...of back pain, referred pain, and radicular pain. Pain. 2009 Dec 1;147(1):17-9.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar] ...spinal decompression, such as open or minimally invasive laminectomy, hemi-laminectomy (half laminetomy), [[laminotomy]] and laminoplasty. Decompressio

...Quadriceps tendon rupture - treatment results.Med Pregl 2013;66(11-12):453-8.</ref> ...on extensor function, while complete tendon tears may totally impede lower leg extension.<ref name=":3">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482389/ (acc

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...]. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2022 Mar;9(1):57-64.</ref>

...ease Imaging. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/406458-overview (accessed 25/05/2020).</ref> ...%2Faws4_ Blount disease.] Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2009;91(7):1758-76.</ref> This can be described by the effects of increased weight on the gr

...'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/dawn-nunes/ Dawn Nunes] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAG [[File:Runners-635906 1920.jpg|thumb]]

'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...uses of pain.] International journal of spine surgery. 2020 Feb 1;14(s1):S3-13.</ref>

...e to the neurological structures. <ref name="p9">Davarian S. et al.; Trunk muscles strength and endurance in chronic low back pain patients with and without c ...ow back pain?] Network meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2020 Nov;54(21):1279-1287.</ref> Evidence suggests that the lack of muscle strength can itself co

*Amputation Cause: Critical limb ischaemia, non-diabetic arteriosclerosis *Medical history: 1987 Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) in left leg 1991

[[File:Runners-knee SAG.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...edicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2014 Jan;7:CMAMD-S14386.Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039183/<nowi

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/claire-robertson/ Claire Robertson]<br> ...cross-sectional analysis.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2020 Dec;21(1):1-7</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...":0">Howell, D, Gait Deviation Associated with Pain Syndromes in the Lower Leg and Foot. Gait Analysis. Plus. 2022</ref>

...80-year-old Chinese female who presented with fever and severe right lower leg pain in the Emergency Department. She was diagnosed with right necrotizing ...s marketing and visiting the Buddhist temple on a weekly basis. She was pre-morbidly community ambulant without a walking aid. She was also able to mana

...sacroiliac (SI) joints, and a common cause of buttocks or [[Low Back Pain|lower back pain]]. Inflammation of the [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint]] may [[File:Active-sacroiliitis.png|thumb|Bone scan: Active-sacroiliitis]]Reports on the prevalence of sacroiliac pain vary widely.

[[File:Equinus deformity X-ray.jpg|thumb|319x319px|equinus foot X-ray]] ...f>Equinus. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/pes-equinus&#x20;. Pes equinus - an overview] | ScienceDirect Topics.</ref>

...l-being of an expected mother for [[Labour|labor]] and preventing pregnancy-induced pathologies by various physical means. It generally includes low imp ...te des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)). 2017 Mar 1;79(S 01):S36-9.</ref>

...ooks/NBK534842/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh adductor magnus muscles.]Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534842/<nowiki/>(accessed ...or view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/adductor-magnus</ref>

[[File:Gait-Cycle.jpg|right|frameless|558x558px]] ...ric process. However, when an abnormality is present in one of the joints, muscles, or bones of the complex system that regulates gait, this process is disrup

...en|Yelena Gesthuizen]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...Journal of Bone &amp; Joint Surgery, December 1978, vol. 60, no. 8, p. 1113-1116. (Level of Evidence 1B)</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...tal or acquired deformities. The ultimate aim is to achieve / maintain near-neutral subtalar joint alignment during the [[Gait|gait cycle]] or the indiv

...Shores JT, M.D. [https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation Health and Amputation by John Hopkins Medicine]. ...le from: <nowiki>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation</nowiki>

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...nding on the gestational age, preterm can be further divided into three sub-categories:

...J, Huntley JS.Swelling around a child's knee. Clin Anat. 2011 Oct;24(7):914-7.</ref>. ...iction between tissues, and also works as a cushion for bones, tendons and muscles<ref name="Tschirch">Tschirch FTC, Schmid MR, Pfirrmann CWA, et al. Prevalen

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}} Ms E is a 20-year-old dancer. She has been dancing for 17 years and does ballet, tap, modern,

.../doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2023.2170684</nowiki></ref> collected data on non-contact injuries of the hamstrings in a sports club from Barcelona. ...://langs.physio-pedia.com/de/injury-and-healing-within-sports-physiotherapy-de/ hamstring injuries] were registered in the club. According to the author

...e=":5">Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis an ...rcise programs on kyphosis and lordosis angle: A systematic review and meta-analysis.] PloS one. 2019 Apr 29;14(4):e0216180. Available from: https://www

...Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. October/November, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 226-235.</ref>. CMT is a slowly progressive disorder and it encompasses a large ...ber 2014]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Charcot-Marie-Tooth-disease/Pages/Causes.aspx</ref>.

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...or PGM Method^sm. This is ''in addition'' to, and ''after'' the muscles of the pelvic girdle have been balanced using PGM exercises in a very speci

...test because of less frequent upper lumbar radioculopathies as compared to lower lumbar radiculopathies<ref name=":0">Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy Fr ...screen for sensitivity to stretch soft tissue at the dorsal aspect of the leg, possibly related to root impingements.

...'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/shala-cunningham/ Shala Cunningham] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributor ...t.2012.42.4.A1 Low back pain]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Apr;42(4):A1-57. </ref></blockquote>Several classification systems have been published to

...trengthening program: a randomised trial.''Aust J Physiother.'' 2007:53:147-153. ...rcise parameters and intervention approaches]. Int J MS Care. 2019;21(2):47-56. </ref> conducted a critical review strength training parameters in peopl

...<nowiki>https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00014-4</nowiki> ...d.com/document/407932298/Physiotherapy-in-Neuro-conditions-Glady-Samuel-Raj-pdf</ref>.The virus affects children under 5 years of age<ref name=":0" />

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> {{#ev:youtube| ZEgD-Mn5ftc|width}}

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...of trimalleolar ankle fractures.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 Aug 10;6(8):692-703.</ref>

...M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470555/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Hip Joint]. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK4705 The hip joint connects the lower extremities with the axial skeleton. The hip joint allows for movement in t

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME} ...er and around 50% of these occur in the ankle or foot.<ref name=":11">Green-Smerdon M. Dance Injuries of the Ankle and Foot Course. Plus , 2022.</ref> M

...riginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> [[File:Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm Primal.png|right|frameless]]

...ed with polytrauma and can be life-threatening. They often result from high-energy mechanisms such as motor vehicle collisions with sequelae of limb sho [[File:Femoral-shaft-fracture.jpeg|thumb|MVA: fractured shaft femur]]

...otechnology Information.2018 Apr;48(4):765-785.doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0862-z.</ref> ...strength measures. European journal of applied physiology. 2008 Mar;102:585-92.</ref> and a host of other neurologic problems.

When assessing the strength of the cervical spine and upper limb muscles, clinicians should consider various factors that can influence results, inc ...s.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2018 Aug 31;48(9):685-93.</ref>

...nd other tissues. The ligaments provide stability during loading while the muscles around the knee have a secondary role in stabilising this joint. If these s ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...the acetabulum of the pelvis. The rounded femoral head sits within the cup-shaped acetabulum of the pelvis. ...On Rest and Pain: Lecture XIV.] Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Sep;467(9):2208-14. </ref>A joint tends to be innervated by a branch of a motor nerve which

...font-size: 13.2799997329712px;">Katy Wiggins from </span>[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bellarmine University ...ld female that reports to your clinic with complaints of low back pain and leg pain. She is a full time teacher at a local high school. She has history of

...SEP) and replace the previous guidelines.<ref name="Guidelines">Canadian 24-Hour ...es for the Early Years (0-4 years).[https://csepguidelines.ca/early-years-0-4/]</ref> ==

...eded for daily tasks. Just about any activity becomes easier with stronger muscles. So does any sport you enjoy.<ref name=":1" /> ...ofessional/expert-articles/6941/five-exercises-to-help-your-clients-develop-power (last accessed 7.2.2020)</ref>

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...muscle fibre to whole muscle mechanics]. Pflugers Arch. 2023 Apr;475(4):421-435. </ref> so rehabilitation professionals need to consider muscle length w

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> [[File:Ilustration of the muscles. jpeg.jpeg|thumb|alt=|335x335px]]

...mputee Coalition 2008. http://www.amputee-coalition.org/resources/limb-loss-definitions/ [accessed 24 Sep 2017]</ref> by trauma, prolonged constriction ...p/amp_sum_correction.pdf Clinical Practice Guideline for Rehabilitation of Lower Limb Amputation]. Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defence. 20

Patient X is a 26-year-old female who is a business student who was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of ...E done. 2 wks later pain &amp; swelling persisted went back to the doctor X-rays done revealed osteosarcoma of the left ankle. A week later was admitted

...sign be positive if the hip is normal?J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79(3):462-6. ...notch to supply the [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]], gluteus medius and minimus muscles and also [[Tensor Fascia Lata|tensor fascia lata]].<ref>Drake, RL, Vogl, W,

...rolled trials. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. 2017 Oct 1;41(4):205-14.</ref>. <ref name=":0" /> ...low threshold activity of local muscles and decreasing over-active global muscles by The Australian Physiotherapy and Pilates Institute (APPI®): <ref>Withe

...trans-tibial [[Amputations|amputation]] due to dysvascularity in his right lower limb. This patient has only been seen by outpatient amputee clinic for twic elderly, diabetic, trans-tibial amputation, physiotherapy, [[Amputee Rehabilitation|rehabilitation]]

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net ...tail of the knee) sits between the upper and lower leg. If any part of the lower kinematic chain ([[Core Stability|core]], [[Lumbar Assessment|lumbar]] spi

...ion: significance and measurement.] Journal of Anatomy. 2020 Nov;237(5):811-26.</ref> ...use in Craig’s test.] Journal of physical therapy science. 2015;27(4):1141-4.</ref><ref name=":1" />

...ry, London:Springer. 2012. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-609-2_15</nowiki></ref> ...opathy: a literature synthesis]. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32(1):41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.09.014. (level of evidence 1A)</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/claire-robertson// Claire Robertson]<br> [[File:PFJ-1-4-20-638.jpg|thumb|500x500px]]

...a stabilizer of the hip joint.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 vol. 6(7), pp. 545-555. </ref> ...attaches to the upper part of the same line. These two bands create the Y-shape. In some anatomical variations this division does not exist, and the l

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...opliteus and Associated Pathologic Conditions. RadioGraphics 2014 34:2, 496-513

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...agemakers JH, van Weeren PR, Serra Bragança FM. Range of motion and between-measurement variation of spinal kinematics in sound horses at trot on the st

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...an emphasis on ultrasonography.] Skeletal radiology. 2002 Nov 1;31(11):631-6.

...s]] independently and safely. [[Falls]] are a common concern for community-dwelling persons with stroke<ref name=":0" />. * [[Walking - Muscles Used|Walking]] speed

...systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical therapy. 2018 Jan 1;98(1):40-62.</ref>. ...ational Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2007 Jan 1;13(2):215-23.</ref>. This emphasizes the need for workplace interventions to reduce an

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/nick-rainey/ Nick Rainey] ..., G. (2020, December). Non-radicular low back pain: Assessment and evidence-based treatment. ''Australian Journal of General Practice''. Royal Australia

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"> The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Physiopedia:Terms_of_Service informational purposes only]. Physiop

...]] (SI joint). It is usually caused by abnormal motion (i.e. hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome i ...ac Joint Syndrome. Pain Physician. Vol. 4, N° 2, p 143-152, 2001. ISSN 1533-3159</ref>

...nonyms that are used frequently for PS are the deep gluteal syndrome, extra-spinal sciatica and wallet neuritis.<ref>Siddiq MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni ...male ratio of 6:1. Piriformis syndrome is most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged patients.<ref>Hicks BL, Lam JC, Varacallo M. Piriformis syndrome.[https

...as a clinical indicator of foot posture.] J Am Podiat Med Assn 2001;91:262-8.</ref> Position the patient in standing so there is full weight-bearing through the lower extremity and ensure the foot is in the subtalar joint neutral position (�

...en to the patient evaluate its effectiveness and use the learning from the Lower Limb Amputee Rehabilitation Course to reflect on the care provided. ...circumferential ulceration and ischemia of the foot resulting in constant leg pain subsequently leading to the need of amputation. Diabetes is the leadin

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/bernice-saban/ Bernice Saban]<br> ...ncloses different organs, supports internal structures and envelopes whole muscles, as well as each individual muscle fibre.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Be

...K. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545158/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Ankle Joint.] 2020 Aug 16. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island ...alar ligament (ATTL) passes from the tip of the medial malleolus to the non-articular part of the medial talar surface. It is crossed by the tendons of

...ciae latae perforator flap. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery: 2009;124(1):181-9. Doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181ab114c. PMID:19568071</ref> ...H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499870/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscl]e.Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

...me countries–the case for action]. International health. 2021 May;13(3):222-31.</ref> ...2) infant from 1-2 months, (3) infant from 3-4 months and (4) infant from 5-6 months.

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/Krista Eskay]<br> ...and development: an insight]. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2019;8(6):181-90.</ref>

...oot drop: where, why and what to do?. ''Pract Neurol''. 2008 Jun. 8 (3):158-69. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].</ref> Ankle and foot dorsiflexors, namely the tibi ...of pathologic conditions that localize along the full course of upper and lower motor neuron pathways which often overlap in clinical presentation.<ref nam

...n MW. Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Runners. Sport Medicine, 2012; 42(11):969-92</ref> ...view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/iliotibial-band</ref>

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/pam-versfeld/ Pam Versfeld]<br> ...nking what they do to what is seen, heard and felt, creating the perception-action loops that are the basis for making the shift from spontaneous explor

...ttempted but unfortunately was unsuccessful and left the lower part of her leg poorly vascularised. ...on<br>Body Functions%Structure – Mrs A has phantom sensation and pain. Her muscles are now a lot weaker and she is struggling with endurance, he rehab session

...ain: differential diagnosis and management]. Neurol Clin. 2023 Feb;41(1):61-76.</ref> It is, therefore, important that rehabilitation providers have a c ...from muscle sprains), so check for anomalies (e.g. spondylolisthesis / step-off)

...ginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...40-00005 Iliopsoas bursitis and tendinitis.] Sports Medicine 1998;25(4):271-83.

...wska]] based on course of [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...xtremities and stability in standing and during mobility (i.e. [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] or [[Running Biomechanics|running]]).<blockquote>"Our goal a

...lysis: Two Cases of Profound Weakness', Air Medical Journal, 32(4), pp. 181-183.</ref>. == '''Associated Co-morbidites:''' ==

...pecific Pathology: A Systematic Review. ''J Sports Sci Med''. 2019;18(1):21-31. </ref> * [https://physio-pedia.com/Patellofemoral_Pain_Syndrome Patellofemoral pain]

...lobal Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> ...systems in the brain then send messages back through nerve pathways to the muscles to tell them to move the back gently and carefully so those tissues can hea

...ited or sporadic, and to whether degeneration affects upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, or both. Common subtypes include ...has inherited and sporadic forms and can affect the arms, legs, or facial muscles. 

...tusions]. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):26-31.</ref> ...d contusions. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct;3(1):26-31.Available;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941577/ (accessed

...emol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] The below 4-minute video brings in the most relevant information

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...hysical Therapy, (Fourth Edition), Mosby,2020.</ref>. It includes all the muscles in the body and the nerves serving them.

...13 </ref><ref name=":0">Aslan A. and Fynes M., [https://journals.lww.com/co-obgyn/Abstract/2007/04000/Symphysial_pelvic_dysfunction.7.aspx Symphyseal pe ...been discussed using a multitude of terms in the literature including pubo-sacroiliac arthropathy, pelvic insufficiency, symphysis pain syndrome, pelvi

...d meta-analysis.] ''British Journal of Sports Medicine'', ''56''(9), pp.521-530.</ref> ...Joint Syndromes. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/90286-overview#showall (accessed 08 august 2016).</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/dawn-nunes/ Dawn Nunes]<br> ...ection of a Running Shoe. In Clinical Care of the Runner 2020 Jan 1 (pp. 95-99). Elsevier.</ref>

...ess in limbs, numbness/paresthesia, and difficulty in controlling specific muscles. ...from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain. 1994 Apr 1;117(2):325-35.</ref>....

...y affects well-being and physical and psychological health.<ref name="abdul-sattar" /><ref name="manchikanti" /><ref name="friel" /> ...ki JM. The relationship between lumbar spine kinematics during gait and low-back pain in transfemoral amputees. American Journal of Physical Medicine &a

...f bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Joints|synovial]], and sub-muscular. The lower leg and foot constitute the ankle. The following bony elements of the ankle joi

...ression at all.He got his temporary leg in our inpatient care, and his long-term one as an outpatient visiting our therapy centre every day. Adapted man ...utation in Diabetic Patients Stratified by Limb and Level of Amputation: 10-year observation,</ref>. In hospital, he was taught how to use a walker. Aft

...d controlled study. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2015 Jan 5;47(1):31-7.</ref> ...ssion between the neurone and muscle fibre to reduce functions of skeletal muscles. It is more commonly seen during surgical procedures, intensive care unit a

[[File:Mg-TableImage.png|right|frameless|334x334px]] ...5 April 2016]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/</ref>. Magnesium (Mg) is a principal cation (ie an [[Ele

...ssociated with tears of the retinaculum and [[Quadratus Femoris|quadriceps muscles]].<ref name=":1" /> Patella fractures make up about 1% of all skeletal inju ...ohn Stafieu van Loghum: 2e druk. 2010.</ref><ref>Everett L. Knee and Lower Leg. In: Marx J, Walls R, Hockberger R, editors. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Co

[[File:Mental-practice.jpeg|850x850px|center]] ...ctice: A review and discussion (Part II). Research Quarterly, 1967; 38, 263-273.</ref>.'''

...nal Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content * Wraps the padding and casting material onto the leg

...ical Therapy. Journal of Orthopadic Sports Physical Therapy. 2007;37(6):290-302.</ref>. In 2012, Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines were publish ...ican Physical Therapy Association. J Orhtop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(4):A1-A57</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tracy-prowse/ Tracy Prowse]<br> ...es and Burnout|burnout]].<ref name=":0" /> Children are not, however, “mini-adults” - they tend to present with different injuries to those typically

[[Image:Syring1.png|300x300px|T2-weighted MRI of a syrinx located at C6–C7 in the cervical spine|alt=|thumb ...posing pathologies.] Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2012 May 1;19(5):665-8.</ref><br>

...ts and the elderly.] Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2017 Feb 1;129(3-4):81-95.Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318488/ (las ...culoskeletal injury or disease process, or [[Amputations|amputation]] of a lower limb.

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] [[File:Figure 3-Ankle ligaments.PNG|thumb|363x363px|Ankle tendon attachment]]

...1): 32-45</ref>. These discrepancies may stem from various sources of inter-individual variation, including genetic factors, diverse physical attributes ...eparation for the shot. This typically involves a stance with feet shoulder-width apart, knees slightly bent, and the body balanced and aligned towards

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...Contributors''' -{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>

...the quadriceps]] is lateral to the joint line mainly due to the large cross-sectional area and force potential of [[Vastus Lateralis|the vastus laterali ...connecting a point near the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the mid-point of the [[patella]]) and a line from the center of the patella to the c

...stematic review. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology. 2018 Jan 1;121:90-100.</ref>. * The most common side effect from the use of chemotherapy is chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), which impacts both on a patient's phys

...e course presented by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson] *Bilateral pins and needles or numbness in the lower limbs

[[File:AFO-Swedish-Leaf-Side-Shoe.jpg|right|frameless|204x204px]] ...ments of the trunk and upper limbs<ref>Report of a Consensus Conference on Lower Limb orthotic Management in Cerebral Palsy. International Society for Prost

...le facilitating force and load transmission from the axial skeleton to the lower extremities to allow mobility. Understanding the anatomy of the hip joint i ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...piriformis syndrome, ischiofemoral impingement and sciatic nerve release. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal. 2016 Jul;6(3):384.</ref>: * [https://physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Radiculopathy?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_

...w.lifecare.com.au/clinic/northern-sports-physiotherapy-clinic/news/thoracic-spine/ (last accessed 16.4.2020)</ref> * Motion restrictions may be due to contractile or non-contractile structures, and interventions to address each specific tissue re

...Stress fractures Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/stress-fracture-2?lang=us (accessed 12.12.2022)</ref> Stress fractures represent a spectrum ...ith increased volume or intensity of training workload. Most common in the lower extremities and are specific to the sport. Upper extremity stress injuries

...dy's disease]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2010 Nov 15;298(1-2):1-0.</ref> * X-linked spinal bulbar muscular atrophy

...'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/pam-versfeld/ Pam Versfeld] == Infant development: 1-2 month period ==

...nce impairments. Interventions focused predominantly on the maintenance of lower extremity strength to preserve the patient’s functional ability and indep ...educed reflexes <ref name=":2" />. As CMT disease progresses, the proximal lower extremities, as well as upper extremities can also become affected <ref nam

...ved region and literature review]. Medical Case Reports and Review 2020;3:1-4</ref><ref name=":0" /> ...kin flaps were drawn back and stitched into the periosteum to prevent sinus-track from forming, to reduce the pain of dressings and allow covering of th

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Rachael Walton-Mouw|Rachael Walton-Mouw]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitati ...releases/2012/p0124_lower_limb.html CDC report finds large decline in lower-limb amputations among U.S. adults with diagnosed diabetes] 2012</ref>. From

...s. He reasoned that spinal rotation and the muscle systems around the lumbo-pelvic region might be at the base of human movement<ref name="Gracovetsky 2 ...slings aren’t comprised of only one type of tissue; they are comprised of muscles, fascia and ligaments all working together to create stability and mobility

...he kinaesthetic senses]. The Journal of physiology. 2009 Sep 1;587(17):4139-46.</ref>. ...function in healthy and diseased muscle.] Skeletal Muscle. 2021 Dec;11(1):1-3.

...rticle_5290.pdf Randomised controlled trial for evaluation of an ultrasound-guided palpation intervention for palpation skill training.] Sci Rep. 2022 J ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...nd neurological rehabilitation. Lancet Neurol. [Review]. 2011 Sep;10(9):844-52</ref>. The two most commonly used classifications of gait are: ...egia in children and young adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987 Mar;69(3):437-41</ref>. They categorised hemiplegic gait patterns into four types based on

...Aetiology of rib stress fractures in rowers]. Sports Med 2002; 32 (13): 819-36</ref> ...of ultrasound?. British journal of sports medicine. 2017 Jul 1;51(14):1093-7.</ref>

...f Motion? Available:https://www.verywellhealth.com/overview-range-of-motion-2696650<nowiki/>(accessed 20.11.2022)</ref> ...in Cairo, Egypt.] Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy. 2020 Dec;25(1):1-7.</ref>

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...nipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2004, volume 27, num. 6, pp. 408-413</ref><ref name="HOWITT">HOWITT, S., JUNG, S., HAMMONDS, N., ‘Conservat

...hnson]] and [[User:Kasi Lessley|Kasie Lessley]] from the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bellarmine University ...Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 465-483. doi:10.1038/ajg.208.168</ref>

<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar] <br> ...uscular dystrophies. Journal of neuromuscular diseases. 2015 Jan 1;2(s2):S7-19.</ref> Patterns of weakness can be variable - Scapuloperoneal or distal w

...ord potentials in traumatic paraplegia and quadriplegia; E M SEDGWICK, E EL-NEGAMY, AND H FRANKEL; 1980</ref> [[Image:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|center|420x455px]]

...e Sclerosis Society. [https://www.nationalmssociety.org/What-is-MS/Who-Gets-MS#:~:text=MS%20is%20not%20an%20inherited,is%20about%201%20in%20333. Who get ...andomized controlled trial]. Multiple Sclerosis Journal. 2016 Mar;22(3):373-84</ref>.

=='''Lower Cross Syndrome''' == ...ndrome in asymptomatic individuals. ''J Med Pharm Allied Sci'', 10(6), 3894-3898.</ref>.

...The polio endgame]. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2014 Jul 7;10(7):i-ii.</ref>. The main symptoms of Poliomyelitis include: ...vaccines: what you need to know]. Annals of medicine. 2018 Feb 17;50(2):110-20.</ref>. Currently, cases due to wild poliovirus have decreased by over 99

[[File:Indian-yogi-yogi-madhav-P SxnJhID1s-unsplash (1).jpg|right|frameless]] ...ostures on head/neck posture and muscle activity. Manual Therapy, 15(1), 54-60</ref>

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...method, dysfunction refers to a tendency for a positional strain caused by muscles that are overstrained versus a positional change. The two sets of special t

...hfeed/physiotherapy-for-astronauts-in-zero-micro-gravitational-environments-39184/post [Last accessed 4 December 2021]</ref> ...aimala, S., Swati, S., & Amita, M. (2013). Exercise Training for Astronauts-A Review. ''Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy'', ''7'

...s (athletic pubalgia) and return to play]. Sports health. 2016 Jul;8(4):313-23.</ref>. The persistent groin pain that presents typically in competitive ...utcomes.] American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ). 2017;46(4):E251-6.</ref>.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell// Damien Howell]<br> .... [https://now.aapmr.org/biomechanic-of-gait-and-treatment-of-abnormal-gait-patterns/ Biomechanic of Gait and Treatment of Abnormal Gait Patterns]. (202

[[Image:DVT.jpg|thumb|150px|DVT: R leg with swelling and redness]] ...essed 25.10.2020)</ref> For those who do develop a DVT and survive, '''post-thrombotic phlebitis''' is a lifelong sequela, which has no ideal treatment<

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...bate]. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2019 Jun;49(6):425-36.</ref> </blockquote>

...uzapar and Tom Flachet as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...cause can be due to a number of conditions: <ref>Sala D, Silvestre A, Gomar-Sancho F. Intraosseous hyperpressure of the patella as a cause of anterior k

...muscular strength or the maximum force/tension generated by one’s forearm muscles. It can be used as a screening tool for the measurement of upper body stren ...rength can be used in numerous situations to evaluate and track many health-related conditions, as further discussed below.

'''Original Editor '''- [https://physio-pedia.com/User:Chelsea_Mclene Chelsea Mclene] ...n. Tibb Institute.] A Science of Medicine. The Art of Care. 2015 Feb;1(1):1-0.</ref>

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...and low back pain in pregnancy: a review. Pain Practice. 2010 Jan;10(1):60-71.</ref>

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/fiona-healy/ Fiona Healy] ...tary behaviour.] British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2020 Dec 1;54(24):1451-62.</ref>:

...ical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 2014. P772, 786, 804-805.</ref>. The case study documents the rehabilitation process from initial ...n also noticed the development of involuntary twitching of his arm and leg muscles and also experiences painful cramping, specifically in his legs. 

...imb Orthoses. InAtlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices 2019 Jan 1 (pp. 239-246). Content Repository Only.</ref>. ...ebster Dictionary. orthotic definition. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orthotic (accessed 28 May 2020)</ref>

...the United States and internationally. The spine journal. 2008 Jan 1;8(1):8-20.</ref>.&nbsp; ...on interventions. Spine. 1997 Sep 15;22(18):2128-56.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...>Brukner P. Brukner and Khan's Clinical Sports Medicine. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref> ...mechanics. Boston, MA:: McGraw-Hill; 2007.</ref>&nbsp;''<u>Example</u>'' - Muscles create a torque to rotate the body segments in all tennis strokes. In the s

...pinal canal]] causing clinical [[/www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/symptoms|symptoms]] secondary to spinal cord or radicular compromi ...quires direct treatment, systematic review by Jensen et al reported that 21-33% of people who demonstrated radiological signs of LSS did not have sympto

...impact. They can range in severity from relatively benign injuries to life-threatening, unstable fractures. ...Russel">Russel G. V. Et al, [https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1247913-overview Pelvic Fractures,] medscape, January 2016. Accessed 26 May 2022</re

...Contributors''' - Arno De Winne, Margaux Reynders,&nbsp;[http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Julie_Lhost Julie Lhost],&nbsp;{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLP Muscles used for breathing are connected to the lumbar vertebra. There is evidence

...class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:John-Carlo Caballes|John-Carlo Caballes]], [[User:David Castro|David Castro]], [[User:Alana Griffith| ...y distinct such that its prognosis is more benign and does not involve the lower motor neurons<ref name="statland et al." />.

[[File:658px-Knee diagram.svg.png|thumb]] ...force is greater than the frictional force as the body begins to move, the leg will change in position.

Semimembranosis is one of a group of muscles called the [[Hamstrings]]. It is located on the posteromedial side of the t In the lower part of the thigh, semitendinosus and semimembranosus together form the upp

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]]. [[Image:Lower-back-pain.jpg|right|200px]]

...A Systematic Review. ''J Hand Ther''. 2019 Aug 31. pii: S0894-1130(19)30094-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2019.06.002. </ref> The feedback from all these diffe Proprioception itself can be understood as including various sub-modalities:

...The term ‘dysfunction’ implies that at a certain level (mostly L4-L5 or L5-S1) these 3 components do not function normally. ...omised clinical trial, J Bone Joint Surg Br August 1989 vol. 71-B no. 4 681-684.</ref>

...Lauren Jones, Gina Pottkotter, and MegAnne Punt from the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bellarmine University *<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">66 year old male, named Bert&nbsp;</span>

...ovimovements.co.za/greater-trochanteric-pain-syndrome-recommended-exercises-progressions/</ref>. ...h as [[Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome|Sacroiliac Joint]] and the [https://physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Radiculopathy?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_

...Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2012 Feb 4;379(9814):482-91.</ref>. ...ecific pathology”<ref name="Burton" /><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13.28px;">. &nbsp;&nbsp;</span>

...ot models and their use in clinical populations. Gait & Posture. 2019;69:50-9.</ref> ...tions. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1995 Jun;21(6):381-8.</ref>. Any deviations from the stated STJ alignment is considered to be a

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/merike-hopkins/ Merike Hopkins] ...overload stress in running as a sport. Der Orthopade. 2005 May 1;34(5):399-404.</ref>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> ...apping hip syndrome Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/snapping-hip-syndrome?lang=us (accessed 30/10.2022)</ref>

...ref> The facial aspect of the disease was described in 1884 and the scapulo-humeral involvement in 1886 by Landouzy and Dejerine.<br> * Unequal weakening of the biceps, triceps, deltoids, and lower arm muscles

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...clinicians]. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2021 Nov 2;29(6):376-90.</ref>

...isten Templin|Kristen Templin]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...e within the body. It is a key area of load transfer between the upper and lower body and for rotational movement within the body.

...heels enhance perceived sexual attractiveness, leg length and women’s mate-guarding.] Current Psychology. 2022:41:3282–3292.</ref> ...eviews and additional primary studies.] BMC Public Health. 2018 Dec;18(1):1-3.</ref>

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCW-cB5jr7w Archery][[Image:Archery.jpg|thumb|right|Archery]] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdhsFBgMjSY Cross-country Skiing]

Slight increase of extensor muscles control head / neck.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br> Gesture - Communication: Smile (6-12 weeks)&nbsp;<ref name="Stamer" />&nbsp;<ref name="Piper" />

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...h - anterior and posterior views|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the muscles of the hip and thigh - anterior and posterior views]]

...tation Principles. Available from:'' http://www.oandplibrary.org/alp/chap23-01.asp [Accessed 29 Nov 2017] ...alth.wa.gov.au/~/media/Files/Corporate/general%20documents/falls/PDF/Dev-of-FRAMP.pdf</ref>&nbsp;is a comprehensive tool that evaluates a patient's risk

...t 1: anatomy, biomechanics, and grading. Skeletal Radiol. 2011 Jan;40(1):13-23..</ref> ...k pain due to lumbar facet joint involvement is known as [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Facet_Syndrome lumbar facet syndrome.]<br>

...inflammatory bowel disease ([[Irritable Bowel Syndrome|IBD]]), the two best-known types of which are ulcerative colitis and [[Crohn's Disease|Crohn’s ...https://spondylitis.org/about-spondylitis/types-of-spondylitis/enteropathic-arthritis/ (last accessed 3.7.2020)</ref>.

...BP) or [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pregnancy_Related_Pelvic_Pain pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP)]. The last two patterns can occur separate ...cy-related low back pain]. Journal of nurse-midwifery. 1998 Sep 1;43(5):331-40.</ref><br>

...on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune Rosanne Lejeune] ...of the hip and gluteals) on the lame side rise higher (weight bearing) and lower (when sound limb bears weight) than the sound limb when straight trotting o

...ewis">Lewis CL, Sahrmann SA. Acetabular Labral Tears. Phys Ther 2006;86:110-121.</ref> The acetabular labrum is a fibro-cartilaginous rim, which encompasses the circumference of the acetabulum. It

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson] ...nt study in ambulatory care. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2004 May-Jun;94(3):293-304. </ref> which is significant as these conditions are associated with fra

...ently generates a corrective, stabilizing torque by selectively activating muscles.<ref name="peterka">Peterka RJ. Sensorimotor integration in human postural ...alance. <ref name="cynthia">Cynthia Lions,Emmanuel Bui Quoc,Sylvette Wiener-Vacher,and Maria P. Bucci1:Postural control in strabismic children: importan

...[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987160/ The fabella syndrome-a rare cause of posterolateral knee pain: a review of the literature and two ...rome has been identified as an uncommon, but relevant, a cause of pain post-TKA<ref>Eriko Okano, Tomokazu Yoshioka, Takaji Yanai, et al., [https://www.h

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] [[File:Normal-Navicular-and-Accessory-Navicular.jpg|alt=|right|241x241px]]

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...ure]. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1984 Jan 1;5(4):184-95.</ref>

...from:https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/knee-replacement/partial-knee-replacement (accessed 17.2.2021)</ref>. * Surgery to replace the whole knee joint is called [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Total_knee_arthroplasty total knee replacement.]

...l. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519534/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Knee Patella.] [Updated 2023 Oct 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet] Treas ...and ice hockey.<ref name=":0">Cassidy A. [https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/bones/patella/ The Patella] [Internet]. TeachMe Anatomy. 2023 [cited 23

...ugh the process of identifying potential risk factors association with Mid-Portion Achilles Tendinopathy, important questions and observations that fo ...mid-portion achilles tendinopathy. These can be further classified as non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors:

...documented and taken into consideration when planning the amputee&nbsp;post-fitting<ref name="WHO">World Health Organization (2004). [http://www.posna.o ....pdf Evidence Based Clinical Guidelines for the Managements of Adults with Lower Limb Prostheses], 2nd Edition. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy: London.<

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher// Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...efficiency of function during acute or long-term injury. This includes soft-tissue and bony injury, as well as changes as a result of [[Spasticity|neuro

[[Image:Pregnant cross-section.jpg|right|505x505px]] ...atment of pelvic girdle pain]. European Spine Journal Jun 2008; 17(6) : 794-819.</ref> “''Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) generally arises in relation to pre

...akaoka GB, Reis AC, Lucareli PR. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S2358-04292015000400006&script=sci_arttext Gluteus Maximus inhibition in proximal ...f Assessment and Management.] J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Jun;46(6):483-93

...''<nowiki/>'Spasticity is'' ''a motor disorder characterised by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated ...MN), presenting as an intermittent or sustained involuntary activations of muscles'.'' <ref name="Pandyan">Pandyan AD, Gregoric M, Barnes MP et al. Spasticity

...for you from the expert work of [https://www.linkedin.com/in/roelie-wolting-0b604910 Roelie Wolting] alongside the [http://www.enablement.nl Enablement] ...ypes of Cerebral Palsy: Spastic (70-80%), Dyskinetic (10-20%) and Ataxic (5-10%); or a combination of the three can occur.<br>Some children develop furt

...sio-pedia.com/User:Sebastian_Wozniak Sebastian Wozniak], [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Eric_Palmer_Beech Eric Beech]&nbsp; .../Market-Reports/exoskeleton-market-40697797.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI0sb4vu_6-AIVuY1oCR0KRguCEAAYASAAEgJQu_D_BwE [accessed 15/07/2022]</ref>.

...Brussel_Evidence-based_Practice_Project Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project] ...]The [[Achilles Tendon]] is the strong fibrous band that attaches the calf muscles to the [[calcaneus]] bone.

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> ...distal and proximal conditions.<ref name=":13" /> Moreover, a number of non-mechanical pathologies can [[Spinal Masqueraders|masquerade]] as musculoskel

...dn't these be called Labral "Fissures" Instead? Acad Radiol. 2018;25(3):387-390. ...ur-head-caput-femoris-greater-trochanter-lesser-minor-major-ilum-front-skin-names.png|thumb|center|Image courtesy of http://www.anatomystockimages.com]]

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...pictorial essay with a multimodality approach]. J Anat. 2010 Dec;217(6):633-45.</ref> The ligaments that link the bones are the distal anterior inferior

...ncreased friction resulting in pain.<ref name=":1">Mora JC, Przkora R, Cruz-Almeida Y. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6179584/ Knee osteo ...a disease of mechanics.] Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2013 Jan 1;21(1):10-5.</ref>. There can be muscle wasting in some cases.<ref name=":2" /> There

.../ref><ref>Fett D, Trompeter K, Platen P. Back pain in elite sports: A cross-sectional study on 1114 athletes. PLoS One [Internet]. 2017 Jun 1 [cited 202 ...develop into persistent chronic LBP, degenerative disc disease and/or load-related spondylolytic injuries.<ref name=":1">Wu B, Chen CC, Wang J, Wang XQ

...p;addresses the epidemiology and aetiology of lower back pain (LBP) in the lower limb amputee population as well as some of the biomechanical and psychosoci ...d chronic pain populations. The Clinical journal of pain. 1992 Dec;8(4):351-7.</ref>.<br>

...he ankle. Journal of Foot Ankle Surgery [serial online]. May 2010;49(3):219-223. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed July ...s of the ankle. The ligaments hold the tibia and fibula into a deep bracket-like shape in which the talus sits.

...g for about 1%-2% of all joint dislocations. This injury occurs due to high-energy trauma, including falls, motor vehicle crashes, and sports injuries<r ...talar joint: a case report.] Foot & Ankle International. 2001 Jul;22(7):609-11.</ref>

...idiopathic toe walking: A systematic review]. Gait Posture. 2019 Jan;67:181-6. </ref> In children aged two or under, toe walking is generally considered ...trophy, autism spectrum disorders, global developmental delays, tumours or lower limb injuries.<ref name=":7" />

*Mild: 20-25% *Moderate: 25-40%

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson] ...ssary to maintain joint progenitor cell fate]. Dev Cell. 2009 May;16(5):734-43.</ref> This article will focus on ankle [[proprioception]] and how it can

...25.</ref>, or a direct blow to the anteromedial knee.&nbsp;<ref name="Young-Bok" /> A rotary instability often occurs with concomitant ligamentous injur ...PEDICS 2008 Jul;31(7):725]. Orthopedics [serial online]. May 2008;31(5):479-490. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed July

...stress fracture in one of the bony bridges that connect the upper with the lower facet joints of the vertebra. ...olysis. The vast majority of spondylolitic defects are seen at level L5 (85-95%),(15 LOE: 4) with level L4 being the second most likely to be affected.

...on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/melanie-skeen-harding/ Melanie Harding] ...name=":0" /> The assessment should be ongoing so that clinicians can tailor-make treatment plans based on observed changes in the patient's function and

...7 Available from: https://www.webmd.com/brain/apraxia-symptoms-causes-tests-treatments</ref> ...ization for Rare Disorders). Available from: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/apraxia/#:~:text=Apraxia%20is%20a%20neurological%20disorder,simply%

...ology, diagnosis, and treatment.] Clinics in sports medicine 2016;35(3):419-33.</ref>. Additionally, conditions related to the iliopsoas muscle have bee ...ep24]. Available from: <nowiki>https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/90993-overview</nowiki> </ref>.

...s">Saunders HD. Lumbar traction*. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1979; 1(1): 36-45. (LEVEL 1A)</ref> ...dy. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2007; 8: 118.  doi:  10.1186/1471-2474-8-118</ref> and recent guidelines published by NICE in the UK<ref>National Ins

...ver the tibial nerve at the ankle, weakness, and atrophy of the small foot muscles or loss of sensation in the foot.<ref name="p2">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go ...of a case of tarsal tunnel syndrome. J can Chiropr Assoc. 2010; 54(2): 100-106.</ref>:

...ty. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy. 2011;41(11):873-86. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048192. Accessed Marc ...future directions. AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 2005;185(4):899-914. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16177408. Accessed Mar

...trials of water immersion therapies.] Journal of Epidemiology. 2010:20(1):2-12.</ref> They enable an individual to practise performing movements that ar ...l therapy on patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis]. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. 2020 Jun 1;41:102022.</

...udo, A., Gómez-Lozano, S., de Baranda, P.S., Vargas-Macías, A. and Santonja-Medina, F. (2021) Sagittal Integral Morphotype of Female Classical Ballet Da ...de la and Guillén, P. (2015) Overuse Injuries in Professional Ballet Injury-Based Differences Among Ballet Disciplines. ''The Orthopaedic Journal of Spo

...Ligament|ligaments]], controlled by 13 extrinsic and 21 intrinsic [[Muscle|muscles]]. ...t - 3D Medical Animation. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-eAXKS4pJM [last accessed 19/03/2015]</ref>

[[File:Knee-OA1.png|thumb|463x463px|Knee OA]] ...rom: https://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/osteoarthritis/what-is-osteoarthritis.php (last accessed 28.5.2019)</ref>

...y worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin.] 2021;71:209-249.</ref> In 2020, approximately 417,367 women suffered from endometrial ca ...ates are observed in several Sub-Saharan African, Middle-Eastern, and South-Central Asian countries<ref>Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, et al. [http

...clinical approach]. SAMJ: South African Medical Journal. 2016 Jan;106(1):32-6.</ref> ...cle/10.1007/s00108-017-0276-2 Dyspnoe]. Der Internist. 2017 Sep 1;58(9):925-36.</ref>

[[File:Scoliosis-01.jpg|thumb|scoliosis clinical presentation|alt=scoliosis clinical presenta ...measured on the coronal plane, scoliosis is actually a more complex, three-dimensional problem which involves the following planes:

...aining involves the use of oxygen to meet the energy demands of the body’s muscles during exercise. It is associated with longer duration exercise during a gi ...nd cardiometabolic health of a trained individual. Gold standard laboratory-based assessment (i.e. with an ergometer, arm crank, wheelchair treadmill) i

...nal Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content ...achieving the ultimate goal of treatment i.e. to achieve a functional, pain-free, plantigrade foot with good mobility and without calluses overcoming th

...emple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...ation.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2017 Jul;47(7):A1-83.</ref>.

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/dr-james-laskin// James Laskin]<br> * sport- or activity-specific tests

...e. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2009 February; 4(1):29-37 (level: A1)</ref> ...s Tarsi Syndrome. United States: Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. 2002. p144-120</ref>&nbsp;which all provide extra stability to the articulation. Ruptur

...he legs may make you feel unsteady. This may affect both legs and just one leg. (Coppen, 2022) ...n site of lumbar stenosis: [https://sciatica.clinic/lumbar-stenosis-surgery-sciatica]/ 21^st Sept 2016

...have shown exercising subjects to have higher concentration scores than non-exercising subjects. * Lower risks of [[Oncology|cancer]]

...ther Duque]], [[User:Caray Ford|Caray Ford]], [[User:Kayte-Lynn Kowal|Kayte-Lynn Kowal]] and [[User:Katie McLeod|Katie McLeod]] as part of the [[Queen's ...ide to cerebral palsy. Available from: https://www.ofcp.ca/pdf/Web-Guide-To-CP.pdf (accessed 5 May 2019). </ref>.

...ty, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep 1985; 100: 126–131.</ref> ...efore, that some studies have found that patients with asthma tend to have lower cardiorespiratory fitness than their healthy counterparts. <ref>CLARK, C. J

...f motion (ROM) and strength, as well as improved scores on the [[Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale]] (ABC scale), [[Rivermead Mobility Index| ...drome: evidence for a progressive disorder. BMC neurology. 2019 Dec;19(1):1-8.</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tracy-prowse/ Tracy Prowse]<br> ...embers.physio-pedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/PhysiFun-Checklist-Grade-R1-.pdf Class list check]

...Can Running Cause Osteoarthritis?] ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal 19(1):23-28.</ref> Some noted benefits of running, as found from studies of runners and non-runners include, <ref name=":0" />

...ement of heel pain syndrome]. Orthopaedics and trauma. 2011 Jun 1;25(3):198-206.</ref> ...Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2004 Jan 1;94(1):47-52.</ref>

...rthopaedic-surgery-sports-medicine/sports-medicine/coaches-trainers/fibular-fracture (accessed 2 Februar 2019).</ref> ...al portion of the syndesmosis has thickened fibers to form the distal tibio-fibular ligament. Stability of this ligament allows the ankle to remain stab

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/sasha-chelin/ Sasha Chelin] ...sment for the Equine Athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2016;32(1):31-47.</ref> Rather, they approach the assessment from a functional perspective

...ocalcaneal bursitis.] The Orthopedic clinics of North America 1994;25(1):41-6.</ref> Cavo varus deformities exacerbate this problem. ...escriptions were used, such as “pump bump” (because the rigid backs of pump-style shoes can create pressure that aggravates the posterior heel pain and

...nt/uploads/2021/09/LumbarSpondylolysis_CCR_Jul2021.pdf Lumbar spondylolysis-Current concepts review]. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2021 ...tology. China: Elsevier Limited, 2008.</ref> with it being reported that 50-81% of these cases develop a spondylolisthesis. However, this may also occur

...:813-818. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20170160 doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20170160] ...tremity spasticity and weakness, urinary disturbance, and mild deficits in lower extremity vibration sense<ref name=":1">Fink KJ. Hereditary spastic paraple

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ahmad Al-Mosa Al-Malkawi|Ahmad Al-Mosa Al-Malkawi]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilit ...f name="WHO 2008">Guidelines on the provision of manual wheelchairs in less-resourced settings, Chapter 1 Introduction, World Health organization, Genev

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...tric pain, upper extremity pain, and sometimes, a pain in the groin or the lower extremity.

...elissa Osti|Melissa Osti]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] [[File:T9-T10 change fracture from MVA.png|thumb|348x348px|T9-T10 chance fracture from MVA]]

...ter DR Jr. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9144471/pdf/jpm-12-00808.pdf Spasticity Management after Spinal Cord Injury: The Here and Now.] ...ated) and neural (or central nervous system-related) contributions to hyper-resistance:

..., Márquez-Vera MA, Vila-Chã C, Méndez-Sánchez R. [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/20/10704/htm Effects of global postural reeducation versus specific ...loped further neck pain (VAS 8-9/10). He noted a pinching sensation in his lower cervical spine. Because of this pain, he was unable to continue bowling and

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson] ...ic factors in ankle sprains: a review.] EFORT Open Rev. 2020 Jun 1;5(6):334-338. </ref> These factors, when identified early, can signal to the practiti

...erextension and extreme varus force. The LCL can also be injured with a non-contact varus stress or non contact hyperextension. The LCL most commonly oc ...injuries assessed with MR imaging.] Radiographics. 2000 Oct;20(suppl_1):S91-102.</ref>.<br>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...herniated disc pain is often burning or stinging, and may radiate into the lower extremity. Furthermore, in more severe cases, there can be associated with

...ow the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without leg pain (sciatica). The most important symptoms of low back pain are pain and About 90% of all patients with low back pain will have non-specific low back pain, which, in essence, is a diagnosis based on exclusion

...435px|<ref>https://greenbayacupuncture.co/2017/05/17/metatarsalgia-forefoot-pain/</ref>|right|frameless]] ...nective-tissue-disorders/foot-and-ankle-disorders/metatarsophalangeal-joint-pain (last accessed 25.6.2020)</ref>

[[File:1115 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.jpg|thumb]] ...Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 2012 Sep 1;41(5):680-91.</ref> It is usually an unrecognized and untreated component of chronic p

*Osteophyte or chondro-osteophyte. ...pingement syndromes. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 Aug;181(2):551-9.</ref>

...ng athletes.] Br J Sports Med. 2014 Apr 1;48(7):506-9.</ref> However, an in-season athlete needs to train at a high level, and they subject their tendon ...ical trial.] Journal of science and medicine in sport. 2016 Sep 1;19(9):702-6.</ref>

...ty, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research.] Public health reports. 1985 Mar;100(2):126.</ref> ...and alertness, without undue fatigue and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies"<ref name=":0" /> The degre

...ulosis]] or [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthritis]].<ref name="p5">Yu-Chih H, et al. Endoscopic treatment of prepatellar bursitis. Int Orthop 2011 ...ar bursitis: diagnosis and treatment. West Journal Medecine, 1988; 149: 607-610.</ref>^&nbsp;<ref name="p5" /><br>

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...ociation]. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy. 2017 May 1;41(2):102-25.</ref>

...rk meta-analysis.] British journal of sports medicine. 2021 Apr 1;55(7):369-77.</ref> ...one Infiltrations on Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome and Chondromalacia: A Non-Randomized Parallel Controlled Trial. Diversity & Equality in Health and Car

...go unnoticed until walking age is reached, when the deformity results in a leg length difference or abnormal gait pattern. ...CF) demonstrated in most reported cases. Pediatr Radiol. 2000 Jan;30(1):14-24.</ref>

...ion, activity, and participation following the ICF model. Goals are patient-centered, and treatment aims to improve ROM, strength, balance, endurance an ...d 2022May12]. Available from: https://pharnext.com/en/disease/charcot-marie-tooth </ref>|border]]

...tors '''-&nbsp;[[User:Amanda Tieken|Amanda Tieken]] from [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php5?title=Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bella ...28;aulast=Shetty#ref13 Exercise in polycystic ovarian syndrome: An evidence-based review]. Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017 Sep 1;17(3):123.</ref>

'''Top Contributors''' -&nbsp;Matthias Steenwerckx, Laure-Anne Callewaert, Gwen Wyns, Ine Wittevrongel ...Clinical guide to sports injuries. Human Kinetics; 2004.p. 321-324 + p.328-329</ref>&nbsp;<ref>Lan Chen et al. Medial collateral ligament injuries of t

...ia. Available from: https://hipdysplasia.org/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip/ (accessed 10/01/2023)</ref>. '''Acetabular dysplasia''' itself refers ...Joint|alt=|frameless]]The [[Hip Anatomy|Hip joint]] is a classical ball-and-socket joint. It meets the four characteristics of a [[Synovial Joints|synov

...Training. Available at - https://msktc.org/sci/factsheets/Gait-Training-and-SCI</ref> ...he suspected level of impairment. Key muscle strength is scored using the 6-point ordinal scale commonly used for manual muscle testing.<ref name=":5" /

...n physical and mental challenges, one that often tests climber's upper and lower body flexibility, strength, endurance, agility, and balance along with ment ...ents, and prevention is important to diagnose, manage, and counsel the rock-climbing athlete.

[[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|right|frameless|691x691px]] ...ls]] and age-related bony changes<ref name=":0">Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439316/ Trauma

...n Southern]. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita. 2017 Jun 7;53(2):142-5.</ref> This is often observed with the medial arch of the foot coming clo ...ly have flatter feet?]. Journal of foot and ankle research. 2015 Dec;8(1):1-7.</ref>

...18;7(1):13.</ref> during the late ambulatory stage progressing to early non-ambulatory phase is presented. The purpose of the case study is to provide t ...tory training and education about orthotics. As the patient entered the non-ambulatory stage of the disease there was a loss of ambulation and function.

...r gluteus medius tendinopathy.] Arthroscopy techniques. 2015 Feb 1;4(1):e87-90.</ref>. ...hanisms, assessment and management.] Sports Medicine. 2015 Aug 1;45(8):1107-19.</ref>.

...es be difficult because the main symptom of non-specific anterior or antero-medial knee pain can point to various knee disorders. But if a plica has bee ...structure and size; they can be fibrous or fatty, longitudinal or crescent-shaped<ref name=":1" />.<br>

...ssue damage, with or without fractures, with deteriorating renal and cardio-respiratory function, and sepsis. In both cases, whether conflict or disaste ...al amputation]. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2018 Jul 1;18:1084-91.</ref>

Spondylolisthesis most commonly occurs in the lower lumbar spine but can also occur in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine ...olisthesis and retrolisthesis.] Clinical Spine Surgery. 2002 Apr 1;15(2):93-9.</ref>

...Passmore|James Passmore]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...tic ankle sprains in athletes. International SportMed Journal. 2003;4 (4):1-10.
6</ref>

The period described is the acute and post-acute phase, following [[Amputations|transtibial amputation]] surgery, in a ...n diagnosis is a peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in phase IV, with right lower limb (LL) intermittent claudication, and septic necrosis of the right heel.

...syndrome Noonan Syndrome] Available: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/noonan-syndrome<nowiki/>(accessed 4.3.2022)</ref> ...diopedia Noonan Syndrome Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/noonan-syndrome<nowiki/>(accessed 4.3.2022)</ref>  

...ne is an amino acid located mostly in your body's [[Muscle Cells (Myocyte)|muscles]] as well as in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. Most people get creatine throu Your body stores creatine as phosphocreatine primarily in your muscles, where it's used for energy. As a result, people take creatine orally to im

[[File:Lymphoedema leg no. 2.png|right|frameless]] ...the International Society of Lymphology. Lymphology. 2016 Mar 21;49(4):170-84.</ref>. Many studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CDT for impro

[[File:Running-1705716 1920.jpg|thumb]] ...ine for longevity. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2017 Jul 1;60(1):45-55.</ref>.

...rison of Argentine Tango and American Ballroom. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41: 475-481.</ref>. A dance intervention was implemented along with traditional phys ...er the 10-week intervention, small improvements were seen in the UPDRS, PDQ-8, TUG, Berg Balance Scale, Sit to Stand, and ABC Scale. The UPDRS met the M

[[File: Ballet dancer-en pointe.jpg|thumb|Ballet Dancer-En Pointe Position.]] ...non-dancers]. Medical problems of performing artists. 2015 Sep 1;30(3):152-6.</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...n participate; the patient's compliance with treatment is essential; and re-assessment is necessary when there is a lack of progress.

.../1868602 Failed back surgery syndrome. Pain medicine]. 2011 Apr 1;12(4):577-606.</ref> ...yndrome]. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 2011 Aug;36(4):525-8.</ref>.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/dana-mather/ Dana Mather]<br> ...on of children with cerebral palsy]. Indian J Orthop. 2019 Jan-Feb;53(1):35-44. </ref> Cerebral palsy can also lead to a number of secondary musculoskel

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...most of the cases surgery is necessary to stabilize the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Hip hip] and prevent the situation from getting worse. <ref>Kauer

...pain disability. Journal of occupational rehabilitation.] 1995 Dec;5(4):235-52.</ref> ...n fear and avoidance]. Behaviour research and therapy. 1974 Nov 1;12(4):311-8.</ref>:

...training, rigidity management, gait training and balance training. The LSVT-BIG intervention was also introduced. ..., Ken had improvements in his BBS, Mini-BESTest, TUG, Romberg Test, and MDS-UPDRS scores. Improvements were also noted in Ken’s gait. Ken was able to

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...PMC1307540/ Cervical spondylosis]. An update. West J Med 1996; 165(1-2): 43-51 </ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...ervative management]. Journal of chiropractic medicine. 2005 Dec 1;4(4):206-17.</ref> There is increased prevalence in specific ethnic, sports and famil

...ple with Spinal Cord Injuries. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2016 Jan 1;62(1):4-11.</ref> ...ul to minimise or prevent pain and stiffness that are commonly present post-impairment. It can also regain movement that was lost, or limit future probl

...pain. Spine, 22(18), 2128-2156. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199709150-00012</ref>. The main reasons for IDD therapy advocacy are; ...ority of patients prefer to avoid the risks of surgery or suffer from spine-related musculoskeletal conditions contraindicated to surgical intervention,

...hin her calf and hip flexor muscles as well as diffuse weakness within her lower extremities. This case study documents the process from the initial assessm ...e risk for damage<ref name=":1" />. The prevalence of CP is approximately 2-3 individuals per every 1000, most affecting children but continues into adu

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...e from: <nowiki>https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/sprained-ankle/</nowiki> (accessed 22/12/2022)</ref>.

...al Editors ''' - [[User:Zoe Meil|Zoe Meil]] as part of [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:The_University_of_Waterloo_Clinical_Biomechanics_Project ...Journal of Sports Medicine'' 2016; 50: 247-250. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-h3939rep.</ref>. When the patellofemoral joint becomes unloaded, the patient

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...f patellar instability]. International Orthopaedics. 2012; ''36''(12): 2447-2456.</ref>

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> .../bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04426-3 "This is hard to cope with": the lived experience and coping strategies ad

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...age and replaces it with prosthetic components. THR is one of the most cost-effective and consistently successful surgeries performed in orthopaedics. 

...]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/dana-palmer// Dana Palmer]<br> ...cers, (4) pressure injuries, formerly known as pressure ulcers, and (5) non-healing surgical wounds.

..., and management: a narrative review.] Pain and Therapy. 2021 Jun;10(1):143-64.</ref> ...ment.] journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2009 May;39(5):364-77. [Accessed 26 June 2018]</ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...rthrography, and CT arthrography]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994 Sep;163(3):629-36. doi: 10.2214/ajr.163.3.8079858. </ref>

...ploaded by [[User:Shaimaa Eldib|Shaimaa Eldib]] for the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Decision_Making_Aids Physical Therapy Knowledge Broker Project]<br ....ubc.ca/physical-therapy-knowledge-broker/resisted-exercise-initiative-rexi-2/?utm_source=Physiopedia&utm_medium=Link+in+text&utm_id=Physiopedia+Toolkit

...int for treatment of knee and elbow flexion contractures, 2010; 93 (7): 799-804 (C)</ref> In most cases, flexion deformities occur bilaterally. The defo * Straight leg raise >60º

...junction results in decreased response and amplitude of the corresponding muscles<ref name=":12" />.{{#ev:youtube|e31zVpZXug4}} ...</ref><ref name=":3">Zhi-Feng Mao, Long-Xiu Yang, Xue-An Mo, Chao Qin, Yong-Rong Lai, NingYu He, Tong Li & Maree L. Hackett. Frequency of Autoimmune Dis

...le Sclerosis (PPMS)]]. Additionally, we investigated and applied a research-based treatment approach while integrating the role of technology in rehabil ...ase study focuses on Michelle White, a 47year old female who is a work-from-home accountant who recently progressed from active PPMS without progression

...University Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...habilitation guidelines. British Journal of Sports Medicine, (2008) 42, 165-171</ref><br>

The lower leg is composed of two bone pieces, the tibia and the fibula. Those two bones f ...inally, the neuromuscular control and postural control are essential. When muscles are insufficiently developed, stability and postural control are decreased.

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...disease and treatment. 2020;16:1505.</ref> Despite cerebral palsy being non-progressive in nature, secondary conditions often develop over time that aff

#** Coordinates and influences eye movement and vestibulo-ocular reflex via medial longitudinal fasciculus #** Influences postural muscles via vestibulospinal tract to maintain upright posture and horizontal head p

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...6dW_CMkDSJ7g2Cq9HrJrQijXiv9wOUmQMxXi0VgyT9-VKIc5SsYIxGg The use of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a system

...ents under 55 years of age]. The bone & joint journal. 2016 Dec;98(12):1625-34.</ref> ...lasty (TKA). Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1250275-overview#:~:text=The%20primary%20indication%20for%20total,pain%20caused%20by

...t in soccer.] International journal of sports medicine. 2009 May;30(05):372-8.</ref> Most injuries occur when the opposite team has the ball and the pla ...f injury; males were more likely to suffer contact injuries (56%) while non-contact injuries were dominant among female players.

...Flexion Syndrome. Physical Therapy 35(4) pp. 336-351</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span> ...lysis of selected systems. Phys Ther. 78 pp. 708-737</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...sorders of Infancy. Childhood, and Adolescence: A Clinician’s Approach.:117-45.</ref> It occurs in roughly one in 6,000–10,000 births.<ref name=":2" ...herefore, if there is one or more additional copies of the SMN2 gene, later-onset and less severe SMA symptoms can occur.<ref name=":3">Umphrend D, Laza

...measures, and walking endurance. However, his balance scores decreased post-intervention, putting him at increased risk of falls. Throughout Mr. Parker' ...ion. J Neurol Sci. 2001 Apr;185(2):95-100. doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(01)00469-5.

...7/107110079201300810 Achilles tendinitis]. Foot & ankle. 1992 Oct;13(8):482-7. </ref><ref name=":7" /> ...osaminoglycans Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/glycosaminoglycans-5092414 (accessed 11.6.2022)</ref>&nbsp;

...ld allow us toindividualised, patient-centred goals and ultimately a tailor-made treatment plan for the individual. ...ciplinary Team in England, 2013, Disability and Rehabilitation, 35:22, 1921-1925</ref> identified that the International Classification of Functioning,

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt] ...w. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2021 Feb;31(2):246-64.</ref>

...it weekly, be referred to an occupational therapist, and enrolled in a post-polio support program. Finally, the patient has been discharged from physiot ...ments in strength, endurance, function, tone, gait, and balance whereas non-motor tests should consider quality of life particularly with respect to fat

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...a unique presentation that affected his left visual field, left upper and lower extremity. ...eceived rehabilitation according to his physical impairments. During his 16-day stay, the patient received a total of 2345 minutes of rehabilitation inv

...=":1">Reese NB, Bandy WD. Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing-E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016 Mar 31.</ref> ROM is the arc of motion ...motion (AROM) is the range of movement that can be achieved when opposing muscles contract and relax, resulting in joint movement. It is the arc of motion a

...3.&ots=h9l35sEt03&sig=a_S8Syj7oces76BjHWKQXG2OSOQ Whittle's Gait Analysis-E-Book.] Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012 Jul 13.</ref> ...rumented Gait Analysis Course]. Plus2020 </ref><ref name=":1" />[[File:Gait-Cycle.jpg|center|frameless|600x600px]]

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] *Has no additional intra-articular injury

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...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/merike-hopkins/ Merike Hopkins]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/ ...tic dynamometry evaluation]. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2020 Dec;55(6):681-6. </ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...ophysiology of Lateral Ankle Instability.] J Athl Train. 2002 Dec;37(4):364-375.</ref> Chronic instability refers to a feeling of apprehension in the an

..., Khan K. Clinical Sports Medicine: 4th edition. Sydney: McGraw-Hill. p.626-683.</ref> [[Image:336px-Patellaluxation ap 002.jpg|patella dislocation]]

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...hysician to be assessed to improve balance following a fall that occurred 6-months prior causing her to require hip surgery. This fracture could have be ...tand_Test 30-second sit to stand test (30CST)], and the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Six_Minute_Walk_Test_/_6_Minute_Walk_Test 6 minute walking test (6

...ors which result in nerve ingrowth into the disc.<ref name="p4">José García-Cosamalón et al. Intervertebral disc, sensory nerves and neurotrophins: who ...collagen fibers, while those in the inner annulus fibrosus are chondrocyte-like cells.

...is a 68 years old retired farmer (female) who has been diagnosed with early-stage idiopathic [[Parkinson's]] and received a referral for physiotherapy. ...parison.png|thumb|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331069202_A_Non-Invasive_Medical_Device_for_Parkinson's_Patients_with_Episodes_of_Freezing_o

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...d critical issues]. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2015 Jan-Apr;12(Suppl 1):4-10.</ref>

...luloskeletal Care. Section 6, Knee and Lower leg - popliteal cyst: 2001:397-398 </ref> ...'Knee'' Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2006'';'' ''14''(7): 623-628. </ref>

...nt/uploads/2021/09/LumbarSpondylolysis_CCR_Jul2021.pdf Lumbar spondylolysis-Current concepts review]. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2021 ...& Tajima, N. A biomechanical study of lumbar spondylolysis based on a three-dimensional finite element method. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2004; 22

...nts with non-specific chronic low back pain. Manual Therapy. 2010;15(3):240-247.</ref>.'''<u></u>''' ...f back pain used</span><ref name="Jones and Macfarlane" /><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ment of knee joint]. British journal of sports medicine.1998; ''32''(1): 73-74. Level of evidence: 5</ref>

...ts and young athletes <ref name="Micheli and Wood 1995">El-Sayed A, Cervoni-Rosario B, Harrast MA. Lumbar spine. In: Krabak BJ, Brooks A, editors. The Y * Vaso-occlusive disease.

...mprovement that indicates a lower risk of falling. Outcome measures of mini-BEST and dynamic gait index demonstrated no significant changes after interv ...2022May10]. Available from: https://sci-hub.se/10.1111/jnc.13691</ref>. Non-motor symptoms include impaired memory, planning, mood (anxiety and depressi

...ded disc material. It is most commonly localized in the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Cervical_Myelopathy cervical] spine but it can also occur in the [ ...cales used to quantify severity of cervical spondylotic meylopathy and post-operative improvement. J Outcume Meas, 2001. </ref>

...m the patient’s initial physiotherapy assessment, and additional findings 6-weeks after beginning physiotherapy treatment. Moreover, potential physiothe ...ciation. What is ALS?. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDpN-6EAd3k [last accessed 5/10/2021]</ref>