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...ting true weakness from imbalance or poor endurance. See [[Muscle Strength Testing]] ...emius,]] [[plantaris]], and [[Popliteus Muscle|popliteus]]. The Hamstrings group are the main knee flexors

...scular diseases. Preliminary report. Neuromuscular Disorders. 1992 Jan 1;2(3):201-7. [https://www.nmd-journal.com/article/0960-8966(92)90007-S/fulltext] ..., and ability to undertake an objective muscle force analysis. <ref name=":3" />

IMAGE 1: Cartoon representation of Myoglobin (blue) with heme group (orange) == Myoglobin Testing ==

...r middle compartment of the thigh and is the only muscle in the quadriceps group that crosses the hip<ref name=":0">Drake, RL, Vogl, W, Mitchell, AW, Gray, ...perior patellar groove<ref name=":3">Miller, A, Heckert, KD, Davis, BA.The 3-Minute Musculoskeletal & Peripheral Nerve Exam. New York: Demos Medical Pub

...visual video analysis. British journal of sports medicine.] 2019 Feb 1;53(3):158-64.</ref> Ice hockey and various football codes have been identified a The Doha agreement agreed on three (3) subheadings for classifying groin pain of athletes. <ref name=":1" />

...ay be referred to as motor testing, muscle strength grading, manual muscle testing, or any other synonyms. Muscle strength can be assessed by a number of meth The function of muscle strength testing is to evaluate the complaint of weakness, often when there is a suspected n

...and [[Spinalis Thoracis|spinalis]]. The muscle bulk formed by this muscle group can be felt running parallel to the spine over the transverse processes of ...upra-spinous ligament and the lateral crest of sacrum<ref name=":0">Muscle Testing and Function;4th Edition; Kendall, McCreary, Provance; Page No.138.</ref>.

[[File:Step Group Fitness Class.jpeg|thumb|Improving Fitness]] ...ef>Top end sports Harvard Step Test Available:https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/step-harvard.htm (accessede 8.4.2022)</ref>

...and without low] back pain. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2008;24(3):372-7.</ref> ...tient's age and determine the type of test (dynamic/static), determine the testing conditions under which the test is going to be performed.

...group of muscles which is innervated by single spinal nerve root. Myotome testing is an essential part of [[Neurological Assessment|neurological examination] ...sessment (4th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 467–566. ISBN 978-1-4160-3109-3. </ref>

...nges in fall risk and physical abilities as a result of participating in a group-based exercise program" in the study.<ref name=":0">Liu-Ambrose T, Khan KM, ...hab.research.va.gov/jour/2013/507/page905.html Development and reliability testing of the Comprehensive High-Level Activity Mobility Predictor (CHAMP) in male

== Why Use Fitness and Performance Testing in Sport? == Fitness and performance testing in athletes is used to<ref name=":0">McGuigan M. Chapter 12 Principles of T

* The hip extensor group of muscles produce the greatest torque across the hip in comparison to the ...nerve (root L5, S1 and S2). Cutaneous supply is mainly provided by L2 and 3.

...and Test (30CST), was initially designed for testing leg [[Muscle Strength Testing|strength]] and endurance in [[Older People - An Introduction|older adults]] ==Chair stand – Number of stands by age group==

...a muscle. The scale was originally developed by a UK government research group called the Medical Research Council (MRC), and first described in a paper t ...tient possess a degree of cognitive alertness that allows participation in testing. If the patient is unable to follow basic directions, MRC-SS is likely not

...n in Sports: The Athletic Trainer’s Perspective. J Athl Train. 2001;36(3):257–62.</ref>. Most commonly patients with post-traumatic vis ...ion. Incycloduction /intorsion. Excycloduction / extorsion<ref>E book. CNO-Group eTextbook of Eye Movements. Accessed from Internet on 21 Nov 2021 <nowiki>h

...sions of intermittent cervical traction and cervical exercises 2x/week for 3 weeks. Outcome was measured based on the global rating of change (<u>&gt;</ ...atient reported periperalization with lower cervical spine (C4-7) mobility testing,'''

...he largest group. Type 2 is secondary to mutations in the GNPAT gene. Type 3 forms by mutations in the AGPS gene. Life expectancy is considerably reduce ...molecular genetic tests as well as based on clinical findings. Biochemical testing pertains to looking at peroxisome function and includes a deficit in red bl

...allocation. She was found to fall within the Moderate risk stratification group who would benefit from specific Physiotherapy intervention. The [[Treatment ...which generally responds well to her exercise routine and settles within 2-3 days. About 7 weeks prior to her evaluation, she developed back pains after

...tral.com/articles/10.1186/s12955-020-01462-5 The development and cognitive testing of the positive outcomes HIV PROM: a brief novel patient-reported outcome m ...rst single brief tool that measures multiple dimensions in this population group.

The hand and wrist form a group of complex, delicately balanced joints which are considered the most active ...ailable from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxW0rodKOGs (last accessed 29.3.2020)</ref>[[File:Swan-neck deformity.jpg|right|frameless]]

...agnose<ref>Arch Physiother. 2019 Nov 14;9:13. doi: 10.1186/s40945-019-0066-3. eCollection 2019. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31807317 Limb gird ...c and Endocrine Disorders|Endocrine disorder]]<nowiki/>s represent a large group of highly varied clinical disorders, many of which can be diagnosed largely

...ih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812837/ A proposed evidence-based shoulder special testing examination algorithm: clinical utility based on a systematic review of the ...c populations examined in the study, and not repeatable in outside of that group.<ref name="Hegedus2015" /> The following table summarises the current best

* Other diseases are caused by acquired mutations in a gene or group of genes that occur during a person's life. Such mutations are not inherite ...el’s discovery of the laws governing the inheritance of traits.<ref name=":3">Britannica [https://www.britannica.com/science/genetics Genetics] Availabl

...to have no significant difference in meaning in the groups except for the group that has a brain injury.<ref>Dawes, Helen N. et al. Borg’s Rating of Perc ...e.<ref>American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013 Mar 4.</ref> With tim

...nd the SF-36 and to clinical examination findings and electrophysiological testing *22 pt with CTS, evaluated 1 day prior and 3 mo post op CTR

Goodmann CC, Snyder TEK ³<br> ...an approximately 3 months ago. Patient reports pain is at worse 6/10, best 3/10. Patient describes the pain as a deep ache that wakes her up at night at

...topic via the delivery of a updated and or new content. In addition, each group produces an evidence based oral presentation for their colleagues in the co As a group you will be updating or creating an article on Physiopedia related to muscu

VBI is associated with a patient group that are over 65 years old with cardiovascular risk factors such as hyperte ...or exercises. Learn how to test - [[Vertebral Artery Test|Vertebral Artery Testing]].

...s and contusions]. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):26-31. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC294 ...ct to trauma. [[Quadriceps Muscle Strain|Injury to the quadriceps]] muscle group can be painful and debilitating. Strains, [[Quadriceps Tendon Tear|tears]]

...r functional movement.<ref name=":1">Berryman Reece, N. Muscle and Sensory Testing. Fourth Edition. St Louis, Missouri. Elsevier. 2021</ref> The muscle streng ...muscle contractions. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2023 Mar 19:1-3.</ref> so the origin and insertion of the muscle move closer together.

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the medical term for a group of [[Neurodegenerative Disease|neurodegenerative disorders]] characterised ...ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559286/ (accessed 15.3.2022)</ref><ref name=":3" />

...odular questionnaire: www. iciq. net. The Journal of urology. 2006 Mar;175(3):1063-6.</ref><ref>Coyne K, Kelleher C. Patient reported outcomes: the ICIQ ...><ref name=":1">Lord FM. Applications of item response theory to practical testing problems. Routledge; 1980.</ref>

...Development of a functional movement scale for infants. J Appl Meas. 2002;3(2):190-204. PMID: 12011500.</ref><ref name=":0">Kvestad I, Silpakar JS, Hys ...dpt/FullText/2013/25040/Concurrent_Validity_of_the_TIMP_and_the_Bayley_III.3.aspx Concurrent validity of the TIMP and the Bayley III scales at 6 weeks c

...complications associated with toxic exposures in the workplace.<ref name=":3">Mlika M, Adigun R, Bhutta BS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53734 ...ltration occurs in a nodular pattern as the disease progresses.<ref name=":3" />

[[File:Step Group Fitness Class.jpeg|thumb|Step Group Fitness Class]] ...e.com/health/fitt-principle (accessed on 13 August 2022).</ref><ref name=":3">Adi S. Benefits of Sports Activities with FITT Principles During the Covid

...that a patient should meet in order to be placed into a specific treatment group.   ...inejournal/Abstract/2003/07010/Comparison_of_Classification_Based_Physical.3.aspx Comparison of Classification-Based Physical Therapy with Therapy Based

...mical abnormalities.<ref name=":0">Brukner, P., & Khan, K. (2010). Chapter 3: Pain: Where is it coming from? In Clinical Sports Medicine. Rev 3rd Ed. Mc ...or peripheral nerve injuries: an underestimated source of pain?] Man Ther. 3 (4): 187-94.

'''200.3(147) Requirements for practice prior to licensure.''' <br>200.2(3) Turn in appropriate fees (check or money order) Board of Physical and Occu

...for Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal Cord. 2008 Dec;46(12):768.</ref><ref name=":3">Lam T, Noonan VK, Eng JJ. A Systematic Review of Functional Ambulation Out ...tube|2C2Owo7y23Q|450}} <div class="row"><div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3"><div class="text-right"><ref>RickHansenInstitute. Outcome Measures in SCI

.... Change Leadership: The Role of Emotional Intelligence. SAGE Open  2018;8(3):215824401880091. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440188009 ...Blanchard situational model]. Bulletin of Education and Research. 2018;40(3):73-94.</ref> Situational leadership contains both directive and supportive

...dinosus is one of the three muscles that make up the [[hamstrings]] muscle group, and it is located at the posterior and medial aspect of the thigh. The sem 3. Internal rotation of the knee when the knee is flexed

...Nordic Walking.] Research quarterly for exercise and sport. 2002 Sep 1;73(3):296-300.Available from:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0270136 ...nterior]] muscle activation during NW was also seen, with an average 2- to 3-fold increase throughout the entire gait cycle.

...examiner tests the left and right sides of the body. Several manual muscle testing systems are available. The most commonly used tests are the following: * Medical Research Council Scale (also known as the [[Muscle Strength Testing|Oxford Scale]]) <ref>Dupépé EB, Davis M, Elsayed GA, Agee B, Kirksey K, G

...s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8725776/ A guide to cranial nerve testing for musculoskeletal clinicians]. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. ...o specific structures within the nervous system).<ref>Lees A J, Hurwitz B. Testing the reflexes BMJ 2019; 366 :l4830 doi:10.1136/bmj.l4830</ref>

EDMD can be subdivided into 3 categories:<br>• X-linked EDMD<br>• Autosomal Dominant EDMD<br>• Auto ...n/rare-diseases/byID/590/viewFullReport. Accessed March 3, 2014. (accessed 3 March 2014).</ref>

...a Erector Spinae Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/erector-spinae-group?lang=us (accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>. '''Strength:''' see [[Manual Muscle Testing: Trunk Extension]]

=== Neurological Testing === ...al Screen|here]], but it includes myotome testing, sensory testing, reflex testing and neurodynamic tests.

...e back erector spinae group Primal.png|thumb|343x343px|alt=|Erector spinae group]][[File:Muscles of the cervical region intermediate muscles Primal.png|thum .../radiopaedia.org/articles/erector-spinae-group?lang=us<nowiki/>(accessed 5.3.2022)</ref>

...y the lowest key muscle function that has a grade of at least 3 (on supine testing), providing the key muscle functions represented by segments above that lev ...the most caudal segment of the cord with intact sensation and antigravity (3 or more) muscle function strength, provided that there is normal (intact) s

...valence, measurement and amelioration.] BMJ open ophthalmology. 2018 Apr 1;3(1):e000146.</ref> The most common symptoms are<ref name=":3" />

...nxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015 Sep;17(3):327-35.</ref> ...) or siblings had a serious medical condition.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">Alberts NM, Hadjistavropoulos HD, Sherry SB, Stewart SH. Linking Illness i

...rease in discomfort, testing is terminated. At the completion of the first testing session, the subject is asked to maintain their normal levels of physical a ...ndex Measure''': The holding time is measured in seconds. (In this patient group, a change of greater than 17 seconds (MDC) would be required in repeated te

The dorsal interossei [[Muscle|muscles]] are a group of four bicephalic feather-shaped muscles that fill the space between the m They are part of the deep central forefoot compartment<ref name=":3">Faymonville C, Andermahr J, Seidel U, Müller LP, Skouras E, Eysel P, Stei

...t]. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015 Aug 3 [updated 2015 Nov 15; cited 2016 April 1]. Available from: http://www.cdc. ...ayotte, Indian Ocean, 2005-2006: A Population-Based Survey. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(8):e3066.</ref>

'''Sensation testing''': Normal for light touch, pin prick and temperature. '''Manual Muscle Testing''':

== Reflex Testing == # The muscle group to be tested must be in a neutral position (i.e. neither stretched nor cont

...etes, and by age group. Occupational therapy in health care. 2016 Jul 2;30(3):231-44.</ref> 3.     '''Proprioceptors:''' Detects changes to limb position (joint posi

...esting and Prescription- 11th editions. Chapter 4- Health Related Physical Testing and Interpretation.</ref>Physical fitness can be modified through regular p ...l level suggests [[Diabetes Mellitus Type 2|Type 2 diabetes]]. <ref name=":3">Catherine Rush Thompson. Prevention Practice and Health Promotion: A Healt

...rn era of orthotics]. Prosthetics and orthotics international. 2008 Sep;32(3):313-23.</ref>, digitisation introduced a new strategy for fabrication. [[F ...eview.] Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 2017 Apr 3;12(3):300-14.</ref>

...ey D, Barton C. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13047-020-0377-3 Lived experience and attitudes of people with plantar heel pain: a qualitat ...arawi Y. [https://www.physiotherapyjournal.com/article/S0031-9406(16)30032-3/fulltext Three single leg standing tests for clinical assessment of chronic

[[File:Cardio Boxing Group Fitness Class.jpg|alt=|right|frameless]] ...direct.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/aerobic-capacity (Chapter:Testing for Maximal Aerobic Power)]</ref>Maximum aerobic capacity increases with ae

...ith hepatitis C hemotologically through positive HCV antibody testing. PCR testing confirmed chronic Hepatitis C diagnosis. <br> ...care or treatment: liver function testing, cardiovascular treadmill stress testing (previous to chronic Hepatitis C diagnosis)&nbsp;

...epidemiology, trends and risk factors]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022 Jan 3;23(1):26. </ref> Clinicians will often encounter patients with neck pain an ...vical spine (facet) joint pain from a multispecialty international working group]. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine [Internet]. 2021 Nov 7 [cited 2022 Ja

...s and contusions]. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):26-31.</ref> ...ains and contusions. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct;3(1):26-31.Available;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941577/ (a

* 3 domains: pain, function, activity. ...rs and Physiotherapists to measure change in symptoms and function in this group of patients, they often score badly on the questions despite a high level o

...merican College of Sports Medicine. (2014). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilk ...n and her walking pace was slow, she could not be considered in the active group either; her heart rate was barely elevated during her activities nor were t

[[File:1757-1626-1-377-3.jpg|alt=Cleidocranial dysplasia face and shoulders.jpg|thumb|[https://www.n ...hauer-Marie-Sainton syndrome]. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry. 2012 Jul;3(3):338.</ref>, People with CCD have abnormal or missing collarbones, which al

...n a lifetime has been reported to be 38% and even higher for the 20–29 age group.<ref>Harcourt PR, Unglik H, Cook JL. [https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/46/13/94 ...in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- 6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5, August 2019, pp.608-610.</ref>Athletes used these substances to

...One campus’ experience]. Information Systems Education Journal. 2007;5(35):3-16.</ref>  Careful selection of the evaluative method to provide evidence ...e evaluation, as well as qualitative and quantitative measures.<ref name=":3">Wilkinson TJ, Hudson JN, McColl GJ, Hu WC, Jolly BC, Schuwirth LW. Medical

...ssessments, such as the Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) and Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), into the pre-participatio .../> The non-athletic population typically receives office-based screenings. Group screenings typically occur in an athletic setting and involve all members o

...and Treatment Dilemma. THE ARCHIVES OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY. 2015 Jul; 3(3): 156–162.</ref>{{#ev:youtube|3M6dzH1i-GI}} == Testing / Imagery ==

...th COPD.] COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2020 Mar 3;17(2):165-74.</ref>. Individuals with COPD who undergo PR are likely to hav Typically, a session will involve a group of people with COPD attending a class together at a gym or community hall w

...atomy''. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-683-06141-3 ...Phrenic-Nerve-Motor-Innervation-to-the-Diaphragm.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Image 3: Right and left phrenic nerve supplying the ipsilateral dome of the diaphra

...Acquired Weakness|Intensive Care Unit Acquired weakness (ICUAW]]) include 3 subsets: ...for the diagnosis of critical illness neuropathy remains electrodiagnostic testing. This includes nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography. Howev

...e=":1">American College of Sports Medicine: ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, ed. 8. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010 ...greater than that to which it is accustomed''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">McArdle, WD, Katch, FL, and Katch, VL: Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Ene

The Rotator Cuff (RC) is a common name for the group of 4 distinct muscles and their tendons, which provide strength and stabili As a group, the rotator cuff muscles are responsible for stabilizing the shoulder join

...e NIH Stroke Scale to assess stroke patients. The NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group.] J Neurosci Nurs. 1997 Dec;29(6):384-92.</ref>. The NIHSS has been shown t ...guage, neglect, visual-field loss, extraocular movement, [[Muscle Strength Testing|motor strength]], [[ataxia]], [[dysarthria]], and [[Sensation|sensory loss]

...assidy SB, Driscoll DJ. Prader-Willi syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2009;17(1):3-13. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2985966/ doi: 10.1038/ej The diagnosis of PWS is mainly via Genetic Testing and Counselling and supported by Clinical Diagnostic Criteria.

...ies you can use to ace any course at any level. Taylor & Francis; 2023 Jul 3.</ref> students often feel overwhelmed by the amount of information. They m ...<blockquote>Chunking is "a kind of information compression that we use to group related information in ways that make it more memorable. By grouping these

<div class="col-md-6">[[File:ASIA Testing Outlines.jpg|none|thumb|613x613px|ISNCSCI Scoring Outlines and ASIA Impairm ...in. The patient keeps their eyes closed or has their vision blocked during testing.

*** Sexual function = 3 * Neurological Testing

...residual limb. They reported phantom limb and residual limb pain rated at 3/10 at rest and up to 8/10 with dependent positioning and gentle palpation. ...lexors, extensors and abductors. Right knee extension and flexion strength testing were considered inconclusive secondary to pain, although the patient was ab

...ight and improved cardiorespiratory and muscular [[Fitness and Performance Testing in Sport - Individual Tests|fitness]]. He no longer had pain in his back or ...oderate- intensity physical activity, further medical work-up and exercise testing was unnecessary (although a sub-maximal exercise test of his cardiovascular

* C2-3 joint * range of motion testing

...s of disease from the patient perspective]. Clinical Genetics. 2011 Sep;80(3):235-9.</ref> ...er for each allele) is now widely available. [[Genetic Disorders|Genetic]] testing may not be necessary for a patient with a typical clinical picture and a ge

...020) </ref> It is usually a clinical diagnosis, with confirmation by serum testing, but may have suggestive findings on imaging ...vailable from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470387/ (last accessed 3.8.2020)</ref>

...', ‘neuromuscular conditions' and ‘neuromuscular disorders' all describe a group of conditions which affect either the muscles, those in the arms and legs o ...strength be examined, along with the evaluation of other symptoms. Genetic testing can be done to confirm gene mutations or family history.

...r PC, Naylor CD, Stiell IG, Richardson WS. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXII: how to use articles about c ..."Stanton" />&nbsp; Currently only 1 CPR, the one classifying patients in a group likely to benefit from spinal manipulation, is at the validation stage of d

.../pmc2050006/ Failed back surgery syndrome]. COMSIG review. 1992 Nov 1;1(1):3.</ref><ref name="p1" /><br> ...tiology and diagnostic evaluation]. The Spine Journal. 2003 Sep 1;3(5):400-3.</ref>: <br>• The status before the operation <br>• The type of surgery

...iency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] is a major global public health issue, claiming 36.3 million [27.2–47.8 million] lives so far. Improved access to effective HI ...ed on genotype resistance test results.<ref name=":0" /> Studies show that 3-drug therapy reduces the rate of [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|AIDS]

...al leadership in health care today. The Health Care Manager. 2020 Jul 1;39(3):117-21.</ref> [[File:Top Five Servant Leadership Characteristies.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Figure 3. Top five servant leadership characteristics.]]

...uals diagnosed with MCTD are women, with the highest prevalence in the age group under thirty.<ref name="mayo" />&nbsp;Other sources have reported statistic ...systematic review. Int J Cardiol [Internet]. 2014 [Cited 2016 Mar 12];171(3):326-30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24433611</ref>

...he world, with no preference for specific races or populations <ref name=":3">Dagli, Aditi, Jennifer Mueller, and Charles A. Williams. “Angelman Syndr ** Paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) in chromosome 15q11-q13 (3-5%)

...of joints for examination so that hypermobile joints outside this selected group will inevitably and invariably be overlooked. ...the available prevalence studies used different cutoffs, ranging from &gt;3 hypermobile joints to &gt; 6 hypermobile joints of 9 assessed (both thumbs,

|Recently bed ridden for > 3 days or major surgery within 4 weeks<ref>Song K, Yao Y, Rong Z, Shen Y, Zhe |Calf swelling > 3 cm when compared with the asymptomatic lower extremity (measured 10cm below

...cy, childhood, and adolescence: a clinician's approach. Elsevier; 2014 Dec 3.</ref>. LGMD has an autosomal pattern of inheritance which can be eithe ...well. Semimembranosus muscle is most severely affected among the hamstring group whereas semitendinosus muscle is often well preserved.

==== I have passed 3 quizzes but only have one quiz badge on my dashboard ==== ...ith collaborators in several international locations and so all our course testing is based on those locations that are available to us. Its impossible to tel

...Lumbar radiculopathy prevalence 3%-5% of the population<ref>Berry JA, Elia C, Saini HS, Miulli DE. [https://w ...cans|magnetic resonance imaging]] and [[Electrodiagnosis|electrodiagnostic testing]], consisting of NCS (Nerve conduction study) and EMG (Electromyography),

...knee pain.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):3-10.</ref> ...sets of muscles important in posterior knee anatomy. The hamstring muscle group consists of the medially located [[semimembranosus]] and [[semitendinosus]]

...rtunities and taking action. European Journal of Internal Medicine.2017;38:3-11. ...orted in literature differs, being between 10% to 90% according to the age group, definition used, healthcare and geographical setting of the study.<ref nam

! scope="row" | K-Level 3 ...MPRO, respectively), depending on the type of assistive device used during testing.

...ston P, Bercini D. The use of verbal report methods in the development and testing of survey questionnaires. Applied cognitive Psychology 1991; 5: 251-67.</re *Responsiveness - a hypothesis of a correlation of ≥ 0.3 between the KOOS Child sub-scale scores and the Global Perceived Effect (GP

...is case were the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and manual muscle testing (MMT) which were improved by 90% from initial examination to discharge. Thi ...ression of 6-10 months of functional rehabilitation which was divided into 3 phases: maximum protection phase moderated protection phase and return to s

<br> Test Item Cluster (TIC) is a group of special tests which are developed to facilitate clinical decision making == SIJ Dysfunction Gold Standard Testing ==

...occur in Asia (53%), then Africa (29%), Latin America (8%), North America (3%), and Europe (6%). With this information, it is seen that global retinobla ...al facility resources. If there is presence of a germline disease, genetic testing should be conducted in all cases of retinoblastoma, for the patient and the

...falls risk assessment should be carried out prior to discharge, including testing balance ability when perturbed and stepping reactions. In this way it is p Stroke patients especially the elderly group demonstrates impaired anticipatory postural adjustments, delays in timing,

...om physiotherapy (PT) caseload, but is encouraged to have follow ups every 3 months to monitor his condition.  === Neurological Testing ===

...ilable from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWhzy9Us3R0 [last accessed 23/3/2021]</ref> * Testing '''tendon reflexes''' and analyzing the '''muscle tone''' and '''strength''

Group of complex disorders of the brain. Varying degrees of characteristics inclu * Autism: most obvious signs and symptoms tend to emerge between 2 and 3 years old

...Noten S, Benner JL, Stam HJ, van der Slot WM, Roebroeck ME. [https://10.0.3.248/j.apmr.2020.01.009 Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in adulthood: a syste ...nability to ambulate, and reduced participation in daily life. <ref name=":3">Booth AT, Buizer AI, Meyns P, Oude Lansink IL, Steenbrink F, van der Krogt

...dvances in sarcopenia research in Asia: 2016 update from the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2016 ...rength and cardiac structure and function in UK adults.] PloS one. 2018;13(3):e0193124.</ref>

*'''Recent onset of headaches, 3 out of 10 on pain scale<ref name="Physiopedia AML" />''' *'''Pain Scale''': <br>• Headaches reported 3 out of 10 on Visual Analog Scale <br>• Otherwise, patient complains of no

According to <u>'''Movement Disorder Society'''</u>, there are 3 more sub-definitions of Dystonia- ...disorders]. The Lancet Neurology. 2009 Sep 1;8(9):844-56.</ref><ref name=":3">Steeves TD, Day L, Dykeman J, Jette N, Pringsheim T. [https://movementdiso

. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQG8o5b4lKg[last accessed 23/3/2022]</ref> ...the normal level, and they will have a normal growth rate until they reach 3 years old.

...ates the muscles of facial expression, sensory for taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland (tear ...the muscles of facial expression. This report aims to describe methods for testing and managing Bell’s Palsy and help physiotherapist create a treatment pla

...wed journals]. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2017 Mar 1;216(3):S591.</ref>. ...ref name=":6" /> of women presenting for usual gynaecology procedures with 3-6% of these women reporting a drop pass the vaginal opening<ref name=":6">B

...t]. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015 Aug 3 [updated 2015 Nov 15; cited 2016 April 1]. Available from: http://www.cdc.g ...ty of the patient's joint pain will resolve within fairly quickly within 1-3 weeks. However, some cases of chikungunya virus the joint pains can persist

...ve devastating outcomes, including (1) foot ulcers, (2) major amputation, (3) falls, (4) intracranial injuries, and (5) decreased quality of life. Appro ...ation is vital in wound prevention and complication management.<ref name=":3" /> This article provides an overview of a systematic method of foot neurop

...omes in an individual’s cells.<ref name=":0" /> This syndrome is part of a group of disorders known as the Zellweger spectrum disorders, which are classifie ...al perspectives]. Developmental disabilities research reviews. 2013 Jun;17(3):187-96.</ref> including Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystr

...listed respectively. &nbsp;African Americans are the most diagnosed ethnic group in the United States and have a prevalence of four times that of the diagno ...common organ involvement includes the liver which may show granulomas from testing. &nbsp;However, liver function may not be severely affected by the inflamma

...Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019 Oct;57(2):244-260. doi: 10.1007/s12016-018-8710-3. PMID: 30370459.</ref> Mast cell Activation Syndrome occurs when there is 3 types of mat cell activation: <ref name=":5">The Mast Cell Disease Society.

...n of thalassemia. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine.] 2013 Feb 1;3(2):a011775.</ref>. As a result, patients have a range of symptoms and compl Other important tests for the diagnosis of Thalassaemia are genetic testing, haemoglobin electrophoresis and reticulocyte count (the number of young RB

...idence-led approach to clinical management. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2011;6(3):254-66.</ref> ...e therapy or a combination of the two and compared outcomes with a control group.<ref name=":2" />

Kennedy’s Disease affects approximately 3.3/100,000 males.<ref name=":0" /> It very rarely affects females due to its X ...y: from bench to bedside.] The clinical biochemist reviews. 2016 Feb;37(1):3.</ref>

...ticed and only be detected by a healthcare professional through additional testing<ref name=":1" />. According to the KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes)<ref name=":3" />, AKI can be diagnosed if any one of the following is present:

...19 pandemic has significant effects on athletes. These include<ref name=":3">Pillay L, van Rensburg DC, van Rensburg AJ, Ramagole DA, Holtzhausen L, Di ...nd psychological support to athletes during and after lockdown.<ref name=":3" />

...s://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported]|alt=|none]] Delirium can be divided into 3 subtypes: hyperactive, hypoactive, and mixed. The table<ref>Meagher D. Moto

...ws, (4) personal statements, (5) letters of reference, and (6) personality testing.<ref name=":0">Siu E, Reiter HI. Overview: what’s worked and what hasn’ ...octor of physical therapy program. Journal of Allied Health. 2010 Sep 1;39(3):138-42.</ref>

...SD for internal rotation and external rotation<br>2. Incidence of GIRD <br>3. Total Rotation Motion (TRM) deficit. ...: <br>1. Open wounds<br>2. A past medical history of clotting disorders<br>3. Anticoagulation therapy<br>4. Local skin infection<br>5. Acute local infla

...n, prolong functional independence and prolong life expectancy.<ref name=":3" /> Early detection of the disease, better clinical practice guidelines and ...ive care in order to maintain function for as long as possible.<ref name=":3" /> Our case study focuses on the physical therapy assessment and intervent

...prior to manual therapy]. Interntaional Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 13(3):85-93</ref>. ...ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_stenosis stenosis] are very common.<br>3. Blood flow in the ICA is known to be influenced by movement of the neck.<b

Osteomyelitis is commonly divided into 3 types<ref name=":2">Gigante A, Coppa V, Marinelli M, Giampaolini N, Falcion ...Bone and joint infections in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2005 Jun;52(3):779-94, vi.</ref>.

...A, COST B13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc3454540/ Working Group on Guidelines for the Management of Acute Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Eu ...<ref name="Hancock">M.Hancock. Approach to low back pain. RACGP, 2014, 43(3):117-118</ref> Previous research and international guidelines suggest it is

Renal function tests (RFT) are a group of tests that may be performed together to evaluate [[kidney]] (renal) func ...imal management occurs and to monitor response to interventions<ref name=":3">Gounden V, Jialal I. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507821/ Renal

...etween the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. It moves in 3 different axes led by [[Functional Anatomy of the Hip-Muscles and Fascia|hi * Strength testing of the muscles overlying the hip joint: Especially the hip abductor muscles

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a "heterogeneous group of [[Congenital and Acquired Neuromuscular and Genetic Disorders|congenital ...nd females equally, and there are no differences in terms of race / ethnic group.<ref name=":0" />

...- this principle refers to how often an individual trains a certain muscle group within a designated time frame to improve strength or restoration of an imp ...ori G, American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2020.</ref> Here are gui

Patients participated in classes of 3-4 sessions per week, which were based on the manual 'Unlearn Your Pain'. ...t study. There were 72 patients (79.2% were female and the mean age was 49.3 years) with musculoskeletal pain throughout treatment, who were monitored o

'''KCNA2''' is a gene located on chromosome 1p13.3. It encodes the voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels, many of which are lo Malfunction of the KCNA2 channels can be seen as 3 different [https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Phenotype phenotypes]:<

...lable: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/noonan-syndrome<nowiki/>(accessed 4.3.2022)</ref> ...able: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/noonan-syndrome<nowiki/>(accessed 4.3.2022)</ref>  

...MC Musculoskeletal Disorders, December 2012, 13:24</ref>&nbsp;identified a group of five dominant movement-based schemes and grouped them into two dominant ==== In 2015 Foster et al<ref name="Foster" /> identified 3 models of Stratified Care (approaches to sub-grouping low back pain patient

...ve contraction or a violent stretch of the [[Hamstrings|hamstring muscle]] group which causes high mechanical stress. This results in varying degrees of rup ...0-000000000-00000 Hamstring strain injuries]. Sports medicine. 2012 Mar;42(3):209-26.</ref>

* It is a clinical diagnosis and does not require specific diagnostic testing in the absence of concomitant cardiopulmonary symptoms or risk factors. * 12 paired ribs and associated costal cartilages.<ref name=":3">Clemens WM. et al. ; Introduction to Chest Wall Reconstruction : Anatomy

** Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score recently changed from 2 to 3<ref name=":2" /> ** Impaired mobility<ref name=":3" />

...2015, the prevalence of COPD was 174 million, and there were approximately 3.2 million deaths due to COPD worldwide. However, the prevalence is likely t ...Six Minute Walk Test / 6 Minute Walk Test|6-minute walk test]], laboratory testing, and [[Medical Imaging|radiographic imaging.]]

...reatment of female sexual pain: a clinical review]. Cureus. 2018 Mar 27;10(3).</ref> ...Anatomy|pelvic floor muscles]] ([[Levator Ani Muscle|levator ani]] muscle group and [[coccygeus]]) can cause deep dyspareunia. <ref>Edwards L. Vulvodynia.

...articular to the SIJ but also to the posterior interosseus ligament and S1-3 lateral branches.<ref name=":1" /> This suggests that there are other extra ...AOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2019 Feb 1;27(3):85-93.</ref> Plain [[X-Rays|radiographs]] of the pelvis may be used to rul

Cohen and Mohrman define a team as”a group of individuals who work together to produce products or deliver services fo ...Mental Health|emotional stress]] and musculoskeletal disorders<ref name=":3">Lee DC, Pate RR, Lavie CL, Sui X, Church TS, Blair SN. Leisure-Time Runnin

...Of Clinical &amp; Diagnostic Research [serial online]. August 2015;9(8):1-3. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 19, ...ossification, which may avoid possible invasive treatments and diagnostic testing.<ref name="Pig" /> &nbsp;<br>

...upper extremities <ref name="SS" />. Individuals in the 13-17 year old age group tend to have more injuries of the pelvis, spine, and chest <ref name="SS" / | Highest rate of injuries in 10-14 year old age group

...Sclerosis Pathology. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine. 2018; 8(3).  </ref>. However, the two are not mutually exclusive. In fact, 50% of th ...cerebral white matter were noted through MRI imaging, and Evoked Potential testing was conducted to confirm the diagnosis as MS. The disease has been classifi

Legionnaires' disease was first discovered about in 1967 when a group of people in Philadelphia, attending an American Legion convention meeting ...ansmission:<br>1. Potable (drinking) water systems<br>2. Whirlpool spas<br>3. Cooling towers&nbsp;

...blications/i/item/9789240031593 Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public h # '''Lower extremity pain:''' present in 3-58% of PLWH, most commonly affecting the feet and legs<ref name=":8" />

...o, R, Straube D. [https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(13)00366-3/fulltext A Brief Review of the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale ...of the tool indicate that the tool is appropriate for the patient you are testing. As an example, some performance tools do not actually accurately predict a

...ries, where under-diagnosis and under-treatment is a challenge.<ref name=":3">WHO Asthma Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detai ...estimated 262 million people in 2019 and caused 461000 deaths.<ref name=":3" />

** Clerical Administration<ref name=":3">American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Robert ...s which take into account other co-morbidities<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>British Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation. “Risk Factors” i

...lder dislocation]] or [[Shoulder Instability|instability]] within the past 3 months, reproduction of shoulder pain with active or passive cervical range ...0.95-0.97 and the minimally clinically important difference of 12 mm (+/- 3 mm at a 95% CI)<ref name=":1">Strunce JB, Walker MJ, Boyles RE, Young BA. T

...edical and neurological complications is agreed as the main focus for this group and currently, there is no pharmacological treatment proven to speed up or ...e is no measurable activity in the brain and the brainstem.  During strict testing routine following findings will confirm brain death: coma, lack of brain st

...brain tumours and up to 33% of brain tumours occurring in those less than 3 years of age<ref name=":6">Radiopedia Ependymoma Available:https://radiopae ...f name=":3" /> The 5-year survival rate ranges from 39% to 64%.<ref name=":3" />

...eumatoid arthritis]] are the most common of the rheumatic diseases but the group of diseases is much more, encompassing over 200 different conditions. ...or novel therapeutic development]. Pediatric Rheumatology. 2008 Dec;6(1):1-3.</ref><ref name=":2">Skapenko A, Leipe J, Lipsky PE, Schulze-Koops H. [http

...bow joint. Physiotherapists have a functional knowledge of the complicated 3-joint elbow complex as well as its associated anatomy. They can apply this The [[humerus]], [[radius]] and [[ulna]] articulate to form 3 joints that make up the elbow.

...y with gross motor skills and abnormal perception and sensation<ref name=":3">The Ontario Federation of Cerebral Palsy. A guide to cerebral palsy. Avail ...cal mobility by promoting exercises that emphasize independence<ref name=":3" />.

...magnus is the largest, most powerful and the most complex, of the adductor group. This muscle is complex in that part derived from the fact that it divid ...oints.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0">Kendall, McCreary, Provance; Muscle Testing and Function with Posture and Pain 4th Edition; Hip adductors; Page No.228.

* Mental illness (31.3% of people with a serious mental illness have used illicit drugs)<ref name= ...had occupational/economic problems and problems with their primary support group.<ref name="SC">Kortea JE, Hiotta FB, Bradyb KT, Malcolmb RJ, Seec RE. Disti

...atol. 2010 Jul; 69(5):425-32 :4: 2C</ref><ref name="p3" /> It is a diverse group of inflammatory arthritides that share certain genetic predisposing factors ...o classification criteria, Amor and the European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group (ESSG), were proposed for diagnosing SpA <ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" />

...y of symptoms, recent foot trauma and previous ulcers or wounds<ref name=":3">Bandyk DF. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0895796 ...nation of skin condition, foot anatomy, and vascular perfusion<ref name=":3" />.

Motor Neurone Disease (MND) is the name given to the group of diseases in which the motor neurones undergo degeneration and die. It go ...e U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat ALS, prolongs life by 2-3 months but does not relieve symptoms.  The drug reduces the body's natural

...with whiplash injury. Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine, 28(3), 133–138</ref> Sterling et al. in 2003 report a significant difference between whiplash group average: 5.01 degrees compared to healthy controls: 1.75 degrees (P<0.05)<r

...ordination]], joint [[Range of Motion|range of motion]], [[Muscle Strength Testing|muscle strength]]/endurance have not returned to pre-AMAN levels ...nosis. Her husband is a retired Kinesiologist, who has been running weekly group circuit training sessions at the YMCA, in which Trish participated faithful

...injury that occurs when the tendon that attaches the quadriceps muscle (a group of 4 muscles in the front part of the femur) to the [[patella]] or kneecap ...e complete tendon tears may totally impede lower leg extension.<ref name=":3">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482389/ (accessed 14 Januar 2019).</

...n and Men: What’s the Difference?]. Journal of Parkinson’s disease. 2019;9(3):501-515</ref>. ...ical & Experimental Research. 2017;29(5):993-999.</ref>, dance <ref name=":3">Shanahan J, Morris ME, Bhriain ON, Saunders J, Clifford AM. [https://pubme

...apy in The Bahamas.&nbsp; The&nbsp;BAPT&nbsp;was formed in May 2000 when a group of concerned physiotherapists met to discuss the formation of the Health Pr ...r the age of 25 is projected to drop to 22%, the actual population of this group is expected to increase&nbsp;from about 146,000 today to 153,000 by 2030.

===== 3. The type of presentation you would like to present ===== === 3. Authors and Contributors ===

.../www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/18756/<nowiki/>(accessed 18.3.2021)</ref>. ...https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6548757/<nowiki/>(accessed 18.3.2021)</ref>.

...58 years<ref name=":0" />. The chance of developing a trigger finger is 2-3%, but in the [[Diabetes|diabetic population]], it rises to 10%.<ref>Bianchi **3 = Triggering

* Children and adolescents 0–19 years of age with fever > 3 days ...er acute infection has passed. However, some children do have positive PCR testing.<ref name=":1" />

...ilable from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2cmb8MDu78 [last accessed 15/3/21]</ref> ...ilable from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hOI4fuTcaw [last accessed 15/3/21]</ref>

...functional performance of lower limb amputees. Prosthet Orthot Int 2007;31(3):258-270.</ref> or provision of a prosthetic component. Some outcome measur ...a M. Introducing Clinimetrics. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2005;51(3):139-140.</ref>.

Myositis is a group of rare conditions where the body’s [[Immune System|immune system]] turns ...ess (US).Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK584479/ (accessed 3.2.2024)</ref>

...nge of motion, balance/gait training, pelvic floor physiotherapy referral, group rehabilitation dance classes and referral to occupational therapist/speech ...ent of multiple system atrophy.] European Journal of Neurology. 2002 May;9(3):195-9.</ref>

...n Approach for patients with Low Back Pain has been used as a guide to sub-group patients based on their clinical signs and symptoms<ref name=":0">Fritz JM, ** 3 distinct differences from the Treatment Based Classification Approach to Lo

...athic pain: from mechanisms to treatment.] Physiological reviews. 2020 Nov 3.</ref> ...ral nerve injuries an underestimated source of pain? Manual Therapy, 1998; 3: 187-194</ref><ref>Gifford L. Acute low cervical nerve root conditions: sym

## Reality Testing - Objective, see things as they really are ...d S et al. [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12909-020-02050-3.pdf Codebook for rating clinical communication skills based on the Calgary-

...rains are encountered more frequently in ice hockey and soccer.<ref name=":3">Orchard JW. [https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/49/12/798.short Men at higher ri ...offs GM, Servien E, editors. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-03722-6 Acute muscle injuries.] Springer International Publishing; 2014

...of the aforementioned approaches over another.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> ...of her extremities, as well as increased tremor in her hands over the last 3 months. Grocery shopping and cooking have been most difficult for Mrs. A, a

* Hip extension 3 b/l * Bilateral shoulder flexion: 3+/5

FMF is marked by short, 1- to 3-day bouts of fever, often accompanied by inflammation in the body's tissues ...temperature of 38°C or higher), and they don't last long (from 12 hours to 3 days).

...are involved with vision (such CN III, IV, and VI). However, the specific testing of the optic nerve involves visual acuity assessment, color perception, vis * Glaucoma is a group of diseases that are the leading cause of blindness in the United States. G

...perience of pain, which is neither nociceptive nor neuropathic. Thus, this group comprises people with no obvious activation of nociceptors nor neuropathy b ...sists of continuous damage and inflammation of bodily tissues. <ref name=":3">Fitzcharles M-A, Cohen S.P, Clauw D.J, Littlejohn G, Usui C, Häuser W. No

...ases following the distal third in 28% of cases, and the proximal third in 3% of cases.<ref name=":0" /> ...ch was later revised by Neer(in which Group II was further classified into 3 types).<ref name=":0" />

...CT-guided pudendal nerve block technique. Abdominal imaging. 1999 May 1;24(3):309-12.</ref>. ...sia. Normal sensation to pinprick may occur even when quantitative sensory testing is abnormal. Pressure is placed on the nerve at the Alcock canal and medial

...progress such as chest expansion measurements, auscultation and endurance testing as chest X rays may be contradicting or inconclusive with regards to progno ...e on a radiograph, however, there is some variation in opacity within each group.

...subjective and objective findings are stated at initial assessment and at 3 month follow up to monitor his progress with physiotherapy. Physiotherapy i ...T) disease]. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine. 2012 Apr 1;55(3):160-73.</ref>. This case study will allow physical therapists to different

...from:https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/7-faces-of-neck-pain [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref> ...from: http://dstore.alazhar.edu.ps/xmlui/handle/123456789/384. [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref> These bones are linked together by facet joints which are small

...rcise: how much is enough?. Current sports medicine reports. 2015 May 1;14(3):221-6.</ref> ...opean consensus on definition and diagnosis Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.] Age and ageing. 2010 Jul 1;39(4):412-23.</r

...nt on the motor scale, and 5 points overall for the total score<ref name=":3" />. The ABC improvement with the rollator showed more than the minimal det ...ntervention in Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2013; 9:3-5.</ref>. The cardinal signs of Parkinson’s include the presence of [[Tre

...ss medical care 2) making the journey to the nearest medical care facility 3) once at a medical care centre, receiving treatment from an appropriately * Dysfunctional [[Pelvic Floor Anatomy|pelvic floor]] muscle group, including the levator ani muscle, the coccygeus, and connective tissue.

The spinal stabilising system is divided into 3 functionally integrated subsystems <ref name="Panjabi">Panjabi, M. M. “Th ...ynamic Flexion and Extension Radiographs.” Korean Journal of Spine 12, no. 3 (September 2015): 146–49 (LoE:3B)</ref>.

The acute stage, which usually lasts 2 to 3 days, is characterised by intense vertigo and nausea due to unequal vestibu ...w-eye deviation and marked postural asymmetry recover spontaneously within 3 to 14 days. This recovery of function is due to the restoration of the toni

..., et al. Endoscopic treatment of prepatellar bursitis. Int Orthop 2011; 35(3): 355–358. (2)</ref> Prepatellar bursitis often occurs in specific jobs w ...ed between 40 – 60 years. 1/3 of the prepatellar bursitis are septic and 2/3 are non-septic.&nbsp;<ref name="p3">Le Manac’h A.P. et al. Prevalence of

''Munchen Medizinische Wochenschrift''. 1892. 39:17-21, 41-3, 55-8 In 2007 a group of researchers and clinicians specialising in this syndrome proposed the fo

* Scoliosis affects 2-3 percent of the population, or an estimated six to nine million people in th ...pidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis]. J Child Orthop. 2012;7(1):3–9.</ref> and a prevalence of 2,5 % in the general population with a Cobb

...intensity (including light intensity) provides health benefits.<ref name=":3">Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, Carty C, ...post partum. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1991 Mar 1;164(3):883-7.</ref>;

...known as ''Mycobacterium leprae'' as the cause of the illness.<ref name=":3">World Health Orgaization. Leprosy ( hansen's disease). Available from: htt * An estimated 2 to 3 million people are living with Hansen’s disease-related disabilities glob

...ilable from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441916/ (last accessed 8.3.2020)</ref> ...stimated 10 million new TB cases worldwide, of which 5.7 million were men, 3.2 million were women and 1.1 million were children. People living with HIV

...cancer statistics, 2020. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2020 May;70(3):145-64.   </ref> ...ars of age, only 26-24% of them do not suffer from co-morbidities. Of this group greater than 70 years of age, the men have the highest prevalence of compli

<blockquote>Cerebral Palsy (CP) "describes a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture causing a ...tps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dmcn.14819 Prevalence Study Group. Cerebral visual impairment-related vision problems in primary school child

...: pathology, diagnosis, and treatment.] Clinics in sports medicine 2016;35(3):419-33.</ref>. Additionally, conditions related to the iliopsoas muscle ha ...l presentation, evaluation, and management are nearly identical<ref name=":3">Garry JP. [https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/90993-overview Iliopsoas

[[File:Exercise older person.jpg|right|frameless|alt=Older people group exercising]] ...tivity 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. </ref>

...xysmal positional vertigo]. J Neurol. 2013;260(3):832-8. </ref><ref name=":3">Chen J, Zhao W, Yue X, Zhang P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles * Head trauma in all age groups<ref name=":3" /><ref>Kim HJ, Park J, Kim JS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/

...spect to physiologic processes that would normally impact rate.<ref name=":3">Thomas L. [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20191114/New-type-of-bionic-p ...s better than nothing?. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2012 Nov 1;55(3):300-6.</ref><ref name=":5">Kirkpatrick JN, Papini C, Baman TS, Khota K, Ea

...ence. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine; [updated 2011 April 3; cited 2011 April 5]. Available from: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov</ref>: ...n Williams-Beuren Syndrome. Texas Heart Institute Journal. (2008, Sep); 35(3): 279-285.</ref><ref name="Seven">Stagi, Manoni, Salti, Cecchi, Chiarelli.

...rtal Females. International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research. 2015Nov;3(2):999–1005.</ref> This separation results in an increase in the distance ...al patient population. ''Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct''. 2007;18(3):321-328. doi:10.1007/s00192-006-0143-5</ref><ref>Michalska A, Rokita W, Wo

...a devastating effect on the world’s demographics resulting in more than 5.3 million deaths worldwide. It has emerged as the most consequential global h ...9 (COVID-19): Symptoms. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html Accessed 14 March 2020</ref> include:

...de (1) arterial ulcers, (2) venous insufficiency ulcers or venous wounds, (3) neuropathic wounds, or diabetic foot ulcers, (4) pressure injuries, former ...y, (2) muscle imbalance, and a (3) reduction in nerve function.<ref name=":3">Allan J, Munro W, Figgins E. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=in

...adults. (link is external) ''Annals of Family Medicine'', 2009, May-Jun;7(3):204-11</ref> Also, people with low health literacy tend to be less healthy ...tube|iCvQyRhpI4Q|250}} <div class="row"><div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3"><div class="text-right"><ref>NASEM Health and Medicine Division. Health Li

'''Classical group''' '''Non-classical group:'''

...atient physiotherapy clinic for her increasing shoulder pain over the past 3 weeks. She also hopes to get some help with her generalized muscle weakness * Myotomes: positive testing with fatigable weakness in shoulder elevation and abduction

...hroplasty, mostly from the polyethylene liner.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">Bowen, D., Gill, J. R., Pulido, P. G., Melton, J. T. K., & Cross, M. [http ...e cases in which popliteal cyst extend superiorly or anteriorly<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10">Sanchez JE, Conkling N, Labropoulos N. [https://reader.e

...to the World Alzheimer Report 2018, a new case of dementia develops every 3 seconds around the globe with 66% of these people living in low‐ and midd ...ementia: Risk Factors)]] have been associated with AD including<ref name=":3">Kumar A, Sidhu J, Goyal A, Tsao JW. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB

...to assess severity. It is estimated to affect about 50% of adult women and 3% to 11% of adult men; however, only 25% to 61% of those women seek care.<re ...de problem]. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2003 Sep;82(3):327-38.</ref>

[[File:WhatsApp Image 2020-04-10 at 3.26.18 PM.jpg|right|frameless]] ...scles. It is a thick, fan-shaped muscle that originates at the:<ref name=":3">Solari F, Burns B. Anatomy, Thorax, Pectoralis Major Major. [Updated 2021

...any change in their flexibility; a history of repeated injury to a muscle group might mean that it has more scarring in the intramuscular matter; having re ...hamstring stretches: (1) standing static stretch, (2) dynamic stretching, (3) hold-relax (also known as contract-relax).

...lar system]] and the autonomic nervous system. In addition, singing with a group of people often leads to social cohesion and increased emotional support. ...Shipton, M., 2014. “Singing for Breathing”: Participants' perceptions of a group singing programme for people with COPD. ''Arts & Health'', ''6''(1), pp.5

...currently under revision by Queen's MScPT students in the course PT858 lab group 6. The scope of this article is to describe the characteristics and care re ...fic and Targetable Predisposing Haplogroup. Am J Hum Genet. 2009 Mar 13;84(3):351–66. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.02.003 </ref>. In the general populatio

...pathy: Pathogenesis Review]. International Journal of Orthopaedics 2015; 2(3): 289-299 </ref> *** Genetic variants <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">Van Der Vlist AC, Breda SJ, Oei EH, Verhaar JA, de Vos RJ. [https://doi.or

...e of leptospirosis is septicemia or the acute stage. This stage lasts from 3 days to 10 days and presents mostly as headache and myalgia. During this st *Microscopic agglutination testing (MAT; criterion standard for serologic identification of leptospires, avail

...untington disease: genetics and epidemiology. Am J Hum Genet. 1984 May; 36(3): 506-26. Doi: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(89)90062-1</nowiki ...ms that suggested Huntington’s disease. The results of the MRI and genetic testing led to Mr. Miller’s diagnosis of Huntington’s disease on May 4th, 2021.

...rition, [[sarcopenia]] and [[Introduction to Frailty|frailty]].<ref name=":3">Lengelé L, Locquet M, Moutschen M, Beaudart C, Kaux JF, Gillain S, Regins ...415215/ Immune-boosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: Could they help against COVID-19?] Maturitas. 2021 Jan;143:1-9

3) Severe: evidence of severe or extreme distress over the symptoms in the condition as Anorgasmia (including psychogenic anorgasmy). [3]

...revalence of Chronic Low Back Pain. Archives of International Medicine 169(3) pp. 251-258.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">. It is the 5th most c ...s diagnosis is often based on symptomatic reporting, rather than objective testing. <br>The approach follows a logical process, outlined below;

...A partial rupture of the ligaments, with no or mild joint instability.<br>3. A complete rupture of a ligament with severe joint instability. ...ost cases, they will take an X-ray to set up a diagnosis. At this moment a group of scientists is trying to set up the ‘Amsterdam Wrist Rules’, like we

...hump and on the concave side, where the ribs impinge on the lung. '''Image 3''': A pronounced C-shaped scoliosis is present, centred in the thoracic spi ...icans- Compared to Whites (10.9 cases per 100,000), the prevalence in this group is 35.5 cases per 100,000 persons.

...l JH, Catterall A. A torn acetabular labrum. J Bone Joint Surg 1986;68:400-3.</ref><ref name="Klaue" /><ref name="Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald RH. Acetabular ...ultrasound in acetabular labral tear diagnostics? Acta Orthop 2009 Jun;80(3):314-8.</ref><br>

...erved in patients with chronic LBP during performance of the motor control testing. <ref name="p12">Roussel et al., “Altered breathing patterns during lumbo ...ther group a non-surgical treatment. Results of this study report that the group that was treated surgically maintains substantially greater pain relief and

...of this protocol Grip strength for each hand is calculated as the mean of 3 trials, ...e Jamar dynamometer]. Journal of geriatric physical therapy. 2015 Jul 1;38(3):148-53.</ref> result showed that when Grip-ball was used for grip strengt

...llness polyneuropathy (CIP) causes several difficulties such as<ref name=":3">Shepherd S, Batra A, Lerner DP. Review of critical illness myopathy and ne Critical Illness Polyneuropathy is associated with<ref name=":3" />:

.... 2020 Apr;91(4):373-377. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322541. </ref><ref name=":3">Gordon PH, Cheng B, Katz IB, Pinto M, Hays AP, Mitsumoto H, Rowland LP. Th ...is confirmed that there is no LMN disruption <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />. There is little res

...se: how much is enough?]. American journal of lifestyle medicine. 2009 Jul;3(1_suppl):44S-9S. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P *"Event free survival" rates after 24 months were 78% in the exercise group versus 62% in the PCI cohort

...ee population. Unlike LL amputees, most UL amputees are in the younger age group reflecting the aetiology of the condition. === Hand dominance, function and testing of ADLs ===

...lerosis-als-fact-sheet </ref>. Ultimately, most people with ALS die within 3-5 years after symptom onset due to respiratory failure<ref name=":0" />. Th ...dominant cause of death in individuals with ALS and usually occurs within 3 to 5 years from the onset of symptoms<ref name=":0" />. Approximately 70% o

The cervical spine consists of several structural group: ...ywhere from a few days to months/years. Any symptoms that last longer than 3 months after is considered post-concussion syndrome

...ge group 50-60 years, 87% in the age group 60-70 years, and 93% in the age group &gt;70 years. <ref name="p7">Liu K, Lü Y, Cheng D, Guo L, Liu C, Song H, C Common: <ref name="p1">BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2015, Assessment of neck pain. BMJ Best Practice. Retrieved fromhtt

According to the International Diabetes Federation (2014), 8.3% of the population or 387 million people are living with diabetes worldwide * '''Ages 20 years or older''': 11.3 percent, of all people in this age group

...risk for damage<ref name=":1" />. The prevalence of CP is approximately 2-3 individuals per every 1000, most affecting children but continues into adul ...pertension, depression, epilepsy, osteoarthritis, and many more<ref name=":3" />. There is also a variability in the services for adults with CP and how

...negative, where she was then released from the hospital. Since the injury 3 days ago, the patient reports her dizziness has converted to double vision, ...hile marching in place<br>MMT: Left quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteal muscle group, dorsiflexors: 4/5

...guidelines: Concepts, limitations and challenges.] Medwave. 2020 Apr 30;20(3):e7887. Spanish, English.</ref> Because clinical practice guidelines establ ...-based clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews of RCTs or 3 or more RCTs of good quality that have similar results.<ref name=":2">Shoem

...on-Making in the Presence of Diagnostic Uncertainty. J Man Manip Ther. 15 (3), pp. 45–63.</ref><ref name=":6">Joslin CC. et al. « Long-term disabilit * Stage 3: shows the entire spine in extension with an intense sheering force that ca

...gue elbow. Journal Of Athletic Training [serial online]. September 1995;30(3):249-253. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed *<u>Ligamentous stability</u> is also evaluated, ideally testing the lateral ligamentous structures with a varus stress applied to an intern

...increasing although the death rate has been decreasing since 1992 when PSA testing became widely available ...an 80% of men will develop prostate cancer by age 80. However, in this age group, it will probably be slow growing, lower grade, relatively harmless and hav

...changes, primarily involving loss of [[muscle]] mass and [[Muscle Strength Testing|strength]]. ...ticles/PMC6992522/ Prevalence of sarcopenia defined using the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria in Japanese community-dwelling older adults: A syst

...SARS-Coronavirus-2. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020 Apr 3].Available from:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S12019712 ...pproximately 1.38 cases/100,000 population with a case fatality rate of 14.3%.

...s E, Jeffreys-Heil R. [http://www.hoajonline.com/phystherrehabil/2055-2386/3/7 Clinical decision making regarding the use of vital signs in physical the ...COVID-19 pandemic to avoid cross-contamination as the thermometer is kept 3-5cm away from the patient's forehead.

...ies: Nonoperative and Operative. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2020 Jul 1;39(3):687-715.</ref> ...stance. The muscle shortens and there is movement at the joint.<ref name=":3">Rivera-Brown AM, Frontera MD. Principles of exercise physiology: Responses

...ystematic approach to diagnosis]. American family physician. 2009 Feb 1;79(3):215-24.</ref> Therefore, it is crucial that rehabilitation professionals c ...three major features of limping in children: (1) pain, (2) weakness, and (3) structural or mechanical abnormalities of the spine, pelvis, and lower ext

...rie-Tooth Disease|Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]] (CMT). CMT is a hereditary group of disorders characterized by sensory loss, muscle atrophy, and weakness.<r ...4.x doi:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2011.00324.x]</ref> CMT is the name given to a group of disorders characterized by sensory loss, muscle atrophy, and weakness du

...ted concussion. Journal of neurosurgery Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 Sep;16(3):248–55. Available from: <nowiki>http://search.proquest.com/docview/17089 ...with rest the symptoms resolved within a couple of weeks. It has now been 3 months since his injury and the onset of his concussion symptoms. He was r

...: Introduction. European journal of general practice. 2017 Oct 2;23(1):271-3.</ref>'''<u>:</u>''' ...rch in psychology. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne. 2002 Aug;43(3):179.</ref> looked at the incidence of how many times qualitative research

...ith sexual intercourse, stress, or defecation<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">Gilliland R, Heymen JS, Altomare DF, Vickers D, Wexner SD. [https://link.s * Criteria are to be met for the last 3 months with symptom onset at a minimum of 6 months before diagnosis.

...nt options.] Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2012 Jun 1;26(3):345-68. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC341486 ...(Reiter’s Syndrome). www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved May 16, 2011.(accessed 3 december 2016)</ref>

...d mainly employed in educational, medical, and research context<ref name=":3">McCrimmon AW, Altomare AA, Matchullis RL, Jitlina K. Test Review: The Beer *Target group: Individuals aged 2-100 years<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

...chart in figure 1 displays that most of the cases were reported in the age group of 31 to 40 years of age, which indicates the prevalence of adult-onset idi *C2/3 through C6-7 articular pillars

...Jun 18.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558923/ (accessed 3.3.2022)</ref> ...vailable from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558923/ (last accessed 3.10.2020)</ref>See image.

...contraction, 1 = visible but no movement, 2 = active but not Antigravity, 3 = active, Antigravity, 4 = active, Antigravity and resistance (NOTE: doesn' ...ade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage]. Journal of neurosurgery. 2019 May 3;132(6):1829-35.</ref>, [[Pneumonia]]<ref>Clum SR, Rumbak MJ. [https://www.s

'''Tumor''' - As a tumor is a group of cells that grow uncontrollably and can be benign, precancerous, or malig Electrodiagnostic testing can also assist in the diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome.<ref name="p1" /

...uro rehabilitation founded on basic research. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (3) 226-236.</ref>.[[File:Schemaa.JPG|center|frame]] There are 3 major components of CIMT:<ref name="uswatte2">Uswatte G, Taub E, Morris D,

[[File:Exercise group.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ention and Rehabilitation, the European Congenital Heart and Lung Exercise Group, and the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology.] European journal

...n Young Athletes. Sports Health [Internet]. 2009 May [cited 2023 Jun 23];1(3):212. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3445254/</ref><ref>Fett D, Trompeter ...R, et al. What happens to the lower lumbar spine after marathon running: a 3.0 T MRI study of 21 first-time marathoners. Skeletal Radiol. 2022 May 1;51(

...Neural Mechanisms in Proprioception. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation,1994;3: 2-17. </ref> ...C-fiber low threshold mechanoreceptors. Hair follicles also belong to this group and are responsible for detecting light touch sensation. Meissner corpuscle

...ment to obesity treatment: a stepped-care approach. Health Pyschology, 26 (3), pp.369-374.</ref><br>Increasing energy intake<br>↑ Portion sizes<br>↑ ...nt in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Patient Education and Counseling. 42 (3), pp. 247-256.fckLRThe Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. 2002. Curriculum

...o are more likely to have fifth metatarsal fractures, depending on the age group, a frequency as high as 65%<ref name=":2" />. The next most common fracture ..., diagnosis and therapy. Unfallchirurg (1993); 96: 66-74.</ref><ref name=":3">Harrington T, Crichton KJ, Anderson IF, Overuse ballet injury of the base

...J, Jongen JL, Hop WC, Visser GH, Jacobs BC, Van Doorn PA, Dutch GBS Study Group. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20861454/?from_single_result=Ruts%2C+L.+e ** Smoker - 5 packs / year for 5 years. Has not smoked in 3 years

...American College of Sports Medicine (2014). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription.</ref>&nbsp;in order to combat “lifestyle diseases” fo #'''Strength Training:''' 2-3 days a week of strength training.

...th real-life scenarios and activities relevant to daily living.<ref name=":3">Laver KE, Lange B, George S, Deutsch JE, Saposnik G, Crotty M. Virtual rea ...whereas post-training incorporates ipsilesional representation.<ref name=":3" />

...gher risk of serious pathology and warrant referral for further diagnostic testing<ref name="Henschke">Henschke N, Maher C, Ostelo R, de Vet H, Macaskill P, I ...MC1056042/ Clinical Standards Advisory Group]. Qual Health Care. 1994 Jun; 3(Suppl): 12–15.</ref> However, similar high risk markers date back to Menn

...e risk factors in patients with low back pain.] Orthopedics. 2016 May 1;39(3):e413-6.</ref> ...systematic review of observational studies.] Manual therapy. 2013 Jun 1;18(3):183-90.</ref>

Easy to Conduct - 3 Items &lt; 1 Min Takes &lt; 3 mins to perform

...the second most common bony injury in the pediatric population.<ref name=":3">Zhang XN, Yang JP, Wang Z, Qi Y, Meng XH. [https://josr-online.biomedcentr * Their incidence has been estimated at 177.3 per 100 000.

...er diagnosis, improved endoscopic systems, and better therapies<ref name=":3" />. The incidence rate for both gender was 9.6 per 100 000 for males and 2 ...servational studies]. International journal of epidemiology. 2016 Jun 1;45(3):857-70.</ref>.

...high levels of amputations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">BACPAR, Chapter.3 Amputee Rehabilitation. In: Skelton, P and Harvey, A . Rehabilitation in Su ...disasters. Frontiers in public health. 2014 Apr 14;2:28.</ref><ref name=":3">Vasudevan V, Amatya B, Chopra S, Zhang N, Astrakhantseva I, Khan F. [https

...kin kennedy test, Neer impingement test, spurling test, upper limb tension testing were all negative. While Empty can test, resisted external rotation test, s • Education and advice about ice/heat for 15 to 20 mint 3 times a day or as appropriate.

* '''Imaging/diagnostic testing:''' [[MRI Scans|MRI]] and [[X-Rays|X-ray]] for chronic low back pain (all n *** 3/10 constant pain in low back

...severity in a cohort of New York young adults. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020;120(3):386-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.09.013. PMID: 31712195.</ref> ...future therapies. Dermatoendocrinol. 2011;3(3):188-96. doi: 10.4161/derm.3.3.16844. PMID: 22110847.</ref>

...tes, 3 sets of 15 reps per exercise using a medium resistance elastic band 3 days a week for 4 months and an aerobic walking program was prescribed (45 ...:</u> The patient had a clinically significant improvement in their BBS of 3 points. She can now perform 2 full sit-to-stand during the 30-second sit-to

...significantly more altered breathing patterns during performance of motor testing. ...ing serious pathology during both the subjective questioning and objective testing, clinicians must clear lower limb pathologies due to the likelihood of the

...nited States. JAMA Network Open. 2023 Feb 1;6(2):e2253845-.</ref>. GBS has 3 subtypes, however the most common subtype is acute inflammatory demyelinati ...uillain-barre syndrome. InMayo clinic proceedings 2017 Mar 1 (Vol. 92, No. 3, pp. 467-479). Elsevier.</ref> ====

...enrotin Y, Lahad A, Leclerc A, Müller G, van der Beek AJ; COST B13 Working Group on Guidelines for Prevention in Low Back Pain. Chapter 2. [https://pubmed.n ...t 20;49:73.</ref> Specifically, in the United Kingdom, this accounts for 1/3 of all adults and is the leading cause of disability. <ref>Macfarlane GJ, B

...eliability_of_a_Measure_of_Motivation_to_Engage_With_Telehealth_Technology Testing the reliability of a measure of motivation to engage with telehealth techno ...nursing-research/grove/978-0-323-65411-1 Statistics for nursing research.] 3^rd ed. Missouri: Elsevier: pp 41-56</ref>. A randomised control

[[File:Facial palsy day 3.jpeg|thumb|230x230px|Facial palsy, day 3]] ...alsy] Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/facial-palsy (accessed 24.3.2022)</ref>

...imited to electrocardiograms, echocardiography, multiple gated acquisition testing, cardiac catheterization, electrophysiology study, and blood tests to ascer ...of a bystander performs CPR appropriately and defibrillation occurs within 3 to 5 minutes of the arrest. Remember that AEDs are safe to use in weather c

...apy is based. How does exercise differ from physical activity? <ref name=":3">Glynn A, Fiddler H.The Physiotherapist's Pocket Guide to Exercise Assessme ...ention and Rehabilitation, the European Congenital Heart and Lung Exercise Group, and the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology.] European journal

...ry.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tsm2.252 A double-blind, randomised, parallel group superiority trial investigating the effects of sHoe inserts for adolescents ...the patella<ref>Fischer AN. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-55870-3_8 Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndrome.] InCommon Pediatric Knee I

...Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is part of a group called motor neuron diseases (MND) and is a devastating condition that invo ...ed prognosis is associated with ALS, with death occurring at an average of 3-5 years after symptoms appear, commonly from respiratory failure due to wea

...a, and intervertebral discs ofthe cervical spine. Spine. 2000 February; 25(3): 286-291</ref> used a surgical microscope to do an anatomic study of the c ...e <ref name="Bogduk" />. ''A''nnual incidence has been reported to be 107,3 per 100.000 for men and 63,5 per 100.000 for women<ref name="Barrett">Barre

...lder disorders and occupation]. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2015 Jun;29(3):405-23.</ref> It is essential to understand the anatomical features of the ...ral joint, enabling functional movement at the shoulder girdle.<ref name=":3">Su P, Zhou JL, Yun C, Liu F, Zhang Y. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar

...health promotion: what is the evidence?.] Physical therapy. 2015 Mar 1;95(3):294-8.</ref> ...and lower attrition rates, which may improve clinical outcomes.<ref name=":3" />

...dysfunction’ implies that at a certain level (mostly L4-L5 or L5-S1) these 3 components do not function normally. ...and the World "A Public Health Approach to Innovation", 15 March 2013, pp 3-4, p10. </ref> Given that 90% of adults experience LBP sometime in their l

=== [[Scheuermanns Disease|Scheuermann's disease]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>Ristolainen L, Kettunen JA, Heliövaara M, Kujala UM, Heinonen A, S ...ome in acute and subacute back pain.] The Clinical journal of pain 1998;14(3):209-15.</ref> ===

...raditional Tests. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 2008; 3: 107–109.</ref>. The current theory is that this condition is likely to b ...and female anatomy, risk factors have been considered separately for each group.

...mptoms and Disorders in the Community.] Otology & Neurotology. 2015 Mar;36(3):387–92.</ref>. Balance disorders occur in up to 50% in the general geria ...ystematic Review and Best Evidence Synthesis.] Diagnostics. 2022 Mar 11;12(3):684.</ref>and knee [[osteoarthritis]]<ref>Arden NK, Crozier S, Smith H, An

...nts, and swallowing difficulties<ref name=":4" />. Patients die on average 3-5 years after symptoms onset due to respiratory failure<ref name=":4" />. T ...ls/about-als/</nowiki></ref>. In Canada specifically, it is estimated that 3,000 people are currently living with ALS, and each year approximately 1,000

...ary Manifestations of Ankylosing Spondylitis.] Clin Chest Med. 2010 Sep;31(3):547–54.</ref> ...les/PMC2676739/ HLA-B27 Misfolding and Spondyloarthropathies.] Prion 2009; 3(1): 15-26.</ref> The role of the UPR in instigating the inflammation is yet

| Further assessment or diagnostic testing recommended and recommendations communicated to referring physician with an | Patient had 3 no shows

...or improving their repair.] Journal of experimental orthopaedics. 2016 Dec;3(1) Available from:https://jeo-esska.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s4063 ...loskeletalkey.com/pathophysiology-of-skeletal-muscle-injuries/ (accessed 9.3.2021)</ref>

...or stressor in a person’s life.<ref name=":0">Goodman C, Fuller K. Chapter 3: Pain Types and Viscerogenic&nbsp;Pain Patterns. In:DifferentialDiagnosis ...ic-symptom-disorder</nowiki>. Accessed on March 20,2014. </ref><ref name=":3">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Somatic symptoms and related dis

...alth of athletes.<ref>McCall A, Carling C, Nedelec M, et al. Risk factors, testing and preventative strategies for non-contact injuries in professional footba ...Rating Of Perceived Exertion|rate of perceived exertion-RPE]])<ref name=":3">Robinson DM, Robinson SM, Hume PA, et al. Training intensity of elite male

...ane, released into the environment by an activity, process, individual, or group, usually expressed as the equivalent in kilograms of carbon dioxide. GHG ca ...iagnosis and treatment. Physiotherapy relies less on the use of diagnostic testing or energy-consuming equipment and its associated carbon footprint.<ref name

</ref><ref name=":3">Vleeming A ,Mooney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stabilit ...amazon.com/Muscles-Testing-Function-Posture-Kendall/dp/0781747805 Muscles: testing and function with posture and pain]. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & W

...e recovery from high-intensity exercise.] Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2006 Jul;34(3):107-12.</ref> ''Age 3 years through to adulthood:''

...Shouldn't these be called Labral "Fissures" Instead? Acad Radiol. 2018;25(3):387-390. ...oas Tendinopathy|iliopsoas]] impingement resulting in labral injury at the 3 o'clock position.<ref name=":1" />

...2015 Mar;16(3):6093-112 Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/3/6093 [Accessed on 18 June 2019] </ref> which affects the intervertebral dis ...is of pain]. ''Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America''. 2008 Aug 1;34(3):623-43. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC25972

...ation of factors working together to cause a lack of hypocretin<ref name=":3">NIH. Narcolepsy fact sheet. Available from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disor These factors include<ref name=":3" />:

...name="p7">Robert E Windsor. Lumbosacral Disc Injuries. Medscape. 2013 June 3. </ref> ...eneration.<ref name="p7" />&nbsp;It may offer some pain relief for a small group of patients.<ref name="p6" />&nbsp;This procedure appears to offer sufficie

...s that would benefit from rehabilitation services, with approximately 1 in 3 individuals requiring rehabilitation services throughout the course of thei # list at least two contraindications to muscle strength testing

...e is a disease of the central nervous system.] Clin Auton Res. 2002 Jun;12(3):150-64. </ref> Three stages (stage I - acute up to 3 months, stage II - dystrophic 3-6- months after onset, stage III - atrophic > 6 months) of CRPS progressio

...Linked] [Internet]. National Human Genome Institude. 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 3]. </ref>. ...[Internet].</nowiki>] National Libraray of Medicine. 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 3]. </ref> There is a 50% chance she will pass on the mutated x chromosome to

...olescents with non-specific chronic low back pain. Manual Therapy. 2010;15(3):240-247.</ref>.'''<u></u>''' ...back pain and headache among Swedish school children. Qual Life Res. 1994;3(S1):S27-S31.</ref><ref name="Harreby et al" />. It has been found that the

...nd its consequent distancing from the median axis of the body”.<ref name=":3">Cavalheiro CS, Arcuri MH, Guil VR, Gali JC. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ...hanical testing of foot and ankle implants. Editor(s): Friis E. Mechanical Testing of Orthopaedic Implants. Woodhead Publishing 2017: pages 231-253</ref>

...clinical treatment tool-kit' is drawn from three of the Cervical Overview Group‘s (COG) systematic reviews, which include sixty randomized controlled tri ...treatment techniques utilized in each positive trial are presented in Step 3 and the corresponding dosage in Step 4. Finally, Step 5 involves individual

...tive, and cognitive symptoms over the duration of the disease. <ref name=":3">Ghosh R, Tabrizi SJ. Clinical Features of Huntington’s Disease. Polyglut ...in Venezuela and significantly lower rates in Japan and Taiwan.<ref name=":3" />

...ersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.620955/full Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the assessment of dysfunctional breathing.] Frontiers in Physiology. 202 ...of hyperventilation in patients with asthma]. Journal of asthma. 2022 Aug 3;59(8):1560-7.</ref>

...ain in Adults. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 2014;17:3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ner.12018 [accessed 5th January 2015].</ref ...www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Amputation/Pages/How-it-is-performed.aspx. (accessed 3 January 2015)</ref>'''

...p-content/uploads/2019/01/Vertebral-fractures-in-children.pdf [Accessed 11/3/2023].  </ref> ...l spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma]. Radiographics. 2003 May;23(3):539-60.</ref> |alt=|200x200px]]

...etic Conditions and Inheritance|Hereditary]] spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by [[spasticity]] an ...ce, are present in up to 50% of individuals diagnosed with HSP <ref name=":3">Harding AE. Hereditary "pure" spastic paraplegia: a clinical and genetic

...ref>Bair MJ, Krebs EE. Fibromyalgia. Annals of internal medicine. 2020 Mar 3;172(5):ITC33-48. https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.7326/AITC202003030</ref> ...d ruling out other similar conditions. No special laboratory or radiologic testing is necessary for making a diagnosis; however, some recommended lab tests ca

...tics, causes and control. Journal of Cardiology & Current Research. 2017;9(3): 326-9.</ref> ...people annually, followed by cancers (9.0 million), respiratory diseases (3.9 million), and diabetes (1.6 million)<ref name=":0" />

...if you are not able to view the whole patient because of poor set up, when testing forward flexion you can ask them how far they are able to reach down - fing ...to consider the patient's angle to the camera. Consider different ways of testing if you are unable to measure with a goniometer.

...indications and effectiveness of Hippotherapy. North Clin Istanbul. 2015;2(3):247-252. Access from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5175116 ...ent, and a therapy aide or side-walker to assist the therapist.<ref name=":3">American Hippotherapy Association, Inc. Statements of Best Practice for th

'''3. Buccofacial apraxia''' ...performing the purposeful movements that involve [[Facial Muscles - Upper Group|facial muscles]] related to the mouth. It involves difficulty in responding

...and ostracisation.<ref>Risk Communication and Community Engagement Working Group on COVID-19 2020. COVID-19: [https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabiliti ...derations during the COVID-19 outbreak] [Internet]. March 2020. [Accessed: 3 April 2020]</ref>:

...thological chain of reactions within the musculoskeletal system<ref name=":3">Sahrmann S. Diagnosis and treatment of movement impairment syndromes. St ...siol Ther. 2004; 27(6):414-20</ref><ref name=":5">Janda V. Muscle function testing. Elsevier; 2013; 230-58</ref>. Muscle balance can be defined as a relative

...roscience education approach to manual therapy. J Man Manip Ther. 2017; 25(3): 160-168.</ref> resulting in: ...er view of a neuromuscular junction: 1.presynaptic terminal; 2.sarcolemma; 3.synaptic vesicles; 4.Acetylcholine receptors; 5.mitchondrion.]]

...t gait parameters on two different trials with the same person.<ref name=":3" /> This can be caused by small changes in one person's gait from one trial ...f name=":3">Ancillao A. [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-67437-7.pdf Modern functional evaluation methods for muscle strength an

...conditions, all sharing a similar underlying autoimmune abnormality, as a group known as anti-GQ1b IgG antibody syndrome. ...al incidence of GBS in the USA is 1.2-3 per 100,000 inhabitants<ref name=":3">Alshekhlee A, Hussain Z, Sultan B, Katirji B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go

...ehabilitation Management in Clinical Practice. Eur J Phys Rehabil. 2008;44(3):329-42.</ref> The following components of health conditions are included i ...Activity and Participation dimensions distinct? J Rehabil Med. 2003 May;35(3):145-9.</ref> It includes socialising (interpersonal interaction and relati

...iew. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation. 2017 Mar 1;96(3):203-10. </ref> ...l or psychological dysfunction’ (CliftonSmith & Rowley, 2011)''<ref name=":3">Clifton Smith, T., & Rowley, J. (2011). Breathing pattern disorders and ph

...enrotin Y, Lahad A, Leclerc A, Müller G, Van Der Beek AJ, COST B13 Working Group on Guidelines for Prevention in Low Back Pain. European guidelines for prev ...anging from 28% to 42% in people between 40 years and 69 years.<ref name=":3" /> The prevalence of LBP is thought to be increasing due to an increasing

...ube|ClXsS7O8seg|400}} <div class="row"><div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3"><div class="text-right"><ref>Armando Hasudungan. Introduction to Upper and <br>Permanent loss of joint range has been known to occur 3-6 weeks after both stroke and brain injury and therefore it is important th

...ristics or because women may be more likely to report symptoms. As the age group increases through adolescence, the risk of concussion increases, before dec ...tely a 4-fold increase in the risk of concussion in the 11- to 12-year age group. Gameplay has a higher concussion risk than practice.<ref name=":2">Schneid

...r established that [[depression]] in type I diabetes patient was more than 3 times higher than normal range and 2 times higher in type 2 diabetes patien ...nal prevalence of diabetes in adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 Dec;94(3):322-32. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.040.

...umour: Incidence, Prognosis, and Treatment Options]. Pediatric Drugs 2001; 3(12); 899-913.(accessed 28 Feb 2011).</ref> ESs typically are found in the m [[Image:Ewings 3.png|222x222px|right|alt=]]Ewing sarcoma account for less than 5% of all sof

...f the most important muscle groups in running is the [[hamstrings]] muscle group. The hamstrings are active at various stages in the gait cycle, particularl ...hamstring tendinopathy is regarded as insertional tendinopathy.<ref name=":3">Cook JL, Purdam CR. [https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/43/6/409?ijkey=17213c404

...essential vitamins and seven inorganic minerals <ref name="DMS Group">DMS Group. What are micronutrients?.www.dsm.com/content/dam/dsm/cworld/en_US/document ...Most studies agree that total water intake should be approximately in the 3.0 L (litre) range. Researchers found when dehydration increased, work capac

...prescribe both medical and physical therapy prescriptions. Further medical testing such as imaging, lab tests and medication prescriptions are accomplished du ...achelor of Science in Physical Therapy program.<br>As of June 2011, three (3) higher education institutions are known to offer master’s degrees in phy

...ysiotherapist fulfil. The various roles and competencies can be<ref name=":3" />: *'''Manager of the client/patient'''<ref name=":3" />

...but are not&nbsp;surgical candidates. Other volitional subluxers include a group that is&nbsp;usually physically active and have involvement of involuntary <br>The shoulder exam should include observation, palpation and manual testing that includes motion, strength, and laxity tests of both the involved shoul

...e-led approach to clinical management]. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2011 Sep;6(3):254-66. </ref>   [[File:Muscles in the neck.png|thumb|Figure 3 - Muscles innervated by cervical spine |alt=Kenhub allows this work to be u

The current case study illustrates a patient recently diagnosed with stage 3 subcortical vascular dementia, who presents at an outpatient neurological r ...d neurologist have done a workup and have diagnosed the patient with stage 3 (mild decline) vascular dementia, specifically a subcortical presentation,

...common in both contact sports and non contact sports. In the USA more than 3.5 million children under the age of 14 receive medical treatment related to ...c Equipment football helmet certification programs. Med Sci Sports. 1975;7(3): 225-232.</ref>. It also requires manufacturers to post a warning on the f

...om:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367001/ (last accessed 13.3.2020)</ref> ...lable from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542160/ (last accessed 13.3.2020)</ref>

...ciate ligament.] The Orthopedic clinics of North America. 1985 Jan 1;16(1):3-14.</ref> ...osterior cruciate ligaments.] Journal of orthopaedic research. 1995 May;13(3):429-34.</ref> They also reported that the tibial insertion of the ACL is a

Exclusion criteria included: elbow surgery, &gt;3 CSI in the last 6 months, elbow arthritis or previous Cyriax-type physiothe <u>''2 groups:''</u><br>1. CSI (up to 3 injections). <br>2. Cyriax-type physiotherapy (DTFM and Mill’s manipulati

[[File:Anterior pelvic tilt.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3 Anterior Pelvic Tilt]] ...n the patient and their inherent ability. (Insert images – muscle strength testing images)

* '''Standing Lower SL 3''' In this class a player must play standing. The player could have impair ...class where the player has a lesser impairment compared to Sport Class SL 3. The player could have impairment in one or both lower limbs and minimal im

...r mild forms of cervical spondylotic myelopathy.] Exp Ther Med. 2013 Sep;6(3):852-856.</ref> Cervical myelopathy is predominantly due to pressure on the ...ysfunction.] journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2009 Mar;39(3):172-8.</ref>

...f the cruciate ligaments of the human knee joint. Anat Embryol (Berl), 200(3), 325-334.</ref> ...njury Tetrad of the Knee. Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports. 2020 May;10(3):36-42.</ref>In those cases the ACL Rehabilitation program must be not stan

...ith myelocoele or myelomeningocele will require surgery normally within 2-3 days of birth in order to close the gap in the spine and return the spinal ...treatment of urinary tract disease]. The Journal of urology. 1972 Mar;107(3):458-61.</ref>.

...trial]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017 Sep 26;18(1):406.</ref><ref name=":3">Griffin DR, Dickenson EJ, O'Donnell J, Agricola R, Awan T, Beck M et al. [ ...cer morphology is insufficient for a diagnosis of FAI syndrome.<ref name=":3" />

...L, Dos Santos AP, et al. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19857-3 Acute and chronic cardiometabolic responses induced by resistance training ...or some time but it is gaining popularity in clinical settings.<ref name=":3">VanWye WR, Weatherholt AM, Mikesky AE. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a

...lavicular joint injuries.] The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2019 Jul 3;47(3):253-61.</ref> <ref>Sernandez H, Riehl J. [https://journals.lww.com/jorthot ...SC joint osteoarthritis on CT, particularly in older patients.<ref name=":3" /> A thorough history is required to determine the presence of non-musculo

...ns in Italy: a 15-year study. Journal of clinical medicine.] 2021 Feb 1;10(3):499.</ref>PCL injury alone accounts for approximately 2 per 100,000 people ...nt reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2018 Jun 1;11(2):290-7.</ref>. A 2-3% incidence is estimated for chronic, asymptomatic PCL insufficiency in elit

...h the gold standard isokinetic dynamometry: a systematic review." PM&amp;R 3.5 (2011): 472-479.</ref> * Patients with low back pain have reduced [[Manual Muscle Testing: Hip Extension|lumbar extensor]] muscular endurance in comparison with non-

...nflict, violence, fear of persecution and human rights violations. In this group, nearly 27.1 million were refugees - around half of these individuals were ...nd resettled in Norway: a cross-sectional study.] BMC psychology. 2015 Dec;3(1):1-2.</ref> Studies indicate a high prevalence of persistent pain in tor

...r trochanteric pain syndrome.] Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery. 2018;5(3):296–300.</ref>; tears of the gluteus medius or minimus tendons<ref name= ...systematic literature review.] Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery. 2018;5(3):209–219</ref>. The most recent research indicates GMed and GMin tendinop

...s and would benefit from rehabilitation services, which translates to 1 in 3 people needing these services over the length of their sickness or injury.< ...ns which may lead to further health interventions. The team consists of a group of people who have complementary skills and share common goals! Each member

...life.<ref>About the disease [Internet]. Solvecfs.org. 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 3]. Available from: https://solvecfs.org/about-the-disease/</ref> ...myalgic encephalomyelitis: where are we now? Expert Opin Med Diagn. 2013;7(3):221–5.</ref>The hallmark symptom noted with ME/CFS is known as “post-e

...which can be even further specified into 27 subgroups of spinal fractures[3].<ref name=":0">Aebi M. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00586-0 ...ctures, 14% followed severe trauma, 83% followed moderate or no trauma and 3% were pathologic. Incidence rates for fractures following moderate trauma w

...new exercise for tennis elbow that works!] N Am J Sports Phys Ther 2010; 5(3): 189–193</ref> ...n on the medial aspect of the joint, with a 4:1 to 7:1 ratio. It affects 1-3% of the population, with those 35-50 years old most commonly being affected

...nditions: time to change a confusing terminology. Arthroscopy. 1998;14:840-3.</ref>Also, it is characterised with pain , reduced function and exercise i ...etry are commonly noted when examining pathologic tendons. Range-of-motion testing often is limited on the symptomatic side.<ref>John J. Wilson, M.D., And Tho

* Baseline testing ...vention.] Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2019 Feb 1;33(1):3-15.</ref>

...injured during World War II <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">International Paralympic Committee. ‘History of Sports for Persons with ...t to Take Part in Cultural Life’ International Disability in Sport Working Group. (2007) ''Sport in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons

...ng routine gynaecological care.] Journal of Family practice. 2000 Mar 1;49(3):229-.</ref> ===== Psychosocial Factors <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":12" /> <ref name=":3">Pacik PT. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00192-014-2421-y Und

...Replacement:the Agility LP prosthesis. Foot and Ankle Clin. 2008 Sept; 13(3): 485-94.</ref>. ...arthroplasty techniques, primarily moving from a two-component design to a 3-component model.

'''A quick word about the capsule:''' It allows an estimated 2 to 3 millimetres of distraction, which is important for the GH joint. On its own ...f the scapula and you are looking for that translation. This is similar to testing for posterior instability of the GH joint (that test is for a posterior lab

...lzheimer's disease facts and figures]. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2019 Mar;15(3):321-87.</ref>. Some key risk factors include age >65 years, [[hypertension ...h Alzheimer's disease]. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2007 Sep 1;53(3):204-5.</ref>. Physiotherapy has also been shown to prevent [[falls]] throu

...an extensive network of ligaments and muscles. The knee joint consists of 3 articulations: the tibiofemoral articulation located between the convex fem ...an either be one single impact injury or repeated micro trauma. A specific group of cartilage damage is "[[Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee|Osteochondr

...king phase of throwing.] ''Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine'', ''9''(3), p.2325967121992133.</ref> There are two types of internal impingement: an ...face area for muscle attachments, both distally and proximally.<ref name=":3">Kibler B. et al. The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. Am

...g">Yiu E, Kornberg A. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Neurology India 2008;56(3):236-247.</ref> That means that there is approximately 2400 individuals liv ...f><ref name="AH7">NHS., 2013. Muscular Dystrophy – Types [online]. [viewed 3 October 2014]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Muscular-dystro

...ult Hand Function] https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.46.9.785 (last accessed 16.3.2020) ...ibers and decreased muscle-fiber length, particularly in the Thenar muscle group.

*Synapse Formation - Gestational Age 27 weeks - Corrected Age 3 years ...increase in myelination in specific brain areas when compared to a control group <ref name="p8">Fields RD. Myelination: An overlooked mechanism of Synaptic

...tion techniques]. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2022 Mar;11(3):852.</ref>: counting for 85% of the resistance to anterior drawer test, wh .../med/16599319 Anterior cruciate ligament injuries]. Harefuah. 2006 Mar;145(3):208-14.</ref> Knee instability leads to decreased activity, which can lead

...sted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 population attributed to asthma by age group and sex<ref name="Global Asthma Network">Global Asthma Network. The Global *On average, there are 3 children with asthma in every classroom with asthma.

...rce/0039/00395491.pdf (accessed 15 Dec 2016).</ref>who have derived action 3.4 to be achieved by 2014 that outlines all AHP’s will use every patient c ...2017]</ref> For example, people in lower socio economic groups (see Figure 3 - socioeconomic classification in UK<ref>Office of national statistics. [AR

...isk of '''serious pathology''' and warrant referral for further diagnostic testing.<ref>Delitto, A., George, S. and Godges. J, 2012. [https://www.jospt.org/do ...th LK, Webster VS, McFadyen AK, Scottish Physiotherapy Self Referral Study Group. [https://www.csp.org.uk/journal/article/physiotherapy-march-2006/self-refe

...th sector as a whole with around 1.9 million working with the elderly. The 3 million volunteers across health and social care, is double that of NHS pai ...ing nations. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2010; 17 (3): 150-160</ref>

...olescents Sports injuries in adolescents]. Orthopaedic reviews. 2011 Nov 7;3(2):18.</ref>. Physical activity is the leading cause of injury and hospital ...ity physical activity daily, which should include strengthening activities 3 times per week<ref name="WHO 2016" />. All children and young people should

...ciety. Classification of Headaches (ICHD-II). Available from: https://ichd-3.org/1-migraine/ ( Lasted accessed: 5th September 2021)</ref>. It is though Migraine is understood as having at least 4 phases: 1. interictal 2. preictal 3. ictal and 4. postictal<ref>Peng KP, May A. Redefining migraine phases –

...JL, Haines TA, Goldsmith CH, Kay T, Aker P, Bronfort G; Cervical Overview Group. A Cochrane review of manipulation and mobilization for mechanical neck dis * Mean thrust duration: 158ms in a range from 117 to 250 ms.<ref name=":3">Ngan JM, Chow DH, Holmes AD. The kinematics and intra- and inter-therapist

...game technologies in upper limb rehabiltiation. JMIR Serious Games. 2015; 3:1-14.</ref> ...game technologies in upper limb rehabiltiation. JMIR Serious Games. 2015; 3:1-14.</ref>

Global obesity levels have been on the rise over the past 3 decades; this is true for both males and females for all age groups,. Accor ...includes approximately 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity, while 3 days per week should involve activities that strengthen muscle and bone. Ac

...ailable from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31RuBxzXhr0 (last accessed 8.3.2019)</ref> ...nd MRI. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1991 May;73(3):381-4.</ref><br>Following structures of the spine are most involved in lum

...ontinuing professional development in physiotherapy. Physiotherapy 2008;94(3):190-7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031940607001708 * If a 3-year degree course has been obtained and no post-graduate studies taken, a

.... The United States of America spends more than 75% of the $2 trillion (£1.3 trillion) annual health care budget on physical inactivity related hospital ...th leading risk factor for global mortality, contributing to approximately 3.2 million deaths annually worldwide<ref name=":0" /> . More than 50 years o

...t the more training a professional has about managing a particular patient group, the more satisfied they are with their job, and that attitudes and level o ...successful communication in hospital managers. Electron Physician. 2016;8(3);2123-2128</ref>. How well one can communicate can have an impact on qualit